Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy

Business History

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 425-450

  Harvey, Charles ^a   Maclean, Mairi ^b   Gordon, Jillian ^c   Shaw, Eleanor ^c  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Capital theory; Carnegie; Entrepreneurial philanthropy; Entrepreneurship; Field of power; Social networks

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS; CAPITAL; ENTREPRENEUR; SOCIAL NETWORK;

EID: 79960255514     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2011.565516     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Acs, Z.J., & Phillips, R.J (2002). Entrepreneurship and philanthropy in American capitalism. Small Business Economics, 19(3), 189-294.
2. Adler, P.S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
3. Anand, J., Capron, L., & Mitchell, W. (2005). Using acquisitions to access multinational diversity: Thinking beyond the domestic-crossborder M&A comparison. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(2), 191-224.
4. Anheier, H.K., Gerhards, J., & Romo, F.P. (1995). Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: Examining Bourdieu's topography. American Journal of Sociology, 100(4), 859-903.
5. Anheier, H.K., & Leat, D. (2006). Creative philanthropy. New York: Routledge.
6. Arthurs, J.D., & Busenitz, L.W. (2006). Dynamic capabilities and venture performance: The effects of venture capitalists. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 195-215.
7. Banerjee, S.B. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: The good, the bad and the ugly. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
8. Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
9. Barney, J.B. (1997). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
10. Baron, R.A., & Markman, G.D. (2003). Beyond social capital: The role of entrepreneurs' social competence in their financial success. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 41-60.
11. Barringer, B.R., Jones, F.F., & Neubaum, D.O. (2005). A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid growth firms and their founders. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(5), 663-687.
12. Baumgartner, F.R., Berry, J.M., Hojnacki, M., Kimball, D.C., & Leech, B.L. (2009). Lobbying and policy change. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
13. Bishop, M., & Green, M. (2008). Philanthrocapitalism. London: Black.
14. Boulding, K.E. (1962). Notes on philanthropy. In F.G. Dickinson (Ed.), Philanthropy and public policy (pp. 57-72). New York: UMI.
15. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Bourdieu, P. (1986a). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.
17. Bourdieu, P. (1986b). The forms of capital. In J.G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood.
18. Bourdieu, P. (1987). Choses dites. Paris: Minuit.
19. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
20. Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Polity.
21. Bourdieu, P. (1996). The state nobility. Cambridge: Polity.
22. Burlingame, D.F. (Ed.). (2004). Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia (Vols 1-3). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio.
23. Burt, R.S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 339-365.
24. Burt, R.S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. In B.M. Staw & R.I. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behaviour (pp. 345-423). New York: Elsevier.
25. Cannadine, D. (2008). Mellon: An American life. New York: Vantage Books.
26. Capron, L., & Pistre, N. (2002). When do acquirers gain abnormal rates of return? Strategic Management Journal, 23(9), 781-794.
27. Carnegie, A. (1890). An American four-in-hand in Britain. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (Original work published 1883)
28. Carnegie, A. (1933). Round the world. New York: Doubleday, Doran. (Original work published 1884)
29. Carnegie, A. (2005). Triumphant democracy. New York: Cosimo Classics. (Original work published 1886)
30. Carnegie, A. (2006a). The autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. New York: Signet Classics. (Original work published 1920)
31. Carnegie, A. (2006b). The gospel of wealth essays and other writings (D. Nasaw, Ed.). New York: Penguin. (Original work published 1889-1906)
32. Casson, M. (1994). Institutional economics and business history: A way forward? Business History, 39(4), 151-171.
33. Castanias, R.P., & Helfat, C.E. (2001). The managerial rents model: Theory and empirical analysis. Journal of Management, 27(6), 661-678.
34. Chandler, A.D. (1977). The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
35. Chandler, A.D. (1990). Scale and scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36. Chernow, R. (1998). Titan: The life of John D. Rockefeller. New York: Random House.
37. Chia, R. (2002). Essai: Time, duration and simultaneity: Rethinking process and change in organizational analysis. Organization Studies, 23(6), 863-868.
38. Clarke, J., & Holt, R. (2010). The mature entrepreneur: A narrative approach to entrepreneurial goals. Journal of Management Inquiry, 19(1), 69-83.
