Characterisation of stone deterioration on buildings

Stone in Architecture: Properties, Durability

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 347-410

  Siedel, Heiner ^a   Siegesmund, Siegfried ^b   Sterflinger, Katja ^c  

^a DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960213069     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Adams AE, McKenzie WS, Guilford C (1984) Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks Under the Microscope. Wiley & Sons, Chichester
2. Albertano P (2003) Methodological approaches to the study of stone alteration caused by cyanobacterial biofilms in hypogean environments. In: Koestler RJ, Koestler VH, Charola AE, et al. (eds) Art Biology and Conservation: Biodeterioation of Works of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, pp. 302-315
3. Amann R, Fuchs BM, Behrens S (2001) The identification of microorganisms by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:231-236
4. Arnold A, Jeanette D, Zehnder K (1979) Proposal for a terminology of weathering phenomena on building stones. International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Group Petrography, unpublished
5. Aydin A, Basu A (2005) The Schmidt Hammer in rock material characterization. Engineering Geo ASTM D 5873, "Standard Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardness by Rebound Hammer", ASTM International, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.09
6. Bartosch S, Mansch R, Knötzsch K, et al. (2003) CTC staining and counting of actively respiring bacteria in natural stone using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 52:75-84
7. Baskerville CA (1987) Unconfined Compressive Strength on Rock Samples Representative of the Types Found in Bronx County, New York. Open-file report 87-136. U. S. Geological Survey, 5 pp
8. Bayer K, Justa P, Kacer J, et al. (2004) Scientific examination and the restoration of tombs of princes Borivoj II and Bretislav II in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist in the Cathedral of St. Vitus in Pague. In: Kwiatkowski D, Löfvendahl R (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, Vol. 2, pp. 907-914
9. Beeger D (1988) Zur Dokumentation der in Architektur und Plastik verwendeten Gesteinsarten und der auftretenden Verwitterungsformen. Abh Staatl Museum Mineral Geol Dresden 35:129-137
10. Bernabini M, Cardarelli E (1997) Variable damping factors in travel time tomography. J Appl Geophys 38:131-141
11. Binda L, Drdácky M, Kasal B (eds) (2007) In-situ evaluation and non-destructive testing of historic wood and masonry structures. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, 253 pp
12. Blum R, Nägelsbach E, Rahm U (1996) Non-destructive physical methods in preservation of monuments: results in Tours and Meissen (in German with English abstract). In: Filtz J-F (ed) Gemeinsames Erbe gemeinsam erhalten, 2. Statuskolloquium des Deutsch-Französischen. Forschungsprogramms für die Erhaltung von Baudenkmälern, Bonn, pp. 159-165
13. Blum R, Rahm U (1998) Ultraschall-und Bohrwiderstandsmessungen. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen 15:83-86
14. Buyuksagis IS, Goktan RM (2007) The effect of Schmidt hammer type on uniaxial compressive strength prediction of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44:299-307
15. Cardarelli E (1995) 3D tomography of some pillars of the Coliseum. Boll Geof Teor Appl 37:257-265
16. Cardarelli E, De Nardis R (1999) An application of 3D and 2D seismic tomography of some sample of building panels. Eur J Environ Eng Geophys 3(2):131-142
17. Castellini P, Paone N, Tomasini EP (1996) The laser Doppler vibrometer as an instrument for nonintrusive diagnostic work of art: application to fresco paintings. Opt Lasers Eng 25:227-246
18. Charola AE (2004) Stone deterioration in historic buildings and monuments. In: Kwiatkowski D, Löfvendahl R (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, Vol. 1, pp. 3-14
19. Commission 25-PEM Protection et érosion des monuments (1980) Recommended tests to measure the deterioration of stone and to assess the effectiveness of treatment methods. Mater Constructions 13(75):175-253
20. Cruikshank KM, Aydin A (1994) Role of fracture localization in arch formation, Arches National Park, Utah. Geol Soc Am Bull 106:879-891
