Palaeomagnetic remanences in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Everest region: Indication for Late Miocene crustal doming

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 186, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 551-566

  El Bay, Rachida ^a   Appel, Erwin ^a   Paudel, Lalu ^b   Neumann, Udo ^a   Setzer, Fabian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY   (Nepal)

Author keywords

Crustal structure; Magnetic mineralogy and petrology; Palaeomagnetism applied to tectonics; Remagnetization

Indexed keywords

BEST FIT; CLOCKWISE ROTATION; CO-EXISTING; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; DOME STRUCTURE; EARLY-TO-LATE; FAULT ZONE; GRANULITE FACIES; HIGHER HIMALAYAN CRYSTALLINE; HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS; IRON SULPHIDE; LATE MIOCENE; LOW TEMPERATURES; MAGNETIC MINERALOGY; MAIN CENTRAL THRUSTS; METAMORPHIC CONDITIONS; METAMORPHIC COOLING; MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS; PALAEOMAGNETISM; REMAGNETIZATION; REMANENT MAGNETIZATION; REVERSE POLARITY; SINGLE DOMAINS; SINGLE SPECIMEN; SOURCE ROCKS; TEMPERATURE INTERVALS; TEMPERATURE RANGE; TILT ANGLE; TIME SPAN; VERTICAL-AXIS ROTATION; WESTERN SIDE;

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DEMAGNETIZATION; GEOMAGNETISM; IRON ORES; MAGNETIC DOMAINS; MAGNETIC PROPERTIES; MAGNETITE; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; PETROGRAPHY; REMANENCE; ROCKS; ROTATION; TECTONICS;

METAMORPHIC ROCKS;

AMPHIBOLITE FACIES; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; EARTH ROTATION; FAULT ZONE; GRANULITE FACIES; METAMORPHIC ROCK; MINERALOGY; MIOCENE; OXIDE; PALEOMAGNETISM; PARAGENESIS; PETROLOGY; REMANENT MAGNETIZATION; RETROGRESSION; SULFIDE GROUP; TECTONIC SETTING;

HIMALAYAS; KHUMBU HIMAL; MOUNT EVEREST;

