Influence of suspended and off-bottom mussel culture on the sea bottom and benthic habitats: A review

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 89, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 622-646

  McKindsey, Christopher W ^a   Archambault, Philippe ^b   Callier, Myriam D ^c   Olivier, Frédéric ^d  

^a MAURICE LAMONTAGNE INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER DE RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER 2   (France)

^d MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR; ALGA; AQUACULTURE; BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT; BOTTOM CURRENT; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FOOD INDUSTRY; HABITAT TYPE; LITERATURE REVIEW; MUSSEL CULTURE; OXYGEN; PEST SPECIES; PH; PLANKTON; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REDOX POTENTIAL; RESPIRATION; SEAGRASS; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTATION; SULFIDE;

ALGAE;

EID: 79960109393     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: 14803283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z11-037     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Ahn, I.Y. 1993. Enhanced particle flux through the biodeposition by the Antarctic suspension-feeding bivalve Laternula elliptica in Marian Cove, King George Island. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 171(1): 75-90. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(93)90141-A.
2. Allard, J., Bertin, X., Chaumillon, E., and Pouget, F. 2008. Sand spit rhythmic development: a potential record of wave climate variations? Arçay Spit, western coast of France. Mar. Geol. 253(3-4): 107-131. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.009.
3. Aller, R.C., and Aller, J.Y. 1998. The effect of biogenic irrigation intensity and solute exchange on diagenetic reaction rates in marine sediments. J. Mar. Res. 56(4): 905-936. doi:10.1357/ 002224098321667413.
4. Alonso-Pérez, F., Ysebaert, T., and Castro, C.G. 2010. Effects of suspended mussel culture on benthic-pelagic coupling in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 382(2): 96-107. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.11. 008.
5. Anderson, M.R., Tlusty, M.F., and Pepper, V.A. 2005. Organic enrichment at cold water aquaculture sites-the case of coastal Newfoundland. In Environmental effects of marine finfish aquaculture. Edited by B. Hargrave. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 99-113.
6. Aure, J., Strohmeier, T., and Strand, Ø. 2007. Modelling current speed and carrying capacity in long-line blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) farms. Aquacult. Res. 38(3): 304-312. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2109.2007.01669.x.
7. Balzer, W., Grasshoff, K., Dieckmann, P., Haardt, H., and Petersohn, U. 1983. Redox turnover at the sediment-water interface studied in a large bell jar system. Oceanol. Acta, 6: 337-344.
8. Barranguet, C. 1997. The role of microphotobenthic primary production in a Mediterranean musel culture area. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44(6): 753-765. doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0153.
9. Baudinet, D., Alliot, E., Berland, B., Grenz, C., Plante-Cuny, M., Plante, R., and Salen-Picard, C. 1990. Incidence of mussel culture on biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface. Hydrobiologia, 207(1): 187-196. doi:10.1007/BF00041456.
10. Bayne, B.L., Iglesias, J.I.P., Hawkins, A.J.S., Navarro, E., Heral, M., and Deslous-Paoli, J.M. 1993. Feeding behaviour of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: responses to variations in quantity and organic content of the seston. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 73(4): 813-829. doi:10.1017/S0025315400034743.
11. Black, K.D.E. 2001. Environmental impacts of aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
12. Blanco, J., Zapata, M., and Moroño, Á. 1996. Some aspects of the water flow through mussel rafts. Sci. Mar. 60: 275-282.
13. Borja, Á., Rodríguez, J.G., Black, K., Bodoy, A., Emblow, C., Fernandes, T.F., Forte, J., Karakassis, I., Muxika, I., Nickell, T.D., Papageorgiou, N., Pranovi, F., Sevastou, K., Tomasetti, P., and Angel, D. 2009. Assessing the suitability of a range of benthic indices in the evaluation of environmental impact of fin and shellfish aquaculture located in sites across Europe. Aquaculture, 293(3-4): 231-240. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.037.
14. Boucher, G., and Boucher-Rodoni, R. 1988. In situ measurement of respiratory metabolism and nitrogen fluxes at the interface of oyster beds. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 44: 229-238. doi:10.3354/ meps044229.