21. De los Rios A, Ascaso C (2005) Contributions of in situ microscopy to the current understanding of stone biodeterioration. Int Microbiol 8:181-188
22. De Quervain F (1945) Verhalten der Bausteine gegen Witterungseinflü sse in der Schweiz. Beitr Geol Schweiz, Geotech Ser vol 23, Kümmerly & Frey, Bern
23. DINes KA, Lytle RJ (1996) Computerized geophysical tomography. Proc IEEE 67:1065-1073
24. Domaslowski W (ed) (2003) Preventive Conservation of Stone Objects. Wydawnictwo Uniwersitetu Mikolaja Kopernika, Torun, pp. 93-95
25. Dürrast H, Siegesmund S, Prasad M (1999) Die Schadensanalyse von Naturwerksteinen mittels Ultraschalldiagnostik: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Z dtsch geol Ges 150:359-374
26. Eickelberg U, Herppich S, Zallmanzig J (1990) Die Dokumentation in der Bestandsaufnahme-Untersuchung, Bewertung und Restaurierung denkmalpflegerischer Objekte. Bautenschutz und Bausanierung, Special Issue, 42 pp
27. EN 1925 (1999) Natural stone test methods-Determination of water absorption coefficient capillarity
28. Fitzner B, Heinrichs K (2001) Damage diagnosis at stone monuments-weathering forms, damage categories and damage indices. In: Prikryl R, Viles H (eds) Understanding and Managing Stone Decay. The Karolinum Press, Prague, pp. 11-56
29. Fitzner B, Heinrichs K, La Bouchardiere D (2003) Weathering damage on Pharaonic sandstone monuments in Luxor, Egypt. Build Environ 38:1089-1103
30. Fitzner B, Heinrichs K, Kownatzki R (1995) Weathering forms-classification and mapping. In: Snethlage R (ed) Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft. Natursteinkonservierung I. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, pp. 41-88
31. Fitzner B, Heinrichs K, La Bouchardiere D (2004) The Bangudae Petroglyph in Ulsan, Korea: studies on weathering damage and risk prognosis. Environ Geol 46:504-526
32. Fricke-Begemann T, Gülker G, Hinsch KD, et al. (1999) Analyse dynamischer Vorgänge an technischen Oberflächen mit Speckle-Korrelation. Technisches Messen 66:463-469
33. Fricke-Begemann T, Gülker G, Hinsch KD, et al. (2000) Mural inspection by vibration measurement with TV-holography. Opt Lasers Eng 32:537-548
34. Gonzalez JM, Saiz-Jimenez C (2004) Microbial activity in biodeteriorated monuments as studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Separ Sci 27:174-180
35. Goudie AS (2006) The Schmidt hammer in geomorphological research. Progr Phys Geogr 30(6):703-718
36. Graue B, Kordilla J, Siegesmund S (2007) Natursteinverwitterung und -konservierung der altägyptischen Grabanlage des Neferhotep (TT49) in Theben (Ägypten). Z dt Ges Geowiss 158(3):593-615
37. Graue B, Kordilla J, Siegesmund S (2008) Stone deterioration and conservation of the ancient Egyptian tomb of Neferhotep (TT 49) in Thebes (Egypt). In: Lukaszewicz JW, Niemcewicz P (eds) Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Torun, Vol. 2, pp. 1231-1238
38. Grimm W-D (1999) Betrachtungen und Überlegungen zur Verformung von Marmormorobjekten durch Gefügeauflockerungen. Z dt geol Ges 150:195-235
39. Grimmer AE (ed) (1984) A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments. National Park Service Preservation Assistance Division, Washington, DC
40. Gülker G, Helmers H, Hinsch KD, et al. (1996) Deformation mapping and surface inspection of historical monuments. Opt Lasers Eng 24:183-213
41. Gülker G, Hinsch K, Hölscher C, et al. (1991) Laseroptische Messungen feuchtebedingter Prozesse an Natursteinen. Jahresberichte Steinzerfall-Steinkonservierung 1:223-237
42. Gülker G, Hinsch KD, Hölscher C, et al. (1993) Untersuchung der Dynamik von Salzausblühungen an steinernen Baudenkmälern durch laseroptische Verformungsmessung. Jahresberichte Steinzerfall-Steinkonservierung 3:107-115
43. Gülker G, Hinsch KD, Kraft A (2000) TV-Holography on a microscopic scale: deformation monitoring on polychrome terracotta warriors. In: Jacquot P, Fournier JM (eds) Interferometry in Speckle Light. Springer, Berlin, pp. 337-344
44. Heinrichs K (2008) Diagnosis of weathering damage on rock-cut monuments in Petra, Jordan. Environ Geol 56:643-675
45. Hirsch P, Eckhardt FEW, Palmer RJ (1995) Methods for the study of rock-inhabiting microorganisms-a mini review. J Microbiol Methods 23:143-167
46. Hirschwald J (1908) Die Prüfung der natürlichen Bausteine auf ihre Wetterbeständigkeit. Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
