Long-term management issues in restless legs syndrome

Movement Disorders

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1378-1385

  Chokroverty, Sudhansu ^a,b  

^a SETON HALL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Akathisia; Impulse control disorders; Rebound; Restless legs syndrome augmentation; Sleep attacks; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 DELTA ANTICONVULSANT; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ASCORBIC ACID; CABERGOLINE; CAFFEINE; CLONAZEPAM; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FERRITIN; FERROUS SULFATE; GABAPENTIN; LEVODOPA; METHADONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; OPIATE; OREXIN; PRAMIPEXOLE; PREGABALIN; ROPINIROLE; ROTIGOTINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRAMADOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADDICTION; AKATHISIA; ANXIETY; APPLICATION SITE REACTION; COGNITION; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; FIBROSIS; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER; IRON DEFICIENCY; LEG EDEMA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LONG TERM CARE; MEMORY; MORBIDITY; OBESITY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHYSICIAN; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REBOUND; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SOMNOLENCE; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WALKING; WEIGHT GAIN;

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS; LONG-TERM CARE; NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; RISK FACTORS; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 79960591455     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.23652     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Walters AS. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 634-642.
2. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 101-119.
3. Allen, RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1286-1292.
4. Akpiner S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide. Arch Neurol 1982; 13: 739.
5. Partinen M, Hirvonen K, Jama L, et al. Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a polysomnographic dose-finding study-the PRELUDE study. Sleep Med 2006; 7: 407-417.
6. Winkelman JW, Sethi KD, Kushida CA, et al. Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2006; 67: 1034-1039.
7. Trenkwalder C, Stiasny-Kolster K, et al. Controlled withdrawal of pramipexole after 6 months of open-label treatment in patient with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1404-1014.
8. Oertel WH, Stiasny-Kolster K, Bergtholdt B, et al. Efficacy of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome, a 6-week, multi-center, randomized, double-blind study. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 213-219.
9. Allen R, Becker PM, Bogan R, et al. Ropinirole decreases periodic legs movements and improves sleep parameters in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27: 907-914.
10. Trenkwalder C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Montagna P, et al. Ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: results from a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 10 European countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 92-97.
11. Bliwise DL, Freeman A, Ingram CD, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, short term trial of ropinirole in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 141-147.
12. Walters AS, Ondo WG, Dreykluft T, et al. Ropinirole in effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. TREAT RLS 2: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 1414-1423.
13. Bogan RK, Fry JM, Schmidt MH, Carson SW, Ritchie SY. Ropinirole in the treatment of patients with restless legs syndrome: a US-based randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 17-27.
14. Montplaisir J, Denesle R, Petit D. Pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: A follow-up study. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7( Suppl 1): 27-31.
15. Trenkwalder C, Stiasny-Kolster K, et al. Controlled withdrawal of pramipexole after 6 months of open-label treatment in patient with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1404-1014.
16. Hogl B, et al. Pramipexole for RLS: a 26-week double-blind trial. Neurology 2009; 72: A106.
17. Montplaisir J, Karrasch J, Haan J, Volc D. Ropinirole is effective in the long-term management of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1627-1635.
18. Trenkwalder C, Benes H, Poewe W, et al. Efficacy of rotigotine for treatment of moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 595-604.
19. Hening, WA, Allen RP, Ondo WG, et al. Rotigotine improves restless legs syndrome: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 1675-1683.
20. Silber MH, GirishIzurieta, R. Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep 2003; 26: 819-821.
21. Ondo W, Romanyshyn J, Vuong KD, et al. Long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 1393-1397.
22. Winkelman JW, Johnston L. Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004; 5: 9-14.
23. Montplaisir J, Fantini ML, Desautels A, et al. Long-term treatment with pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 1306-1311.
24. Garcia-Borreguero D, Grunstein R, Sridhar G, et al. A 52-week open-label study of the long-term safety of ropinirole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 742-752.
25. Garcia-Borreguero D, Poewe W, Hogl B, et al. SP 710-open label extension of the phase II dose-finding study: 3-year interim analysis. Mov Disord 2008; 23: S367.
26. Clavadetscher SC, Gugger M, Bassetti CL. Restless legs syndrome: clinical experience with long-term treatment. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 495-500.
27. Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, de la Llavey, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome: a double-blind cross-over study. Neurology 2002; 59: 1573-1579.