15. Boyd, A.J., and Heasman, K.G. 1998. Shellfish mariculture in the Benguela system: water flow patterns within a mussel farm in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. J. Shellfish Res. 17: 25-32.
16. Brehmer, P., Gerlotto, F., Guillard, J., and Sanguinède, F. 2003. New applications of hydroacoustic methods for monitoring shallow water aquatic ecosystems: the case of mussel culture grounds. Aquat. Living Resour. 16(3): 333-338. doi:10.1016/S0990-7440 (03)00042-1.
17. Brickhill, M.J., Lee, S.Y., and Connolly, R.M. 2005. Fishes associated with artificial reefs: attributing changes to attraction or production using novel approaches. J. Fish Biol. 67(Suppl. sB): 53-71. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00915.x.
18. Brooks, K.M. 2000. Literature review and model evaluation describing the environmental effects and carrying capacity associated with the intensive culture of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis). Taylor Resources, Shelton, Wash.
19. Callier, M.D., Weise, A.M., McKindsey, C.W., and Desrosiers, G. 2006. Sedimentation rates in a suspended mussel farm (Great- Entry Lagoon, Canada): biodeposit production and dispersion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 322: 129-141. doi:10.3354/meps322129.
20. Callier, M.D., McKindsey, C.W., and Desrosiers, G. 2007. Multiscale spatial variations in benthic sediment geochemistry and macrofaunal communities under a suspended mussel culture. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 348: 103-115. doi:10.3354/meps07034.
21. Callier, M.D., McKindsey, C.W., and Desrosiers, G. 2008. Evaluation of indicators used to detect mussel farm influence on the benthos: two case studies in the Magdalen Islands, Eastern Canada. Aquaculture, 278(1-4): 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008. 03.026.
22. Callier, M.D., Richard, M., McKindsey, C.W., Archambault, P., and Desrosiers, G. 2009. Responses of benthic macrofauna and biogeochemical fluxes to various levels of mussel biodeposition: an in situ "benthocosm" experiment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 58(10): 1544-1553. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.05.010. PMID: 19541330.
23. Carbines, G.D. 1993. The ecology and early life history of Notolabrus celidotus (Pisces: Labridae) around mussel farms in the Marlborough Sounds. M.Sc. thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, N.Z.
24. Carlsson, M.S., Holmer, M., and Petersen, J.K. 2009. Seasonal and spatial variations of benthic impacts of mussel longline farming in a eutrophic Danish fjord. Limfjorden. J. Shellfish Res. 28(4): 791-801. doi:10.2983/035.028.0408.
25. Carlsson, M.S., Glud, R.N., and Petersen, J.K. 2010. Degradation of mussel (Mytilus edulis) fecal pellets released from hanging longlines upon sinking and after settling at the sediment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 67(9): 1376-1387. doi:10.1139/F10-067.
26. Carlton, J.T. 1992. Dispersal of living organisms into aquatic ecosystems as mediated by aquaculture and fisheries activities. In Dispersal of living organisms into aquatic ecosystems. Edited by A. Rosenfield and R. Mann. Maryland Sea Grant, College Park. pp. 13-46.
27. Carlton, J.T., Ruiz, G.M., and Everett, R.A. 1991. The structure of benthic estuarine communities associated with dense suspended populations of the introduced Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas: years 1 and 2. Final Report to South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
28. Cayocca, F., Bassoullet, P., Le Hir, P., Jestin, H., and Cann, P. 2008. Sedimentary processes in a shellfish farming environment, Mont Saint Michel Bay, France. Proc. Mar. Sci. 9: 431-446. doi:10. 1016/S1568-2692(08)80031-9.
29. Chamberlain, J. 2002. Modelling the environmental impacts of suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) farming. Ph.D. dissertation, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
30. Chamberlain, J., Fernandes, T.F., Read, P., Nickell, T.D., and Davies, I.M. 2001. Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial sediments. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58(2): 411-416. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1037.
31. Chesney, E.J., Jr, and Iglesias, J. 1979. Seasonal distribution, abundance and diversity of demersal fishes in the inner Ria de Arosa, northwest Spain. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci. 8(3): 227-239. doi:10.1016/0302-3524(79)90093-8.