47. Hofestädt B, Kalisch U, Pfefferkorn S (2002) Forschungsberichte der Kooperationspartner. In: Schmuhl B (ed) Kalksteinkonservierung am Westportal des Halberstädter Domes St. Stephan und St. Sixtus. Domstiftung Sachsen-Anhalt, Leitzkau, pp. 11-41
48. Hüpers A, Müller C, Siegesmund S, et al. (2005) Kalksteinverwitterung: Die Zitadelle und das Parlament von Budapest. In: Siegesmund S, Snethlage R, Auras M (eds) Stein-Zerfall und Konservierung. Edition, Leipzig, pp. 201-209
49. ICOMOS-ISCS (2008) Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. English-French version. ICOMOS Documentation Centre, Paris, 78 pp
50. Jackson MJ, Tweeton DR (1994) Migratom-geophysical Tomography Using Wavefront-Migration and Fuzzy Constraints. Report of Investigations, U. S. B. M., 35 pp
51. Jalinos F, Olson LD, Aouad MF, et al. (1994) Acoustic tomography for QNDE of structural concrete. Proceedings Quantitative Non-destructive Evaluation (QNDE) 14, Iowa State University
52. Jones MP (1987) Applied Mineralogy. Graham and Trotman Ltd., London
53. Jones R, Wykes C (1983) Holographic and Speckle Interferometry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
54. Karsten R (1983) Bauchemie für Studium und Praxis, 7th edition. Lüdicke Verlagsgesellschaft, Haslach, pp. 498-500
55. Kieslinger A (1932) Zerstörung an Steinbauten. Deuticke, Leipzig, Wien
56. Klemm W, Siedel H (2002) Evaluation of the origin of sulphate compounds in building stone by sulphur isotope ratio. In: Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Vollbrecht A (eds) Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 205:419-430
57. Köhler W (1988) Preservation problems of Carrara marble sculptures, Potsdam Sanssouci. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Vol. 1, pp. 653-662
58. Köhler W (1991) Untersuchungen zu Verwitterungsvorgängen an Carrara-Marmor in Potsdam-Sanssouci. Berichte zu Forschung und Praxis der Denkmalpflege in Deutschland 2:50-54
59. Köhler W (1993) Ultrasonic investigations on four marble tombs in the Old Northern and the Old Southern Cemetery in Munich. Forsch.-Ber. 11/1993 (Eurocare-Euromarble EU 496):95-107, München (Bayer. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege)
60. Köhler W (2009) Riss-und Verwitterungsanalytik mit zerstörungsfreien Verfahren. In: Venzmer H (ed) EU-Sanierungskalender 2009. Beuth, Berlin, pp. 259-278
61. Krus M, Künzel HM, Kießl K (1995) Feuchtemessung und Feuchteverteilung in Stein und Mauerwerk. In: Snethlage R (ed) Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft. Natursteinkonservierung I. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, pp. 93-118
62. Kumaran MK, Bomberg M (1985) A Gamma-Spectrometer for Determination of Density Distribution and Moisture Distribution in Building Materials. Proceedings of the Int. Symposium on Moisture and Humidity, Washington DC, pp. 485-490
63. Laue S (2005) Salt Weathering of Porous Structures Related to Climate Changes. Restor Build Monum 11(6):381-390
64. Lee DH, Zo YG, Kim SJ (1996) Non-radioactive method to study genetic profiles of natural bacterial communities by PCR-single strand-conformation polymorphism. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3112-3120
65. Lindner H, Pretschner C, Rost C (1999) Ultraschallmessungen an Bauwerken. Z dt geol Ges 150:375-386
66. Mayer K, Marklein R, Langenberg KJ, et al. (1990) Three-dimensional imaging system based on Fourier Transform Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique. Ultrasonics 28:241-255
67. McKenzie WS, Adams AE (1994) A Colour Atlas of Rocks and Minerals in Thin Section. Manson Publishing, London, UK
68. Meinhardt-Degen J, Snethlage R (2008) Materialtechnische Untersuchungen zur Risikoabschätzung von Folgekonservierungen bei Sandsteinen am Beispiel von Regensburger Grünsandstein und Grünem Mainsandstein. Z dt Ges Geowiss 158(4):921-930
69. Migon P (2006) Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
70. Mustoe GE (1982) The origin of honeycomb weathering. Geol Soc Am Bull 93:108-115
71. O'Rourke JE (1989) Rock index properties for geo-engineering in underground development. Mining Engineering 1989(2):106-110
72. Pamplona M, Kocher M, Snethlage R, et al. (2007) Drilling resistance: overview and outlook. Z dt Ges Geowiss 158:665-676
73. Paoletti D, Schirripa Spagnolo G (1996) Interferometric methods for artwork diagnostics. Prog Opt 35:197-255
