The aetiology of symptomatic gallstones quantification of the effects of obesity, alcohol and serum lipids on risk. Epidemiological and biomarker data from a UK prospective cohort study (EPIC-Norfolk)

European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 23, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 733-740

  Banim, Paul J R ^a   Luben, Robert N ^c   Bulluck, Heerajnarain ^b   Sharp, Stephen J ^d   Wareham, Nicholas J ^d   Khaw, Kay Tee ^c   Hart, Andrew R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b NORFOLK AND NORWICH UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d MRC EPIDEMIOLOGY UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

aetiology; alcohol; cohort study; gallstones; obesity; serum lipids

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GALLSTONE; HUMAN; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANTHROPOMETRY; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BODY MASS INDEX; ENGLAND; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; FEMALE; GALLSTONES; HUMANS; LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; TRIGLYCERIDES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 79960699070     PISSN: 0954691X     EISSN: 14735687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283477cc9     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Sanders G, Kingsnorth AN. Gallstones. BMJ 2007; 335:295-299. (Pubitemid 47280806)
2. Everhart JE, Ruhl CE. Burden of digestive diseases in the United States part I: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:376-386.
3. Trotman BW, Soloway RD. Pigment versus cholesterol cholelithiasis: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Am J Dig Dis 1975; 20:735-740.
4. Sarin SK, Kapur BM, Tandon RK. Cholesterol and pigment gallstones in northern India. A prospective analysis. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:1041-1045. (Pubitemid 16025639)
5. Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, Lammert F, Lichtenstein P, Marschall HU. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43 141 twin pairs. Hepatology 2005; 41:1138-1143. (Pubitemid 40593922)
6. Wang HH, Portincasa P, Afdhal NH, Wang DQ. Lith genes and genetic analysis of cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2010; 39:185-207, vii-viii.
7. Bennion LJ, Grundy SM. Effects of obesity and caloric intake on biliary lipid metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 1975; 56:996-1011.
8. Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF, Klein S. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:923-934. (Pubitemid 43779747)
9. Ahlberg J, Angelin B, Einarsson K, Hellstrom K, Leijd B. Biliary lipid composition in normo- and hyperlipoproteinemia. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:90-94. (Pubitemid 11056939)
10. Mingrone G, Greco AV, Finotti E, Passi S. Free fatty acids: a stimulus for mucin hypersecretion in cholesterol gallstone biles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 958:52-59. (Pubitemid 18021547)
11. Thornton JR, Heaton KW, Macfarlane DG. A relation between high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol and bile cholesterol saturation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283:1352-1354. (Pubitemid 12228374)
12. Thornton J, Symes C, Heaton K. Moderate alcohol intake reduces bile cholesterol saturation and raises HDL cholesterol. Lancet 1983; 2:819-822. (Pubitemid 13009269)
13. Marzio L, Capone F, Neri M, Mezzetti A, De Angelis C, Cuccurullo F. Gallbladder kinetics in obese patients. Effect of a regular meal and lowcalorie meal. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:4-9.
14. Vezina WC, Paradis RL, Grace DM, Zimmer RA, Lamont DD, Rycroft KM, et al. Increased volume and decreased emptying of the gallbladder in large (morbidly obese, tall normal, and muscular normal) people. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:1000-1007. (Pubitemid 20095853)
15. Saluja AK, Bhagat L. Pathophysiology of alcohol-induced pancreatic injury. Pancreas 2003; 27:327-331. (Pubitemid 37337899)
16. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Prospective study of abdominal adiposity and gallstone disease in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:38-44. (Pubitemid 41115552)
17. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Central adiposity, regional fat distribution, and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gut 2006; 55:708-714.
18. Festi D, Dormi A, Capodicasa S, Staniscia T, Attili AF, Loria P, et al. Incidence of gallstone disease in Italy: results from a multicenter, populationbased Italian study (the MICOL project). World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5282-5289.
19. Acalovschi MV, Blendea D, Pascu M, Georoceanu A, Badea RI, Prelipceanu M. Risk of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones in moderately obese women: a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:127-131. (Pubitemid 27027043)
20. Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:835-841. (Pubitemid 29256570)
21. Leitzmann MF, Tsai CJ, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:339-347. (Pubitemid 39655242)
22. Boland LL, Folsom AR, Rosamond WD. Hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity as risk factors for hospitalized gallbladder disease. A prospective study. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12:131-140. (Pubitemid 34204117)
23. Day N, Oakes S, Luben R, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. EPICNorfolk: study design and characteristics of the cohort. European Prospective Investigation of Cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 80 (Suppl 1): 95-103. (Pubitemid 29389613)
24. Wareham NJ, Jakes RW, Rennie KL, Schuit J, Mitchell J, Hennings S, et al. Validity and repeatability of a simple index derived from the short physical activity questionnaire used in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Public Health Nutr 2003; 6:407-413. (Pubitemid 36749764)
25. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization 2006. Fact sheet No. 311.