EID: 79960352004     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05078.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Acton, G.D., 1999. Apparent polar wander of India since the cretaceous with implications for regional tectonics and true polar wander, Mem. Geol. Soc. India, 44, 129-175.
2. Antolín, B., Appel, E., Gloaguen, R., Dunkl, I., Ding, L., Montomoli, C., Liebke, U. & Xu, Q., 2010. Paleomagnetic evidence for clockwise vertical-axis rotation and tilting around horizontal axis in SE Tibet: implications for the Miocene tectonic evolution of the NE Himalaya, Tectonophysics, 493, 172-186.
3. Appel, E., Müller, R. & Widder, R.W., 1991. Paleomagnetic results from the Tibetan sedimentary series of the Manang area (north central Nepal), Geophys. J. Int., 104, 255-266.
4. Beaumont C., Jamieson R.A., Nguyen M.H. & Lee B., 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation, Nature, 414, 738-742.
5. Besse, J. & Courtillot, V., 2002. Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr, J. geophys. Res., 96(B3), 4029-4050.
6. Bordet, P., 1961. Recherches géologiques dans L'Himalaya du Nepal, région du Makalu, Edition du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 275 pp.
7. Burchfiel, B.C., Chen, Z., Hodges, L., Liu, Y., Royden, L.H. & Xu, J., 1992. The south Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in collisional mountain belt, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap., 269, 41 pp.
8. Burg, J.P. & Chen, G.M., 1984. Tectonics and structural zonation of southern Tibet, China, Nature, 311, 219-223.
9. Carosi, R., Musumeci, G. & Pertusati, P.C., 1999. Extensional tectonics in the higher Himalayan crystallines of Khumbu Himal, eastern Nepal, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap., 328, 211-223.
10. Carpenter, R.H., 1974. Pyrrhotite isograde in the SE Tennessee and SW North Carolina, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85, 451-456.
11. Carter, N.L. & Tsenn, C., 1987. Flow properties of continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 136, 27-63.
12. Chemenda, A.I., Burg, J.P. & Mattauer, M., 2000. Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 174, 397-409.
13. Constanzo Alvarez, V. & Dunlop, D., 1998. A regional paleomagnetic study of lithotectonic domains in the Central Gneiss Belt, Grenville Province, Ontario, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 89-103.
14. Craig, J.K. & Vokes, F.M., 1993. The metamorphism of pyrite and pyretic ores, an overview, Mineral. Mag., 57, 3-18.
15. Crouzet, C., Ménard, G. & Rochette, P., 1996. Post-middle Miocene rotations recorded in the Bourg d'Oisans area (Western Alps, France) by paleomagnetism, Tectonophysics, 263, 179-196.
16. Crouzet, C., Stang, H., Appel, E., Schill, E. & Gautam, P., 2001. Detailed analysis of successive pTRMs carried by pyrrhotite in Himalayan metacarbonates: an example from Hidden Valley, Central Nepal, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 607-618.
17. Crouzet, C., Gautam, P., Schill, E. & Appel, E., 2003. Multicomponent magnetization in western Dolpo (Tethyan Himalaya, Nepal): tectonic implications, Tectonophysics., 377, 607-618.
18. Dekkers, M.J., 1988. Some rockmagnetic parameters for natural goethite, pyrrhotite and fine grained hematite, PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, 133-139.
19. Dekkers, M.J., 1989. Magnetic properties of natural pyrrhotite. II. High- and low-temperature behavior of Jrs and TRM as function of grain size, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 57, 266-283.
20. Ferrara, G., Lombardo, B. & Tonarini, S., 1983. Rb/Sr geochronology of granite and gneisses from the Mount Everest region Nepal Himalaya, Geol. Rundsch., 72, 119-136.
21. Force, E.R., 1991. Geology of titanium mineral deposits, Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap., 259, pp. 118.
22. Garzanti, E., 1999. Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 805-827.
23. Godin, L., Gleeson, T.P., Searle, M.P., Ullrich, T.D. & Parrish, R.R., 2006. Locking of southward extrusion in favour of rapid crustal-scale buckling of the Greater Himalayan sequence, Nar valley, central Nepal, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 268, 269-292.
24. Grujic, D., Casey, M., Davidson, C., Hollister, L.S., Kündig, R., Pavlis, T. & Schmid, S., 1996. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics, Tectonophysics, 260, 21-43.
25. Grujic, D., Hollister L.S. & Parrish R.R., 2002. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 198, 177-191.
26. Guillot, S. & Le Fort, P., 1995. Geochemical constraints on the bimodal origin of High Himalayan Leucogranites, Lithos, 35, 221-234.
27. Halgedahl, S.L. & Fuller, M., 1981. The depence of magnetic domain structure upon magnetization state in polycrystalline pyrrhotite, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 26, 93-97.
28. Halgedahl, S.L. & Fuller, M., 1983. The dependence of magnetic domain structure upon magnetization state with emphasis upon nucleation as a mechanism for pseudo-single-domain behavior, J. geophys. Res., 88, 6505-6522.
29. Halgedahl, S. & Jarrard, R.D., 1995. Low-temperature behavior of single-domain through multidomain magnetite, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 130, 127-139.
30. Harrison, T.M., 2006. Did the Himalayan crystalline extrude partially molten from beneath the Tibetan Plateau? Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 268, 237-254.
31. Hodges, K.V., Parrish, R.R. & Searle, M.P., 1996. Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalaya, Tectonics, 15, 1264-1291.
32. Hodges, K.V., 2000. Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 324-350.
33. Jamieson R.A., Beaumont C., Sergei M. & Nguyen M. H., 2004. Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, J. geophys. Res., 109, B06407, doi:.
34. Jessup, M.J., Law, R.D., Searle, M.P. & Hubbard, M.S., 2006. Structural evolution and vorticity of flow during extrusion and exhumation of the greater Himalaya slab, Mount Everest Massif, Tibet/Nepal: implications for orogen-scale flow partitioning, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 268, 379-413.