32. Christensen, P.B., Glud, R.N., Dalsgaard, T., and Gillespie, P. 2003. Impacts of longline mussel farming on oxygen and nitrogen dynamics and biological communities of coastal sediments. Aquaculture, 218(1-4): 567-588. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02) 00587-2.
33. Clynick, B.G., McKindsey, C., and Archambault, P. 2008. Distribution and productivity of fish and macroinvertebrates in mussel aquaculture sites in the Magdalen islands (Québec, Canada). Aquaculture, 283(1-4): 203-210. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008. 06.009.
34. Costa-Pierce, B.A., Desbonnet, A., Edwards, P., and Baker, D. 2005. Urban aquaculture. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
35. Cowden, C., Young, C.M., and Chia, F.S. 1984. Diffential predation on marine invertebrate larvae by two benthic predators. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 14: 145-149. doi:10.3354/meps014145.
36. Cowles, A., Hewitt, J.E., and Taylor, R.B. 2009. Density, biomass and productivity of small mobile invertebrates in a wide range of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 384: 175-185. doi:10.3354/ meps08038.
37. Cranford, P.J., and Hill, P.S. 1999. Seasonal variation in food utilization by the suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs Mytilus edulis and Placopecten magellanicus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 190: 223-239. doi:10.3354/meps190223.
38. Cranford, P.J., Strain, P.M., Dowd, M., Hargrave, B.T., Grant, J., and Archambault, M.C. 2007. Influence of mussel aquaculture on nitrogen dynamics in a nutrient enriched coastal embayment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 347: 61-78. doi:10.3354/meps06997.
39. Crawford, C. 2003. Qualitative risk assessment of the effects of shellfish farming on the environment in Tasmania, Australia. Ocean Coast. Manage. 46(1-2): 47-58. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691 (02)00120-5.
40. Crawford, C., Macleod, C.K.A., and Mitchell, I.M. 2003. Effects of shellfish farming on the benthic environment. Aquaculture, 224(1-4): 117-140. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00210-2.
41. Cruz Motta, J.J., Underwood, A.J., Chapman, M.G., and Rossi, F. 2003. Benthic assemblages in sediments associated with intertidal boulder-fields. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 285-286: 383-401. doi:10. 1016/S0022-0981(02)00539-7.
42. Cusson, M., and Bourget, E. 1997. Influence of topographic heterogeneity and spatial scales on the structure of the neighbouring intertidal endobenthic macrofaunal community. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 150: 181-193. doi:10.3354/meps150181.
43. Cusson, M., and Bourget, E. 2005. Global patterns of macroinvertebrate production in marine benthic habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 297: 1-14. doi:10.3354/meps297001.
44. D'Amours, O., Archambault, P., McKindsey, C.W., and Johnson, L.E. 2008. Local enhancement of epibenthic macrofauna by aquaculture activities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 371: 73-84. doi:10.3354/ meps07672.
45. da Costa, K.G., and Nalesso, R.C. 2006. Effects of mussel farming on macrobenthic community structure in Southeastern Brazil. Aquaculture, 258(1-4): 655-663. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04. 023.
46. Dahlbäck, B., and Gunnarsson, L.Å.H. 1981. Sedimentation and sulfate reduction under a mussel culture. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 63(3): 269-275. doi:10.1007/BF00395996.
47. Dame, R.F. 1996. Ecology of marine bivalves: an ecosystem approach. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
48. Danovaro, R., Gambi, C., Luna, G.M., and Mirto, S. 2004. Sustainable impact of mussel farming in the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea): evidence from biochemical, microbial and meiofaunal indicators. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49(4): 325-333. doi:10. 1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.038. PMID:15341827.
49. Dauvin, J.C. 1987. Évolution à long terme (1977-1986) des populations d'Amphlpodes des sables fins de la Pierre Noire (Baie de Morlaix, Manche Occidentale) après la catastrophe de I'Amoco Cadiz. Mar. Environ. Res. 21(4): 247-273. doi:10.1016/ 0141-1136(87)90049-3.
50. Dauvin, J.C. 1998. The fine sand Abra alba community of the Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36(9): 669-676. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00058-7.