74. Patitz G, Illich B, Wenzel F (1999) Zerstörungsarme Voruntersuchungen an der Steinernen Brücke Regensburg - Vortrag und Bericht. In: Wittmann FH, Gerdes A (eds) Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium Material Science and Restoration. Aedificatio Publishers, Freiburg, Unterengstringen, pp. 1069-1084
75. Pfefferkorn S (1998) Untersuchung des Einflusses des Bohrverschleiß es auf das Ergebnis von Bohrwiderstandsmessungen. Restor Build Monum 4:467-478
76. Pfefferkorn S (2000) Correction functions for eliminating drill bit abrasion and blocked drill dust transport. In: Tiano P (ed) Proceedings of the Workshop Drillmore, Firenze, pp. 67-74
77. Pfefferkorn S (2005) Beurteilung von Verwitterungserscheinungen an Natursteinoberflächen mit dem Bohrwiderstand-Messverfahren. In: Siegesmund S, Auras M, Snethlage R (eds) Stein: Zerfall und Konservierung. Edition, Leipzig, pp. 155-159
78. Pfefferkorn S, Siedel H (1999) Einfluss der Materialfeuchte auf die Ergebnisse des Bohrwiderstand-Messverfahrens an Sandsteinen verschiedener Gefügetypen. In: Wittmann FH, Gerdes A (eds) Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium Material Science and Restoration, Aedificatio Publishers, Freiburg, Unterengstringen, pp. 1559-1568
79. Poesen JW, Torri D, Bunte K (1994) Effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water at different spatial scales: a review. Catena 23:141-166
80. Potts BD, Santamarina JC (1993) Geotechnical tomography. ASTU 16:510-517
81. Portillo MC, Gonzalez JM, Saiz-Jimenez C (2008) Metabolically active microbial communities of yellow and grey colonizations on the walls of Altamira Cave, Spain. J Appl Microbiol 104:681-691
82. Prieto B, Silva B, Aira N, et al. (2006) Towards a definition of a bioreceptivity index for granitic rocks. Perception of the change in appearance of the rock. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 58:150-154
83. Queisser A (1986) Geotechnische und mineralogische Bewertung von Naturwerksteinen aus dem Raum Bamberg. PhD thesis, unpublished, 153 pp., University of Mainz
84. Raccomandazione Normal 1/88 (1990) Alterazioni Macroscopiche dei Materiali Lapidei: Lessico (Macroscopic alterations of stone materials: glossary). CNR-ICR, Comas Graphica, Rome, 36 pp
85. Rastogi P, Inaudi D (eds) (2000) Trends in Optical Nondestructive Testing and Inspection. Elsevier, Amsterdam
86. Robinson DA, Williams RBG (1994) Sandstone weathering and landforms in Britain and Europe. In: Robinson DA, Williams RBG (eds) Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 371-391
87. Ruedrich J, Hettrich M, Just A, et al. (2004) Construction physics of the Market Gate of Miletus discovered by non-destructive tools. In: Kwiatkowski D, Löfvendahl R (eds) Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Stockholm, Vol. 2, pp. 745-752
88. Ruedrich J, Rieffel Y, Pirskawetz S, et al. (2010) Development and assessment of protective winter covers for marble statuaries of the Schlossbrücke, Unter den Linden, Berlin, Germany. Environ Earth Sci DOI 10.1007/s12665-010-0765-2
89. Ruedrich J, Siegesmund S, Richter D (2001) Marble columns and its state of weathering: structural evidences and US-tomography. Zt dt Geol Ges 152:665-680
90. Sachpazis CI (1990) Correlating Schmidt hardness with compressive strength and Young's modulus of carbonate rocks. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 42:75-83
91. Schabereiter-Gurtner C, Piñar G, Lubitz W, et al. (2001) An advanced strategy to identify bacterial communities on art objects. J Microbiol Methods 45:77-87
92. Schechter RS, Mignogna DB, Delsano PP (1996) Ultrasonic tomography using curved ray paths obtained by wave propagation simulations on a massively parallel computer. J Acoust Soc Am 100(4):2103-2121
93. Schickert M (1995) Einfluss der frequenzabhängigen Schallschwächung auf die Ultraschall-Laufzeitmessung an mineralischen Stoffen. In: Proceedings of the DGZfP-Jahrestagung Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung 1994. DGZfP, Berlin, pp. 479-485
94. Schlütter F, Juling H (2002) Mikroskopische Untersuchungen an Testflächen. In: Schmuhl B (ed) Kalksteinkonservierung am Westportal des Halberstädter Domes St. Stephan und St. Sixtus. Domstiftung Sachsen-Anhalt, Leitzkau, pp. 129-162
95. Schmidt E (1951) A non-destructive concrete tester. Concrete 59:34-34