35. Kobayashi, K. & Fuller, M.D., 1968. Stable remanence and memory of multidomain materials with special reference to magnetite, Phil. Mag., 18, 601-624.
36. Ménard, G. & Rochette, P., 1992. Utilisation de réaimentation postmétamorphiques pour une étude de l'évolution tectonique et thermique tardive dans les Alpes occidentals (France), Bull. Soc. Géol.. France, 163(4), 381-392.
37. Molnar, P. & Tapponnier, P., 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effect of a continental collision, Science, 189, 419-425.
38. Moskowitz, B.M., Jackson, M. & Kissel, C., 1998. Low-temperature magnetic behavior of titanomagnetites, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 141-149.
39. Nelson, K.D. et al., 1996. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet. Synthesis of Project INDEPTH results, Science, 274, 1684-1688.
40. Özdemir, Ö., Dunlop, D.J. & Moskowitz, B.M., 1993. The effect of oxidation on large multi-domain magnetite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1671-1674.
41. Pêcher, A., 1991. The contact between the Higher Himalaya Crystallines and the Tibetan Sedimentary series: Miocene large scale dextral shearing, Tectonics, 10(3), 587-598.
42. Piper, J.D.A. & Poppleton, T.J., 1990. A palaeomagnetic study of the Basal Gneiss Region and Jotun Nappe Complex, central-southern Scandinavian Caledonides, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 591-612.
43. Platt, J.P., 1993. Exhumation of high pressure rocks: a review of concepts and processes, Terra Nova, 5, 119-133.
44. Pognante, U. & Benna, P., 1993. Metamorphic zonation, migmatization and leucogranites along the Everest transect of eastern Nepal and Tibet: record of an exhumation history, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 74, 323-340.
45. Rochette, P., 1987. Metamorphic control of the magnetic mineralogy of black shales in the Swiss Alps, toward the use of « magnetic isograde », Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 84, 446-456.
46. Rochette, P., Fillon, G., Mattéi, J.-L. & Dekkers, M.J., 1990. Magnetic transition at 30-40 Kelvin in pyrrhotite: insight into a widespread occurrence of this mineral in rocks, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 98, 319-328.
47. Rochette, P., Scaillet, B., Guillot, S., LeFort, P. & Pêcher, A., 1994. Magnetic properties of the High Himalayan leucogranites: structural implications, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 126, 214-234.
48. Royden, L.H. & Burchfiel, B.C., 1987. Thin-skinned N-S extension within the convergent Himalayan region: gravitational collapse of a Miocene topographic front, Geol., Soc. London Spec. Pub., 28, 611-619.
49. Schill, E., Appel, E. & Gautam, P., 2002. Towards pyrrhotite/magnetite geothermometry in low-grade metamorphic carbonates of the Tethyan Himalayas (Shiar Khola, Central Nepal), J. Asian Earth Sci., 20, 195-201.
50. Schill, E., Appel, E., Crouzet, C., Gautam, P., Wehland, F. & Staiger, M., 2004. Oroclinal bending and regional significant clockwise rotations of the Himalayan arc-constraints from secondary pyrrhotite remanences, in Orogenic Curvature: Integrating Paleomagnetic and Structural Analysis, Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper Vol. 383, pp. 73-85, eds Sussman, A.J. & Weil, A.B., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
51. Searle, M.P., 1999. Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest-Lothse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, J. Geo. Soc., Lond., 156, 227-240.
52. Searle, M.P., 2003. Geological map of the Mount Everest Region, Nepal-South Tibet. Scale 1:100.000, Oxford University, Oxford.
53. Searle, M.P. & Godin, L., 2003. The south Tibetan detachment and the Manaslu Leucogranite: a structural reinterpretation and restoration of the Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal, J. Geol., 111, 505-523.
54. Searle, M.P., Law, R.D. & Jessup, M.J., 2006. Crustal structure, restoration and evolution of the Greater Himalaya in Nepal-South Tibet: implications for channel flow and ductile extrusion, in Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 268, 355-378.
55. Simpson, R.L., Parrish, R.R., Searle, M.P. & Waters, D.J., 2000. Two episodes of monazite crystallization during metamorphic and crustal melting in the Everest region of the Nepalese Himalaya, Geology, 28, 403-406.
56. Soffel, H.C., 1977. Pseudo-single-domain effects and single-domain multidomain transition in natural pyrrhotite deduced from domain structure observations, J. Geophys., 42, 351-359.
57. Soffel, H.C., 1981. Domain structure of natural fine-grained pyrrhotite in a rock matrix (diabase), Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 26, 98-106.
58. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G. & Armijo, R., 1986. On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia, in Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub., 19, 115-157.
59. Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z., Roger, F., Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wettlinger, G. & Yang, J., 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau, Science, 294, 1671-1677.
60. Torsvik, T.H., Müller, R.D., Van Der Voo, R., Steinberger, B. & Gaina, C., 2008. Global plate motion frames: toward a unified model, Rev. Geophys., 46, RG3004, doi:.
61. Waldhör, M. & Appel, E., 2006. Intersections of remanence small circles: new tools to improve data processing and interpretation in palaeomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 33-45.
62. Wehland, F., Leonhardt, R., Vadeboin, F. & Appel, E., 2005. Magnetic interaction analysis of basaltic samples and pre-selection for absolute paleointensity measurements, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 162, 1-6.
63. Yin, A., 2006. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan Orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 76, 1-131.