26. Banim PJ, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Sharp SJ, Khaw KT, Hart AR. Physical activity reduces the risk of symptomatic gallstones: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22:983-988.
27. Hart AR, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Khaw KT. Hormone replacement therapy and symptomatic gallstones-a prospective population study in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Digestion 2008; 77:4-9. (Pubitemid 351552971)
28. Enzi G, Gasparo M, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Semisa M, Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44:739-746. (Pubitemid 17208993)
29. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:989-1002. (Pubitemid 24373003)
30. Carr MC, Brunzell JD. Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome: importance of type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia in coronary artery disease risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2601-2607. (Pubitemid 38766338)
31. Orchard TJ, Becker DJ, Bates M, Kuller LH, Drash AL. Plasma insulin and lipoprotein concentrations: an atherogenic association? Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118:326-337. (Pubitemid 13050710)
32. Laakso M, Pyorala K, Voutilainen E, Marniemi J. Plasma insulin and serum lipids and lipoproteins in middle-aged non-insulin-dependent diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125:611-621. (Pubitemid 17047134)
33. Goodpaster BH, Krishnaswami S, Harris TB, Katsiaras A, Kritchevsky SB, Simonsick EM, et al. Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:777-783. (Pubitemid 40569431)
34. Gielkens HA, Lam WF, Coenraad M, Frolich M, van Oostayen JA, Lamers CB, et al. Effect of insulin on basal and cholecystokinin-stimulated gallbladder motility in humans. J Hepatol 1998; 28:595-602. (Pubitemid 28167996)
35. Thijs C, Knipschild P, Brombacher P. Serum lipids and gallstones: a casecontrol study. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:843-849. (Pubitemid 20243380)
36. Scragg RK, Calvert GD, Oliver JR. Plasma lipids and insulin in gall stone disease: a case-control study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289:521-525. (Pubitemid 14002078)
37. Marks JW, Cleary PA, Albers JJ. Lack of correlation between serum lipoproteins and biliary cholesterol saturation in patients with gallstones. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:1118-1122. (Pubitemid 15181479)
38. Jorgensen T. Gallstones and plasma lipids in a Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24:916-922.
39. Petitti DB, Friedman GD, Klatsky AL. Association of a history of gallbladder disease with a reduced concentration of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:1396-1398. (Pubitemid 11073571)
40. Volzke H, Baumeister SE, Alte D, Hoffmann W, Schwahn C, Simon P, et al. Independent risk factors for gallstone formation in a region with high cholelithiasis prevalence. Digestion 2005; 71:97-105. (Pubitemid 40674577)
41. Attili AF, Capocaccia R, Carulli N, Festi D, Roda E, Barbara L, et al. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience. Multicenter Italian Study on Epidemiology of Cholelithiasis. Hepatology 1997; 26:809-818. (Pubitemid 27413641)
42. Halldestam I, Kullman E, Borch K. Incidence of and potential risk factors for gallstone disease in a general population sample. Br J Surg 2009; 96:1315-1322.
43. Misciagna G, Centonze S, Leoci C, Guerra V, Cisternino AM, Ceo R, et al. Diet, physical activity, and gallstones - a population-based, case-control study in southern Italy. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:120-126. (Pubitemid 29031261)
44. Attili AF, Scafato E, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Festi D. Diet and gallstones in Italy: the cross-sectional MICOL results. Hepatology 1998; 27:1492-1498. (Pubitemid 28264670)
45. Diehl AK. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991; 20:1-19.
46. Probert CS, Emmett PM, Heaton KW. Some determinants of whole-gut transit time: a population-based study. QJM 1995; 88:311-315.
47. Heaton KW. Review article: epidemiology of gall-bladder disease - role of intestinal transit. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 (Suppl 2):9-13. (Pubitemid 30349073)
48. Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Breslow JL, Goldhaber SZ, Rosner B,VanDenburgh M, et al. Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1829-1834. (Pubitemid 23360481)
49. HaskellWL, Camargo C Jr,Williams PT, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, et al. The effect of cessation and resumption of moderate alcohol intake on serum high-density-lipoprotein subfractions. A controlled study. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:805-810. (Pubitemid 14167759)
50. Hannuksela ML, Rantala M, Kesaniemi YA, Savolainen MJ. Ethanol-induced redistribution of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) between lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:213-221. (Pubitemid 26056239)
51. Hendriks HF, Veenstra J, van Tol A, Groener JE, Schaafsma G. Moderate doses of alcoholic beverages with dinner and postprandial high density lipoprotein composition. Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33:403-410. (Pubitemid 28380035)
52. Lewis GF, Rader DJ. New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res 2005; 96:1221-1232. (Pubitemid 40962099)
53. Botham KM, Bravo E. The role of lipoprotein cholesterol in biliary steroid secretion. Studies with in vivo experimental models. Prog Lipid Res 1995; 34:71-97.
54. Schwartz CC, Halloran LG, Vlahcevic ZR, Gregory DH, Swell L. Preferential utilization of free cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins for biliary cholesterol secretion in man. Science 1978; 200:62-64. (Pubitemid 8302933)
55. Halloran LG, Schwartz CC, Vlahcevic ZR, Nisman RM, Swell L. Evidence for high-density lipoprotein-free cholesterol as the primary precursor for bileacid synthesis in man. Surgery 1978; 84:1-7. (Pubitemid 8376399)