28. Happe S, Sauter C, Klosch G, et al. Gabapentine vs. ropinirole in the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 2003; 48: 82-86.
29. Walters AS, Wagner ML, Hening WA, et al. Successful treatment of the idiopathic restless legs syndrome in randomized, double-blind trial of Oxycodone vs. placebo. Sleep 1993; 16: 327-332.
30. Kushida CA, Becker PM, Ellenbogen AL, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of XP13512/1838262 in patients with RLS. Neurology 2009; 72: 439-446.
31. Sommer M, Bachman CG, Liebetanz KM, etal. Pregabalin in restless legs syndrome with and without neuropathic pain. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115: 347-350.
32. Allen R, Chen C, Soaita A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, 6-week, dose-ranging study of pregabaline in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2009; 10( Suppl): S82.
33. Chesson A, Jr. Wise M, Davilla D, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 1999; 22: 961-968.
34. Littner MR, Kushida C, Anderson WM, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorders. Sleep 2004; 27: 557-559.
35. Vignatelly L, Billiard M, Clarenbach P, et al. EFNS Task Force. EFNS guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 1049-1065.
36. Hening W, Walters AS, Allen RP, et al. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care study. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 237-246.
37. Ohayon MM, Krystal AD, Roehrs TA, et al. Using difficulty resuming sleep to define nocturnal awakenings. Sleep Med 2010; in press.
38. Allen RP, Mignot E, Ripley B, et al. Increased CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2002; 59: 639-641.
39. Hornyak M, Feig B, Voderholzer U, et al. Polysomnography findings in patients with restless legs syndrome and in healthy controls: a comparative observational study. Sleep 2007; 30: 861-865.
40. Saletu B, Anderer P, Saletu M, et al. EEG mapping, psychometric, and polysomnographic studies in restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) patients as compared with normal controls. Sleep Med 2002; 3( Suppl): S35-S42.
41. Winkelman JW, Redline S, Baldwin CM, et al. Polysomnographic and health related quality of life correlates of restless legs syndrome in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep 2009; 32: 772-778.
42. Gallicchio L, Kalesan B. Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2009; 18: 148-158.
43. Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, et al. Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 514: 294-302.
44. Rizzo V, Arico I, Mastroeni C, et al. Dopamine agonists restore cortical plasticity in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 710-715.
45. Knutson KI, Van Cauter E. Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1129: 287-304; 2.
46. Shaput JP, Despres JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a six-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep 2008; 31: 517-523; 3.
47. Van Cauter E, Knutson KI. Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159( Suppl 1): S59-S66.
48. Knutson KI, Spiegel K, Penev P, Van Cauter E. The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev 2007; 11: 163-178.
49. Tahera S. Sleep and metabolism: bringing pieces of the jigsaw together. Sleep Med Rev 2007; 11: 159-162.
50. Chaput JP, Despres JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin levels and increased adiposity: results from the Quebec Family Study. Obesity 2007; 15: 253-261.
51. Knutson KI. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on glucose homeostasis and appetite regulation. Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2: 187-197.
52. Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements: Emergent and acute events during treatment. In: Chokroverty S, Sahota P, eds. Acute and Emergent Events in Sleep Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010; 130.
53. Vahidi H, Huckle M, Trendwalder C, Krenz CJ. Peridural morphine administration in restless legs status. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1994; 29: 368-370.
54. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of restless legs syndrome with carbedopa/levodopa. Sleep 1996; 19: 205-213.
55. Earley C, Allen R. Restless legs syndrome augmentation associated with tramadol. Sleep Med 2006; 7: 592-593.
56. Vetrugno R, L Morga C, D'Angelo R, et al. Augmentation of restless legs syndrome with long-term tramadol treatment. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 424-427.
57. Winkelman JW, Johnston L. Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004; 5: 9-14.
58. Ferini-Strambi L. Restless legs syndrome augmentation and pramipexole treatment. Sleep Med 2002; 3( Suppl): S23-S25.
59. Silber MH, Giriss M, Izurieta R. Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep 2003; 26: 819-821.
60. Trenkwalder C, Benes H, Grote L, et al. Cabergoline compared to levodopa in the treatment of patients with severe restless legs syndrome: results from a multicenter, randomized, active controlled trial. Mov Disord 2007; 22: 696-703.
61. Stiasny-Kolster K, Benes H, Peglau I, et al. Effective cabergoline treatment in idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004; 63: 2272-2279.
62. Benes H, Heinrics CA, Ueberall MA, Kohen R. Long-term safety and efficacy of cabergoline for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome: results from an open-level, six-month clinical trial. Sleep 2004; 27: 674-682.
63. Hogl B, Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, et al. Progressive development of augmentation during long-term treatment with levodopa in restless legs syndrome: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Neurol 2010; 257: 230-237.
