The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy

Business History

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1-20

  Marinetto, M ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORPORATE STRATEGY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRIAL HISTORY; SOCIAL POLICY;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0033385527     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076799900000342     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. I. Green and G.W. Murphy, 'The Income of Voluntary Social Services of Manchester and Salford in 1951 and a Comparison with 1938', Social Welfare, Vol.9 No.4 (1954), pp.78-96.
2. F. Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse: Philanthropy in Modern Britain (London, 1988), pp. 1-2.
3. J. Boswell and J. Peters, Capitalism in Contention: Business Leaders and Political Economy in Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1997), p.10.
4. D.J. Jeremy, Capitalists and Christians: Business Leaders and the Churches in Britain, 1900-1960 (Oxford, 1990), pp.193-4.
5. Ibid., p.196.
6. Ibid., p. 198.
7. Ibid., pp. 198-9.
8. Ibid., p.200.
9. Ibid., pp.201-3.
10. Ibid., p.207.
11. G. Goyder, The Responsible Company (Oxford, 1961), p.5.
12. Jeremy, Capitalists and Christians, p.207.
13. Ibid., p.204.
14. Ibid., p.287.
15. Ibid., p.287.
16. L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1979), pp.144-6.
17. S. Aaronovitch, Monopoly: A Study of British Monopoly Capitalism (London, 1955), p.47.
18. J. Scott, Corporations, Classes and Capitalism (London, 2nd edn. 1985), p.78.
19. B. Ewing, 'The Good Goldfish: A Case Study in the Corporate Conscience', in C. Perrow (ed.), Organisational Analysis (London, 1970).
20. C. Kaysen, 'The Social Significance of the Modern Corporation', American Economic Review, Vol.47 No.2 (1957), p.313.
21. A.A. Berle, Power Without Property: A New Development in American Political Economy (New York, 1959).
22. T. Nichols, Ownership, Control and Ideology: An Enquiry into Certain Aspects of Modern Business Ideology (London, 1969).
23. Ibid., p.239.
24. B. Shenfield, Company Giving (London, 1969). See also M. Green, 'The Corporation and the Community', in R. Nader and M.J. Green (eds.), Corporate Power in America (New York, 1973).
25. B. Shenfield, Company Giving (London, 1969). See also M. Green, 'The Corporation and the Community', in R. Nader and M.J. Green (eds.), Corporate Power in America (New York, 1973).
26. J. Scott, Capitalist Property and Financial Power: A Comparative Study of Britain, the United States and Japan (Brighton, 1986).
27. Scott, Corporations. Classes and Capitalism, p.49.
28. S. Sheikh, 'Judicial Policy on Corporate Giving', The Law Society's Gazette, No.25, 4 July 1990, p.16.
29. Economist Intelligence Unit, Business and the Community: A Study of Industry's Contribution to Science, the Arts, Education and the Nation's Welfare (London, 1957).
30. Ibid., p.10.
31. See National Council of Social Service (NCSS) Annual Reports for the 1960s, which include subscription lists, including corporate donors.
32. P.W.S. Andrews and E. Brunner, The Life of Lord Nuffield - A Study of Enterprise and Benevolence (Oxford, 1955); Owen, English Philanthropy - 1660-1960, pp.60-72.
33. P.W.S. Andrews and E. Brunner, The Life of Lord Nuffield - A Study of Enterprise and Benevolence (Oxford, 1955); Owen, English Philanthropy - 1660-1960, pp.60-72.
34. M. Heald, The Social Responsibilities of Business: Company and Community, 1900-1960 (Cleveland, OH and London, 1970), pp.259-60.
35. K.J. Neubeck, Corporate Response to Urban Crisis (Toronto, 1974).
36. D. Currie, 'World Capitalism in Recession', in S. Hall and M. Jacques (eds.), The Politics of Thatcherism (London, 1983).
37. P. Davies and M. Freedland, Labour Legislation and Public Policy: A Contemporary History (Oxford, 1993).
38. Ibid., p.349.
39. J. Beck, 'Accountability, Industry and Education - Reflections on Some Aspects of the Educational and Industrial Policies of the Labour Administrations of 1974-79', in J. Ahier and M. Flude (eds.), Contemporary Education Policy (London and Canberra, 1983). See also T. Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries, 1973-76 (London, 1989).