96. Schneider C, Ziesch J, Bauer A, et al. (2008) Bauwerkskartierung zur Analyse des Verwitterungsstatus an den Außenmauern des Schlosses von Buda (Budapest, Ungarn). In: Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (eds) Denkmalgesteine-W.-D. Grimm-Festband. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 59:219-235
97. Siedel H (2010) Alveolar weathering of Cretaceous building sandstones on monuments in Saxony, Germany. In: Prikryl R, Török A (eds) Natural Stone Resources for Historical Monuments. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 333:11-23
98. Siedel H, Hubrich K, Kusch HG, et al. (2000) Results of laser cleaning on encrusted oolithic limestone of angel sculptures from the Cologne Cathedral. In: Fassina V (ed) Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice, Vol. 2, pp. 583-590
99. Siedel H, Neumeister K, Sobott RG (2003) Laser cleaning as a part of the restoration process: removal of aged oil paints from a Renaissance sandstone portal in Dresden, Germany. J Cult Heritage 4, Issue Supplement 1:11-16
100. Siedel H, Pfefferkorn S, Von Plehwe-Leisen E, et al. (2010) Sandstone weathering in tropical climate: results of low-destructive investigations at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Eng Geol 115:182-192
101. Siegesmund S, Kracke T, Ruedrich J, et al. (2009) Jewish cemetery in Hamburg Altona (Germany). State of marble deterioration and provenance. Eng Geol 115(3-4):200-208
102. Siegesmund S, Nikolayev D, Mosch S, et al. (2008b) Bowing potential of granites. Environ Geol 55:1437-1448
103. Siegesmund S, Pretzschner C, Ruedrich J, et al. (2000) Deterioration characteristics of columns from the Marmorpalais Potsdam (Germany) by US-tomography. In: Fassina V (ed) Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice, Vol. 1, pp. 145-153
104. Siegesmund S, Ruedrich J, Koch A (2008a) Marble bowing: comparative studies of different public building facades. Environ Geol 56:473-494
105. Siegesmund S, Török A, Hüpers A, Müller Chr, Klemm W (2007) Mineralogical, geochemical and microfabric evidences of gypsum crusts: a case study from Budapest. Environ Geol 52:385-397
106. Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Ruedrich J (2004) Schadensmonitoring mittels Ultraschalldiagnostik. Restauro 2:98-105
107. Singh RN, Hassani FP, Elkington PAS (1983) The application of strength and deformation index testing to the stability assessment of coal measures excavations. Proceedings of the 24th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Texas A&M University, pp. 599-609
108. Snethlage R, Ettl H, Sattler L (1999) Ultraschallmessungen an PMMA-getränkten Skulpturen. Z dt geol Ges 150:387-396
109. Snethlage R, Wendler E (1989) der Wassereindringprüfer nach Karsten-Anwendung und Interpretation der Messwerte. Bautenschutz Bausanierung 12:110-115
110. Snethlage R, Wendler E (1995) Methoden der Steinkonservierung- Anforderungen und Bewertungskriterien. Anhang: Zusammenstellung der in der Steinkonservierung häufig verwendeten Prüfmethoden. In: Snethlage R (ed) Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft. Natursteinkonservierung I. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, pp. 22-40
111. Stadlbauer E, Wendler E (1998) Messung der kapillaren Wasseraufnahme und des Bohrwiderstandes. Arbeitsh Denkmalpfl Nieders 15:79-82
112. Stender H, Fiandaca M, Hyldig-Nielsen JJ, et al. (2002) PNA for rapid microbiology. J Microbiol Methods 48(1):1-17
113. Sterflinger K, Prillinger H (2001) Molecular taxonomy and biodiversity of rock fungal communities in an urban environment (Vienna, Austria). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80:275-286
114. Taylor S, May E (2000) Investigations of the localisation of bacterial activity on sandstone from ancient monuments. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 46:327-333
115. Tewary VK, Fortunko, CM (1996) Theory of elastic waves in three dimensional anisotropic plates. J Acoust Soc Am 100:2964-2968
116. Tornari V, Zafiropoulos V, Vainos NA, et al. (2000) Discrimination of photomechanical effects in the laser cleaning of artworks by means of holographic interferometry. In: Fotakis C, Papazoglou T, Kalpouzas C (eds) Optics and Lasers in Biomedicine and Culture. Springer, Berlin
117. Török A, Licha T, Simon K, Siegesmund S (2010) Urban and rural limestone weathering; the contribution of dust to black crust formation. Environ Earth Sci. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0737-6.