51. Davenport, J., Smith, R.J.J.W., and Packer, M. 2000. Mussels Mytilus edulis: significant consumers and destroyers of mesozooplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 198: 131-137. doi:10.3354/meps198131.
52. Davenport, J., Black, K., Burnell, G., Cross, T., Culloty, S., Ekarante, S., Furness, B., Mulcahy, M., and Thetmeyer, H. 2003. Aquaculture: the ecological issues. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
53. De Casabianca, T., Laugier, T., and Collart, D. 1997. Impact of shellfish farming eutrophication on benthic macrophyte communities in the Thau lagoon, France. Aquacult. Int. 5(4): 301-314. doi:10.1023/A:1018308022436.
54. de Jong, R.J. 1994. The effects of mussel farming on the benthic environment. M.Sc. thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, N.Z.
55. de Paz, L., Neto, J.M., Marques, J.C., and Laborda, A.J. 2008. Response of intertidal macrobenthic communities to long term human induced changes in the Eo estuary (Asturias, Spain): implications for environmental management. Mar. Environ. Res. 66(2): 288-299. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.04.004. PMID: 18555522.
56. de Wit, R., Stal, L.J., Lomstein, B.A., Herbert, R.A., van Gemerden, H., Viaroli, P., Cecherelli, V.U., Rodríguez-Valera, F., Bartoli, M., Giordani, G., Azzoni, R., Schaub, B., Welsh, D.T., Donnelly, A., Cifuentes, A., Anton, J., Finster, K., Nielsen, L.B., Pedersen, A.G. U., Neubauer, A.T., Colangelo, M.A., and Heijs, S.K. 2001. ROBUST: The ROle of BUffering capacities in STabilising coastal lagoon ecosystems. Cont. Shelf Res. 21(18-19): 2021-2041. doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00040-1.
57. Dempster, T., and Sanchez-Jerez, P. 2008. Aquaculture and coastal space management in Europe: an ecological perspective. In Aquaculture in the ecosystem. Edited by M. Holmer, K. Black, C.M. Duarte, N. Marba', and I. Karakassis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 87-116.
58. Deslous-Paoli, J.M., Souchu, P., Mazouni, N., Juge, C., and Dagault, F. 1998. Relations milieu-ressources: impact de la conchyliculture sur un environnement launaire mediterraneen (Thau). Oceanol. Acta, 21(6): 831-843. doi:10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80010-3.
59. Drapeau, A., Comeau, L.A., Landry, T., Stryhn, H., and Davidson, J. 2006. Association between longline design and mussel productivity in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Aquaculture, 261(3): 879-889. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.045.
60. Duarte, P., Labarta, U., and Fernández-Reiriz, M.J. 2008. Modelling local food depletion effects in mussel rafts of Galician rias. Aquaculture, 274(2-4): 300-312. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007. 11.025.
61. Dumbauld, B.R., Ruesink, J.L., and Rumrill, S.S. 2009. The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: a review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries. Aquaculture, 290(3-4): 196-223. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.033.
62. Dürr, S., and Watson, D.I. 2010. Biofouling and antifouling in aquaculture. In Biofouling. Edited by S. Dürr and J.C. Thomason. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. pp. 267-287.
63. Enright, C. 1993. Control of fouling in bivalve aquaculture. World Aquacult. 24: 44-46.
64. Everett, R.A., Ruiz, G.M., and Carlton, J.T. 1995. Effect of oyster mariculture on submerged aquatic vegetation: an experimental test in a Pacific Northwest estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 125: 205-217. doi:10.3354/meps125205.
65. Fabi, G., Manoukian, S., and Spagnolo, A. 2009. Impact of an opensea suspended mussel culture on macrobenthic community (Western Adriatic Sea). Aquaculture, 289(1-2): 54-63. doi:10. 1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.026.
66. Fabiano, M., Danovaro, R., Olivari, E., and Misic, C. 1994. Decomposition of faecal matter and somatic tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis: changes in organic matter composition and microbial succession. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 119(3): 375-384. doi:10. 1007/BF00347534.
67. Falkowski, P.G., and Davis, C.S. 2004. Natural proportions. Nature (London), 431(7005): 131. doi:10.1038/431131a. PMID: 15356609.
68. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2010. Global datasets, FishStat Plus-Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Available from http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en [accessed 22 March 2010].
69. Forrest, B.M., Keeley, N.B., Hopkins, G.A., Webb, S.C., and Clement, D.M. 2009. Bivalve aquaculture in estuaries: review and synthesis of oyster cultivation effects. Aquaculture, 298(1-2): 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.032.
70. Fréchette, M. 2010. Hierarchical structure of bivalve culture systems and optimal stocking density. Aquacult. Int. 18(1): 99-114. doi:10. 1007/s10499-008-9198-2.
71. Freire, J., and González-Gurriarán, E. 1995. Feeding ecology of the velvet swimming crab Necora puber in mussel raft areas of the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 119: 139-154. doi:10.3354/meps119139.
72. Freire, J., Fernández, L., and González-Gurriarán, E. 1990. Influence of mussel raft culture on the diet of Liocarcinus arcuatus (Leach) (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). J. Shellfish Res. 9: 45-57.
73. Fuentes, J., Gregorio, V., Giraldez, R., and Molares, J. 2000. Withinraft variability of the growth rate of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, cultivated in the Ria de Arousa (NW Spain). Aquaculture, 189(1-2): 39-52. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00357-4.
74. Garen, P., Robert, S., and Bougrier, S. 2004. Comparison of growth of mussel, Mytilus edulis, on longline, pole and bottom culture sites in the Pertuis Breton, France. Aquaculture, 232(1-4): 511-524. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00535-0.
75. Gendron, L., Weise, A.M., Fréchette, M., Ouellet, P., McKindsey, C. W., and Girard, L. 2003. Evaluation of the potential of cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis) to ingest stage I lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 274.
76. Gerlotto, F., Brehmer, P., Buestel, D., and Sanguinède, F. 2001. A method of acoustic monitoring of mussel longline ground using vertical echosounder and multibeam sonar. ICES CM 2001/R:01.
77. Gibbs, M.T. 2004. Interactions between bivalve shellfish farms and fishery resources. Aquaculture, 240(1-4): 267-296. doi:10.1016/j. aquaculture.2004.06.038.
78. Gibbs, M.M., James, M.R., Pickmere, S.E., Woods, P.H., Shakespeare, B.S., Hickman, R.W., and Illingworth, J. 1991. Hydrodynamics and water column properties at six stations associated with mussel farming in Pelorus Sound, 1984-1985. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 25(3): 239-254. doi:10.1080/00288330.1991. 9516476.
79. Gilbert, F., Souchu, P., Bianchi, M., and Bonin, P. 1997. Influence of shellfish farming activities on nitrification, nitrate reduction to ammonium and denitrification at the water-sediment interface of the Thau lagoon, France. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151: 143-153.doi:10.3354/meps151143.
80. Giles, H. 2006. Dispersal and remineralisation of biodeposits: ecosystem impacts of mussel aquaculture. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, N.Z.
81. Giles, H., and Pilditch, C.A. 2004. Effects of diet on sinking rates and erosion thresholds of mussel Perna canaliculus biodeposits. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 282: 205-219. doi:10.3354/meps282205.
82. Giles, H., and Pilditch, C.A. 2006. Effects of mussel (Perna canaliculus) biodeposit decomposition on benthic respiration and nutrient fluxes. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 150(2): 261-271. doi:10.1007/ s00227-006-0348-7.
83. Giles, H., Pilditch, C.A., and Bell, D.G. 2006. Sedimentation from mussel (Perna canaliculus) culture in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand: impacts on sediment oxygen and nutrient fluxes. Aquaculture, 261(1): 125-140. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006. 06.048.
84. Giles, H., Broekhuizen, N., Bryan, K.R., and Pilditch, C.A. 2009. Modelling the dispersal of biodeposits from mussel farms: the importance of simulating biodeposit erosion and decay. Aquaculture, 291(3-4): 168-178. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.03.010.
85. Godet, L., Fournier, J., van Katwijk, M., Olivier, F., Le Mao, P., and Retière, C. 2008. Before and after wasting disease in common eelgrass Zostera marina along the French Atlantic coasts: a general overview and first accurate mapping. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 79(3): 249-255. doi:10.3354/dao01897. PMID:18590001.
