Advances in strain gauge measurement on composite materials

Strain

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 313-325

  Ajovalasit, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

Author keywords

composite materials; electrical resistance strain gauges; experimental mechanics; misalignment errors; thermal output compensation

Indexed keywords

COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSIONS; ELECTRICAL RESISTANCES; EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS; HOLE DRILLING METHOD; ISOTROPIC MATERIALS; MISALIGNMENT ERRORS; REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS; STRAIN GAUGE; STRAIN GAUGE TECHNIQUE; STRESS STATE; THERMAL OUTPUT COMPENSATION; TRANSVERSE SENSITIVITY;

ALIGNMENT; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; ELASTICITY; ERROR COMPENSATION; STRAIN GAGES; STRESSES; THERMAL EXPANSION;

STRAIN;

EID: 79960379427     PISSN: 00392103     EISSN: 14751305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00691.x     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Jones, R. M., (1975) Mechanics of Composite Materials. Hemisphere Publ. Corp., New York.
2. Tuttle, M. E., and, Brinson, H. F., (1984) Resistance-foil strain gage technology as applied to composite materials. Exp. Mech. 24, 54-65; errata-corrige: Exp. Mech. 1986, 26,153-154. (Pubitemid 14568288)
3. Pendleton, R. L., and, Tuttle, M. E., (Eds) (1989) Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites. SEM, Bethel, CT, USA.
4. Jenkins, G. H., (Ed.) (1998) Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites. SEM, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, CA, USA.
5. Ifju, P. G., (2008) Composite materials. In: Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics (, W. N. Sharpe, Ed). Springer, New York: 97-124.
6. Perry, C. C., (1988) Strain Gage Measurement on Plastics and Composites. Measurement Group, Inc., Raleigh, NC USA.
7. Scowen, G. D., (1982) Measurement of surface strain in glass reinforced products. Strain 18, 99-104.
8. Anony. (1984) Strain measurement on composite materials. Epsilonics (Measurements Group, inc., Raleigh, NC, USA), 4, 10-11 and 4, 14-15.
9. Whitehead, R. J., (1988) Strain Gage Applications on Composites, Application Note, Measurement Group Raleigh, NC, USA.
10. Slaminko, R., (1998) Strain gages on composites-Gage selection criteria and temperature compensation. In: Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites (, G. H. Jenkins, Ed.). SEM, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA, USA.
11. HBM (2009), Available at:.
12. Burr, S. T., Ifju, G. P., and, Morris, D. H., (1995) A method for determining critical strain gage size in anisotropic materials with large repeating unit cells. Exp. Tech. 5, 25-27.
13. Masters, J. E., and, Ifju, P. G., (1997) Strain gage selection criteria for texile composite materials. J. Comp.-Technol. Res. 19, 152-167. (Pubitemid 127478621)
14. Lang, E. J., and, Chou, T. W., (1998) The effect of strain gage size on measurement errors in textile composite materials. Comp. Sci. Tech. 58, 539-548. (Pubitemid 28392491)
15. Perry, C. C., (1984) The resistance strain gage revisited. Exp. Mech. 24, 286-299.
16. Tuttle, M. E., (1985) Error in strain measurement using strain gages on composites, Proc. 1985 SEM Fall Conf. on Exp. Mech. 'Transducer Technology for Physical Measurements'. SEM, Bethel, CT, 170-179. (Pubitemid 18528476)
17. Hiel, C. C., (1986) Errors associated with the use of strain gage on composite materials. In: Experimental Stress Analysis (, H. Wieringa, Ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publ, Dordrecht: 439-446.
18. Tuttle, M. E., (1998) Fundamental strain-gage technology. In: Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites (, G. H. Jenkins, Ed.). SEM, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA, USA.
19. Measurement Group, Inc. (2007) Strain Gage Thermal Output and Gage Factor Variation With Temperature. M-M Tech Note, TN-504, Micro Measurement Div., Raleigh, NC, USA.
20. Lo Presti, S,. (1987) Temperature compensation of strain gages on composite materials (in Italian). Atti del 15° convegno AIAS, Pisa, Dip. di Costr. Mecc. e Nucl. 99-112.
21. Corvi, A,. (1986) La Compensazione delle Deformazioni Termiche Apparenti di Estensimetri Annegati nei Laminati in Materiali Compositi Atti del 14° convegno AIAS, Istituto di Macchine, Fac. Ing. Catania, 631-642.
22. Lanza di Scalea, F., (1998) Compensation of thermal output of stain gages on orthotropic materials: case of one compensating gage for multiple active ones. Exp. Tech. 22, 30-33.
23. Dally, J. W., and, Riley, W. F,. (2005) Experimental Stress Analysis, 4th Edn. College House Enterprises LLC, Glen Cove Dr. Knoxville.
24. Watson, R. B., (2008) Bonded electrical resistance strain gages. In: Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics (, W. N. Sharpe, Ed.). Springer, New York: 283-333.
25. Whitney, J. M., Daniel, I. M., and, Pipes, R. B., (1982) Experimental Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials. Revised edition. Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
26. Measurement Group, Inc. (2007) Measurement of Thermal Expansion Coefficient Using Strain Gages. M-M Tech Note, TN-513, Micro Measurement Div., Raleigh, NC, USA.