118. Török A, Müller C, Hüpers A, et al. (2007) Differences in texture, physical properties and microbiology of weathering crust and host rock: a case study of the porous limestone of Budapest (Hungary). In: Prikryl R, Smith BJ (eds) Building Stone Decay: From Diagnosis to Conservation. Geol Soc Lond Spec Pub 271:261-276
119. Turkington AV, Paradise TR (2005) Sandstone weathering: a century of research and innovation. Geomorphology 67:229-253
120. Tveit A (1966) Measurements of moisture sorption and moisture permeability of porous materials. Rapport 45, Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo
121. Urzì C, La Cono V, De Leo F, et al. (2003) Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to study biodeterioration. In: Saiz-Jimenez C (ed) Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage. Lisse, the Netherlands, Balkema Publishers, pp. 55-60
122. Vellone DA, Merguerian C (2007) Measuring engineering properties of NYC rocks using a Schmidt rebound hammer-preliminary results. In: Hanson GN (ed) Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY, Long Island Geologists Program with Abstracts, 7 pp
123. Vergès-Belmin V, Rolland O, Leroux L (2008) Can we be confident in colour measurements performed outdoors? In: Lukaszewicz JW, Niemcewicz P (eds) Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Vol. 1, pp. 267-274
124. Weber J, Burszan R (2008) Salt-induced decay of interior walls and climate control. The case study of Virgil's Chapel, Vienna. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Copenhagen, Technical University of Denmark, pp. 257-267
125. Weise F, Patitz G (2005) Moderne Methoden der Bauwerksdiagnostik in der Praxisanwendung. In: Siegesmund S, Auras M, Snethlage R (eds) Stein-Zerfall und Konservierung. Edition, Leipzig, pp. 140-149
126. Weiss T, Fuller EH, Jr, Siegesmund S (2002a) Thermal expansion and its control on the durability of marbles. In: Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Vollbrecht A (eds) Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 205:57-72
127. Weiss T, Leiss B, Oppermann H, et al. (1999) Microfabric of fresh and weathered marbles: implications and consequences for the reconstruction of the Marmorpalais Potsdam. Z dt geol Ges 150:313-332
128. Weiss T, Rasolofosaon PNJ, Siegesmund S (2001) Thermal microcracking in Carrara marble. Z dt geol Ges 152(2-4):621-636
129. Weiss T, Rasolofosaon PNJ, Siegesmund S (2002b) Ultrasonic velocities as a diagnostic tool for the quality assessment of marble. In: Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Vollbrecht A (eds) Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 205:148-164
130. Weiss T, Siegesmund S, Rasolofosaon P (2000) The deterioration-velocity- porosity-relation constraint. In: Fassina V (ed) Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Venice, Vol. 1, pp. 215-223
131. Wendler E, Sattler L (1996) Bohrwiderstandsmessung als zerstörungsarmes Prüfverfahren. In: Wittmann FH, Gerdes A (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium Material Science and Restoration, Aedificatio Publishers, Freiburg, Unterengstringen, pp. 145-160
132. Wittmann FH (1983) Mesures de l'effet consolidant d'un produit traitement. Materiaux Construction 16:235-342
133. Yates T, Brundin JA, Goltermann P, et al. (2004) Observations from the inspection of marble cladding in Europe. In: Prikryl R (ed) Dimension Stones. AA Balkema Publishers, Leiden etc., pp. 267-276
134. Zvelebil J, Cilek V, Stemberk J (2002) Partial results of monitoring of stability deterioration on Pravic?ice Rock Arch, NW Bohemia. In: Prikryl R, Viles HA (eds) Understanding and Managing Stone Decay, rThe Karolinum Press, Prague, pp. 243-261