64. Hogl B, Garcia-Borreguero D, Trenkwalder C, et al. Efficacy and augmentation during 6 months of double-blind pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. (in press).
65. Baldwin CM, Keating GM. Rotigotine transdermal patch: in restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs 2008; 22: 797-806.
66. Garcia-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Kohnen R, et al. Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome, report from a world association of sleep medicine-international restless legs syndrome study group consensus conference at the Max Planck Institute. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 520-530.
67. Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Hogl B, et al. Validation of the Augmentation Severity Rating Sale (ASRS): a multicentric prospective study with levodopa on restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007; 8: 455-463.
68. Salver N, Allen R, Senerth J, Earley C. A ten-year, longitudinal assessment of dopamine agonists and methadone in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. (in press).
69. Trenkwalder C, Hogl B, Benes H, Kohnen R. Augmentation in the dopaminergic treatment of the restless legs syndrome: new insights from the first prospective, double-blind trial on augmentation comparing cabergoline and levodopa. J Sleep Res 2006; 15( Suppl 1): 178.
70. Frauscher B, Gschliessei V, Brandauer E, et al. The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: association with ferritin levels. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 611-615.
71. Paulus W, Trenkwalder C. Less is more: pathophysiology of dopaminergic-therapy-related augmentation. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 878-886.
72. Silber MH, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Dopaminergic therapy of restless legs syndrome. In: Hening WA, Allen RP, Chokroverty S, Earley CJ, eds. Restless Legs Syndrome. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2009: 238-254.
73. Hening WA, Buchfuhrer MJ, Lee HB. Clinical Management of Restless Legs Syndrome. West Islip, NY: Professional Communications; 2008.
74. Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, et al. Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology 1999; 52: 1908-1910.
75. Gahard R, Bosse A, Uzeon D, et al. Quality of life in restless legs syndrome. Influence of daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Med Klin (Munich) 2005; 100: 704-709 (in German).
76. Bassetti C, Clavadetscher S, Gugger M, Hess CW. Pergolide associated "sleep attacks" in a patient with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 275-277.
77. Moller JC, Korner Y, Cassel W, et al. Sudden onset of sleep [SOS] on dopaminergic therapy in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2006; 7: 333-339.
78. Rye DB. The two faces of Eve. Dopamine modulation of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 2004; 63( Suppl 3): S2-S7.
79. Earley CJ, Silber MH. Restless legs syndrome: understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment. Sleep Med 2010; 11: 807-815.
80. Evans AH, Strafella AP, Weintraub D, Stacy M. Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease [Reviews]. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 1561-1570.
81. Baler RD, Volko MD. Drug addiction: the neurobiology of destructive self-control. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12: 559-566.
82. Abler B, Hahlbrock R, Unrath A, et al. At-risk for pathological gambling: imaging neural reward processing under chronic dopamine agonists. Brain 2009; 132: 2396-2402.
83. Quckfall J. & Suchowersky O. Pathological gambling associated with dopamine agonist use in restless legs syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13: 535-536.
84. Tippmann-Peikert M, Parak JG, Boeve BF, et al. Pathological gambling in patients with restless legs syndrome treated with dopaminergic agonists. Neurology. 200; 68: 301-303.
85. Driver-Dunckley ED, Noble BN, Hentz JG, et al. Gambling and increased sexual desire with dopaminergic medication in restless legs syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007; 30: 249-255.
86. Provini F, Vetrugno R, Montagna P. Sleep-related smoking syndrome. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 903-905.
87. Cornetius JR, Tippmann-Peikert M, Slocumb et al. Impulse control disorders with the use of dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome: a case-control study. Sleep 2010; 33: 81-87.
88. Ondo WG, Lai D. Predictors of impulsivity and reward seeking behavior with dopamine agonist. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 14: 28-32.
89. Pourcher E, Remillard S, Cohen H. Compulsive habits in restless legs syndrome patients under dopaminergic treatment. J Neurol Sci 2010; 290: 52-56.
90. Leu-Semenescu S, Karroum E, Brion A, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 494-496.
91. Salas RE, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Gamaldo CE. Drug Hoarding: a case of atypical dopamine dysregulation syndrome in a RLS patient. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 627-628.
92. Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2010; 67: 58-63.
93. Walters AS, Winkelmann J, Trenkwalder C, et al. Long-term follow up on restless legs syndrome. Patients treated with opioids. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 1105-1109.
94. Driver-Dunckley E, Evidente VG, Adler CH, et al. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease patients may improve with subthalamic stimulation. Mov Disord 2006; 21: 1287-1289.
95. Ondo W. VIM deep brain stimulation does not improve pre-existing restless legs syndrome in patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12: 113-114.
96. Kedia S, Moro E, Tagliati M, et al. Emergence of restless legs syndrome during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurology 2004; 63: 2410-2412.