40. J. Beck, 'Accountability, Industry and Education - Reflections on Some Aspects of the Educational and Industrial Policies of the Labour Administrations of 1974-79', in J. Ahier and M. Flude (eds.), Contemporary Education Policy (London and Canberra, 1983). See also T. Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries, 1973-76 (London, 1989).
41. DTI (Department of Trade and Industry), Company Law Reform, Cmnd. 5391 (London, 1973), pp.19-20.
42. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
43. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
44. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
45. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
46. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
47. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
48. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
49. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
50. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
51. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
52. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
53. For example, M. Ivens (ed.), Industry and Values: The Objectives and Responsibilities of Business (London, 1970); M.E. Beesley, 'The Context of Social Responsibility in Business', in M.E. Beesley (ed.), Productivity and Amenity: Achieving a Social Balance (London and New York, 1974); M.E. Beesley and T. Evans, Corporate Social Responsibility: A Reassessment (London, 1978); BIM (British Institute of Management), 'The British Public Company: Its Role, Responsibilities and Accountability', Occasional Paper - New Series OPN 12 (London, 1974); T. Kempner, K. MacMillan and K. Hawkins, Business and Society: Tradition and Change (London, 1974); J. Robertson, Profit or People? The New Social Role of Money (London, 1974); M. Fogarty, 'Company Responsibility and Participation: A New Agenda', PEP Broadsheet, Vol.41 No.554 (London, 1975); E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part I', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.13 No.3 (1976), pp.213-33; E.M. Epstein, 'The Social Role of Business Enterprise in Britain: An American Perspective: Part II', Journal of Management Studies, Vol.14 No.3 (1977), pp.281-316; J. Humble, 'Social Responsibility: The Heart of Business', Unilever Topics, No.4 (Nov./Dec. 1976), pp.1a-2a; SSRC (Social Science Research Council), The Social Responsibilities of Business, a Report to the Social Science Research Council by an SSRC Advisory Panel (London, 1976): B. Shenfield, Company Boards: Their Responsibilities to Shareholders, Employees, and the Community (London, 1971).
54. CBI (Confederation of British Industry), The Responsibilities of the British Public Company, final Report of the Company Affairs Committee (London, 1973).
55. A. Browne, Tony Benn: The Making of a Politician (London, 1983), p.227; Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries, 1973-76, p.249.
56. A. Browne, Tony Benn: The Making of a Politician (London, 1983), p.227; Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries, 1973-76, p.249.
57. Beck, 'Accountability, Industry and Education', pp.218-21.
58. T. Forester. 'How Labour's Industrial Strategy got the Chop', New Society, Vol.45 No.822, 6 July 1978, pp.7-10.
59. See C. Adamson, 'The CBI View', CBI Review, No.18 (1975), pp.34-42.
60. W. Grant, Business and Politics in Britain, 2nd edition (Basingstoke, 1993), p.15.
61. N.J. Mitchell, 'The Decentralization of Business in Britain', Journal of Politics, Vol.52 No.2 (1990), pp.622-37.
62. Beck, 'Accountability, Industry and Education', p.225.
63. Industry/Education Unit (DI), Industry/Education Liaison: A Review of Initiatives, 1977-1980 (London, 1980).
64. S. Webley, Corporate Social Responsibility: Report on a Survey Conducted on Behalf of the Public Relations Consultants Association (London, 1974), cited in J. Melrose-Woodman and I. Kverndal, Towards Social Responsibility: Company Codes of Ethics and Practice, Management Survey Report, No.28 (London, 1976), p.11.
65. S. Webley, Corporate Social Responsibility: Report on a Survey Conducted on Behalf of the Public Relations Consultants Association (London, 1974), cited in J. Melrose-Woodman and I. Kverndal, Towards Social Responsibility: Company Codes of Ethics and Practice, Management Survey Report, No.28 (London, 1976), p.11.
66. Melrose-Woodman and Kverndal, Towards Social Responsibility, p. 11.
67. 'Loaning Pros.', New Society, Vol.25 No.568, 23 Aug. 1973, p.463.