39. Clegg, S.R., Courpasson, D., & Philips, N. (2006). Power and organizations. London: Sage.
40. Cope, J. (2005). Towards a dynamic learning perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 373-397.
41. Couvares, F.G. (1984). The remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and culture in an industrializing city, 1877-1919. Albany: State University of New York Press.
42. Creed, W.E., Scully, M.A., & Austin, J.R. (2002). Clothes make the person? The tailoring of legitimating accounts and the social construction of identity. Organization Science, 13(5), 475-496.
43. Curti, M. (1961). Tradition and innovation in American philanthropy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 105(2), 146-156.
44. De Carolis, D.M., Litzky, B.E., & Eddleston, K.E. (2009). Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: The influence of social capital and cognition. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 527-545.
45. Dees, G. (2008). Philanthropy and enterprise: Harnessing the power of business and social entrepreneurship for development. In L. Brainard & D. Chollet (Eds.), Global development 2.0: Can philanthropists, the public and the poor make poverty history? (pp. 120-134). New York: Brookings Institution.
46. DeTienne, D.R. (2010). Entrepreneurial exit as a critical component of the entrepreneurial process: Theoretical development. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 203-215.
47. Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. (1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35(12), 1504-1511.
48. Dietlin, L.M. (2009). Transformational philanthropy: Entrepreneurs and nonprofits. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
49. Domhoff, G.W. (1979). The power elite and the state: How policy is made in America. New York: De Gruyter.
50. Domhoff, G.W. (2002). Who rules America? Power and politics (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
51. Dubin, M.D. (1979). The Carnegie endowment for international peace and the advocacy of a league of nations, 1914-18. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 123(6), 344-368.
52. Duncan, B. (2004). A theory of impact philanthropy. Journal of Public Economics, 88(9-10), 2159-2180.
53. Finkelstein, S., Harvey, C., & Lawton, T. (2007). Breakout strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
54. Gabriel, Y. (1995). The unmanaged organization: Stories, fantasies and subjectivity. Organization Studies, 16(3), 477-501.
55. Geletkanycz, M.A., & Hambrick, D.C. (1997). The external ties of top executives. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 654-681.
56. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Cambridge: Polity.
57. Gladstone, W.E. (1890). Mr. Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth: A review and a recommendation. Nineteenth Century, 28(11), 677-693.
58. Harvey, C. (1979). Business history and the problem of entrepreneurship. Business History, 21(1), 3-22.
59. Harvey, C., & Maclean, M. (2008). Capital theory and the dynamics of elite business networks in Britain and France. The Sociological Review, 56(S1), 105-120.
60. Helfat, C.E. (1997). Know-how and asset complementarity and dynamic capability accumulation: The case of R&D. Strategic Management Journal, 18(5), 339-360.
61. Helfat, C.E., & Lieberman, M.B. (2002). The birth of capabilities: Market entry and the importance of pre-history. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(4), 725-760.
62. Hendrick, B.J. (1932). The life of Andrew Carnegie (Vols 1 & 2). New York: Doubleday.
63. Hendrick, B.J. (Ed.). (1933). Miscellaneous writings of Andrew Carnegie (Vols 1 & 2). New York: Doubleday.
64. Jensen, M.C., & Ruback, R.S. (1983). The market for corporate control: The scientific evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 11(1-4), 5-50.
65. Karim, S., & Mitchell, W. (2000). Path-dependent and path-breaking change: Reconfiguring business resources following acquisitions in the U.S. medical sector, 1978-1995. Strategic Management Journal, 41(10-11), 1061-1081.
66. Keister, L.A. (2005). Getting rich. America's new rich and how they got that way. New York: Cambridge University Press.
67. Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
68. Lado, A.A., Boyd, N.G., & Hanlon, S.C. (1997). Competition, cooperation, and the search for economic rents: A syncretic model. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 110-141.
69. Laird, P.W. (2006). Pull: Networking and success since Benjamin Franklin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70. Lester, R.M. (1941). Forty years of Carnegie giving. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
71. Letts, C., Ryan, W., & Grossman, A. (1997). Virtuous capital: What foundations can learn from venture capitalists. Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 36-44.
72. Livesay, H.C. (1977). Entrepreneurial persistence through the bureaucratic age. Business History Review, 51(4), 415-443.
73. Livesay, H.C. (2006). Andrew Carnegie and the rise of big business (3rd ed.). New York: Longman.
74. Maclean, M. (2008). New rules - old games? Social capital and privatisation in France, 1986-1998. Business History, 50(6), 795-810.
75. Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Chia, R. (2010). Dominant corporate agents and the power elite in France and Britain. Organization Studies, 31(3), 327-348.
76. Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Press, J. (2006). Business elites and corporate governance in France and the UK. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
77. Marinetto, M. (1999). The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy. Business History, 41(4), 1-20.
78. Misa, T.J. (1995). A nation of steel: The making of modern America, 1865-1925. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
79. Moore, G. (1979). The structure of a national elite network. American Sociological Review, 44(5), 673-692.
80. Mueller, D. (1986). Profits in the long run. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
81. Nasaw, D. (2006). Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin.
82. North, S.N. (Ed.). (1919). A manual of the public benefactions of Andrew Carnegie. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
83. Officer, L.H., & Williamson, S.H. (2009). Purchasing power of money in the United States from 1774 to 2010. Measuring worth. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/
84. Ostrower, F. (1995). Why the wealthy give: The culture of elite philanthropy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
85. Ostrower, F. (2002). Trustees of culture: Power, wealth and status on elite arts boards. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
86. O'Sullivan, M.A. (2000). Contests for corporate control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Penrose, E.T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
88. Peteraf, M.A., & Bergen, M.E. (2003). Scanning dynamic competitive landscapes: A market-based and resource-based framework. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 1027-1041.
89. Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2003). Income inequality in the United States, 1913-1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 1-39.
90. Sandfort, J. (2008). Using lessons from public affairs to inform strategic philanthropy. Non- Profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 37(3), 537-552.
91. Schervish, P.G. (2005). Major donors, major motives: The people and purpoes behind major gifts. New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 47, 59-87.
92. Schervish, P.G., Coutsoukis, P.E., & Lewis, E. (2005). Gospels of wealth: How the rich portray their lives. London: Praeger.
93. Schoemaker, P.J. (1990). Strategy, complexity and economic rent. Management Science, 36(10), 1178-1192.
94. Smith, M.A. (2000). American business and political power: Public opinion, elections and democracy. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
95. Suchman, M.C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
96. Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
97. Tedlow, R.S. (2003). Giants of enterprise. New York: Collins.
98. Terjesen, S., & Elam, A. (2009). Transnational entrepreneurs' venture internationalization strategies: A practice theory approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(5), 1093-1120.
99. Tollison, R.D. (1982). Rent seeking: A survey. Kyklos, 35(4), 575-602.
100. Tsoukas, H., & Chia, R. (2002). On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change. Organization Science, 13(5), 567-582.
101. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2001). The focus of entrepreneurial research: Context and process issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 57-80.
102. Ullmann, A.A. (1985). Data in search of a theory: A critical examination of the relationship among social performance, social disclosure and economic performance of US firms. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 540-557.
103. Useem, M. (1979). The social organization of the American business elite and participation of corporate directors in the governance of American institutions. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 553-572.
104. Van Slyck, A.A. (1995). Free to all: Carnegie libraries and American culture, 1890-1920. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
105. Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. (2001). Learning through acquisitions. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 457-476.
106. Wall, J.F. (1970). Andrew Carnegie. New York: Oxford University Press.
107. Wall, J.F. (Ed.). (1992). The Andrew Carnegie reader. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
108. Wiltshire, W. (1978). The social and political thought of Herbert Spencer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
109. Wren, D.A. (1983). American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century. Business History Review, 57(3), 321-346.
110. Zaheer, A., McEvily, W., & Perrone, V. (1998). Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance. Organization Science, 9(2), 141-159.
111. Zald, M.N., & Lounsbury, M. (2010). The wizards of Oz: Towards an institutional approach to elites, expertise and command posts. Organization Studies, 31(7), 963-995.