27. Lanza di Scalea, F., (1998) Measurement of thermal expansion coefficients of composites using strain gages. Exp. Mech. 38, 233-241. (Pubitemid 29203662)
28. Bert, C. W., (1985) Normal and shear stress gages and rosettes for orthotropic composites. Exp. Mech. 25, 288-293.
29. Daniel, I. M., Mullineaux, J. M., Ahimaz, F. J., and, Liber, T., (1972) The embedded strain gauge technique for testing boron/epoxy composite. Comp. Mat. Test. Des. 2nd Conf. ASTM STP 497, 257-272.
30. Corvi, A., and, Reale, S,. (1982) The Embedded Strain Gage Technique for the Evaluation of the Structural Behaviour of Laminates in Reinforced Plastics (in Italian). Atti del 10° conv.naz. AIAS, Università della Calabria, Cosenza, 145-155.
31. Schnack, E., Prinz, B., and, Dimitrov, S., (2004) Interlaminar stress determination in carbon fibre epoxy composites with the embedded strain gauge technique. Strain 40, 113-118.
32. Horoschenkoff, A., Klein, S., and, Haase, K., (2006) Structural Integration of Strain Gages. HBM, Darmstadt, Germany.
33. Ajovalasit, A., (2005) Embedded strain gauges: effect of the stress normal to the grid. Strain 41, 95-103. (Pubitemid 41557530)
34. Measurement Group, Inc. (2007) Errors Due to Misalignment of Strain Gages, M-M Tech Note, TN-511. Micro Measurement Div., Raleigh, NC, USA.
35. Ajovalasit, A., and, Pitarresi, G,. (2008) Strain measurement on composites: effects due to strain gauge misalignment. Strain, DOI: (9 pages).
36. Ajovalasit, A., Mancuso, A., and, Cipolla, N., (2002) Strain measurement on composites: errors due to rosette misalignment. Strain 38, 150-156. (Pubitemid 35422515)
37. Perry, C. C., (1985) Strain gage reinforcement effects on low-modulus materials. Exp. Tech. 9, 25-27. (Pubitemid 15490563)
38. Perry, C. C., (1986) Strain gage reinforcement effects on orthotropic materials. Exp. Tech. 10, 20-24.
39. Ajovalasit, A., and, Zuccarello, B., (2005) Local reinforcement effect of a strain gauge installation on low modulus materials. J. Strain Anal. 40, 643-653. (Pubitemid 41563445)
40. VDI/VDE 2635 (1974) Dehnungsmesstreifen mit metallischem Messgitter-Kenngrössen und Prüfbedingungen. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI/VDE-Fachgruppe Messtecnik, 4 Düsseldorf. Graf-Recke-Strasse 84 Germany.
41. C.N.R. (1989) Estensimetri elettrici a resistenza-manuale per l'impiego e l'analisi dei risultati. Norma tecnica C.N.R., Bollettino Ufficiale n°131.
42. Ajovalasit, A., D'Acquisto, L, Fragapane, S, and, Zuccarello, B., (2007) Stiffness and reinforcement effect of electrical resistance strain gauges. Strain 43, 299-305. (Pubitemid 47610911)
43. I. Exp. Mech. 27, 381-388. (Pubitemid 18550515)
44. I using strain gauges. Exp. Mech. 28, 142-145.
45. Shukla, A., Agarwall, B. D., and, Bhushan, B., (1989) Determination of stress intensity factor in orthotropic composite materials using strain gages. Eng. Fract. Mech. 32, 469-477.
46. Cerniglia, D., Nigrelli, V., and, Pasta, A., (1999) Experimental and numerical determination of stress intensity factor in composite materials. ICCM-12-International Conference on Composite Materials, Paris July 5th-9th 1999.
47. Parlevliet, P. P., Bersee, H. E. N., and, Beukers, A., (2007) Residual stresses in thermoplastic composites-A study of the literature-Part II: experimental techniques. Comp.: Part A 38, 651-665. (Pubitemid 44914129)
48. Daniel, I. M., and, Liber, T., (1977) Effect of laminate construction on residual stresses in graphite polyimide composites. Exp. Mech. 17, 21-25.
49. Daniel, I. M., and, Liber, T., (1977) Lamination residual strain and stresses in hybrid laminates. Comp. Mat.: Test. Des. (Fourth Conference), ASTM STP 617, American Society for Testing and Materials, 331-343.
50. Zewi, I. G., Daniel, I. M., and, Gotro, J. T., (1987) Residual Stresses and Warpage in Woven-Glass/Epoxy Laminates. Exp. Mech. 27, 44-50. (Pubitemid 17572503)
51. Manson, J. A., and, Seferis, J. C., (1992) Process Simulated Laminate (PSL): A methodology to Internal Stress Characterization in Advanced Composite Materials. J. Comp. Mat. 26, 405-431.
52. Ersoy, N., and, Vardar, O., (2000) Measurement of residual Stresses in Layered Composites by Compliance Method. J. Comp. Mat. 34, 575-599.
53. ASTM Standard E 837 (2008) Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, DOI:,.
54. Bert, C. W., and, Thompson, G. L., (1968) A method for measuring planar residual stresses in rectangularly orthotropic materials. J. Comp. Mat. 2, 244-253.
55. Lake, B. R., Appl, F. J., and, Bert, C. W., (1970) An investigation of the hole-drilling technique for measuring planar residual stress in rectangularly orthotropic materials. Exp. Mech. 10, 233-239.
56. Schajer, G. S., and, Yang, L., (1994) Residual-stress measurement in orthotropic materials using the hole-drilling method. Exp. Mech. 34, 324-333.
57. Pagliaro, P., and, Zuccarello, B., (2007) Residual stress analysis of orthotropic materials by the through-hole drilling method. Exp. Mech. 47, 217-236. (Pubitemid 46359431)
58. Measurement Group, Inc. (2007) Errors Due to Transverse Sensitivity in Strain Gages. M-M Tech Note, TN-509, Micro Measurement Div., Raleigh, NC, USA.