68. A.A. Gibb and H. Durowse, 'Large Business Support for Small Enterprise Development in the UK', Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, Vol.8 No.1 (1987), p.5.
69. DOE (Department of Environment), Anglo-American Conference on Community Involvement: Papers and Proceedings, Sunningdale 9-10 April 1980 (London, 1980), pp.18-21.
70. Ibid, p.25. This passage is also partly based on a fieldwork interview (23 March 1993) with a former DOE official.
71. D.S. King, The New Right: Politics, Markets and Citizenship (Basingstoke and London, 1987), p.68.
72. J.J. Richardson, 'Britain: Changing Policy Styles and Policy Innovation in Response to Economic Crisis', in E. Damgaard, P. Gerlich and J.J. Richardson (eds.), The Politics of Economic Crisis: Lessons from Western Europe (Aldershot, 1989), pp. 12-13.
73. A. Kelly, 'The Enterprise Culture and the Welfare State: Restructuring the Management of the Health and Personal Social Services', in G. Burrows (ed.), Deciphering the Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship, Petty Capitalism and the Restructuring of Britain (London, 1991).
74. See the following articles: G. Harte, L. Lewis and D. Owen, 'Ethical Investment and the Corporate Reporting Function', Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol.2 No.3 (1991), pp.227-53; G. Harte and D. Owen, 'Environmental Disclosure in the Annual Reports of British Companies: A Research Note', Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol.4 No.3 (1991), pp.51-61; D. Owen, R. Gray and K, Maunders, 'Researching the Information Content of Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Comment', British Accounting Review, Vol.19 No.2 (1987), pp. 169-75.0
75. See the following articles: G. Harte, L. Lewis and D. Owen, 'Ethical Investment and the Corporate Reporting Function', Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol.2 No.3 (1991), pp.227-53; G. Harte and D. Owen, 'Environmental Disclosure in the Annual Reports of British Companies: A Research Note', Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol.4 No.3 (1991), pp.51-61; D. Owen, R. Gray and K, Maunders, 'Researching the Information Content of Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Comment', British Accounting Review, Vol.19 No.2 (1987), pp. 169-75.0
76. See the following articles: G. Harte, L. Lewis and D. Owen, 'Ethical Investment and the Corporate Reporting Function', Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol.2 No.3 (1991), pp.227-53; G. Harte and D. Owen, 'Environmental Disclosure in the Annual Reports of British Companies: A Research Note', Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol.4 No.3 (1991), pp.51-61; D. Owen, R. Gray and K, Maunders, 'Researching the Information Content of Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Comment', British Accounting Review, Vol.19 No.2 (1987), pp. 169-75.0
77. N. Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London, 1992), p.380.
78. M. Fogarty and I. Christie, Companies and Communities: Promoting Business Involvement in the Community (London, 1990), p.64.
79. D. Casson, The Major Companies Guide: The Charitable and Community Support of the UK's Leading Companies (London, 1991), p.1.
80. M. Eastwood (ed.), A Guide to Company Giving, 1993 Edition (London, 1992), p.9.
81. M. Norton, Company Charitable Giving: 1987 Statistics (London, 1987), p.7.
82. Eastwood (ed.), A Guide to Company Giving: 1993 Edition, p.9.
83. J. Lane and S.K.E. Saxon-Harrold, 'Corporate Philanthropy in Britain', in S.K.E. Saxon-Harrold and J. Kendall (eds.), Researching the Voluntary Sector (Tonbridge 1993), p.25.
84. Ibid., pp.30-31.
85. C.S. Gillies, Beyond Charitable Giving: Board Policy on Community Involvement (London, 1992), p.5.
86. Cited in B. Harvey, S. Smith and B. Wilkinson, Managers and Corporate Social Policy: Private Solutions to Public Problems? (London, 1984), p.1.
87. M. Heseltine, Where there's a Will (London, 1987), p.165.
88. J.J. Richardson, The Development of Corporate Responsibility in the UK, Strathclyde Papers on Government and Politics, No.1 (Glasgow, 1983), p.1.
89. DOE, Anglo-American Conference on Community Involvement: Papers and Proceedings.
90. Fieldwork interview (23 March 1993) with a former senior DOE official.
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