86. González-Gurriarán, E. 1986. Seasonal changes of benthic megafauna in the Ría de Muros e Noia (Galicia, Northwest Spain). II. Decapod crustaceans (Brachyura). Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 92(2): 201-210. doi:10.1007/BF00392837.
87. Grant, C. 2010. Rôle des installations mytilicoles dans la structuration spatiale des communautés benthiques; cas des assemblages de sédiments grossiers de l'est de l'archipel Chausey (France). M.Sc. thesis, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski.
88. Grant, J., Hatcher, A., Scott, D.B., Pocklington, P., Schafer, C.T., and Winters, G.V. 1995. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluating impacts of shellfish aquaculture on benthic communities. Estuaries, 18(1): 124-144. doi:10.2307/1352288.
89. Grant, J., Stenton-Dozey, J.M.E., Monteiro, P., Pitcher, G., and Heasman, K. 1998. Shellfish culture in the Benguela System: a carbon budget of Saldanha Bay for raft culture of Mytilus galloprovincialis. J. Shellfish Res. 17: 41-49.
90. Grant, J., Cranford, P., Hargrave, B., Carreau, M., Schofield, B., Armsworthy, S., Burdett-Coutts, V., and Ibarra, D. 2005. A model of aquaculture biodeposition for multiple estuaries and field validation at blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) culture sites in eastern Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62(6): 1271-1285. doi:10.1139/ f05-033.
91. Green, S., Visser, A.W., Titelman, J., and Kiørboe, T. 2003. Escape responses of copepod nauplii in the flow field of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 142: 727-733.
92. Grenz, C., Hermin, M.-N., Baudinet, D., and Daumas, R. 1990. In situ biochemical and bacterial variation of sediments enriched with mussel biodeposits. Hydrobiologia, 207(1): 153-160. doi:10.1007/ BF00041452.
93. Guichard, F., Bourget, E., and Robert, J.-L. 2001. Scaling the influence of topographic heterogeneity on intertidal benthic communities: alternate trajectories mediated by hydrodynamics and shading. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 217: 27-41. doi:10.3354/ meps217027.
94. Gutiérrez, J.L., Jones, C.G., Strayer, D.L., and Iribarne, O.O. 2003. Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats. Oikos, 101(1): 79-90. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706. 2003.12322.x.
95. Guyondet, T., Roy, S., Koutitonsky, V.G., Grant, J., and Tita, G. 2010. Integrating multiple spatial scales in the carrying capacity assessment of a coastal ecosystem for bivalve aquaculture. J. Sea Res. 64(3): 341-359. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2010.05.003.
96. Hargrave, B.T., Phillips, G.A., Doucette, L.I., White, M.J., Milligan, T.G., Wildish, D.J., and Cranston, R.E. 1997. Assessing benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture. Water Air Soil Pollut. 99(1-4): 641-650. doi:10.1007/BF02406903.
97. Hargrave, B.T., Doucette, L.I., Cranford, P.J., Law, B.A., and Milligan, T.G. 2008. Influence of mussel aquaculture on sediment organic enrichment in a nutrient-rich coastal embayment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 365: 137-149. doi:10.3354/meps07636.
98. Hartstein, N.D., and Rowden, A.A. 2004. Effect of biodeposits from mussel culture on macroinvertebrate assemblages at sites of different hydrodynamic regime. Mar. Environ. Res. 57(5): 339-357. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.11.003. PMID:14967518.
99. Hartstein, N.D., and Stevens, C.L. 2005. Deposition beneath longline mussel farms. Aquacult. Eng. 33(3): 192-213. doi:10.1016/j. aquaeng.2005.01.002.
100. Hatcher, A., Grant, J., and Schofield, B. 1994. Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115: 219-235. doi:10.3354/meps115219.
101. Heasman, K.G. 1996. The influence of oceanographic conditions and culture methods on the dynamics of mussel farming in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
102. Heilskov, A.C., and Holmer, M. 2001. Effects of benthic fauna on organic matter mineralization in fish-farm sediments: importance of size and abundance. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58(2): 427-434. doi:10. 1006/jmsc.2000.1026.
103. Heilskov, A.C., Alperin, M., and Holmer, M. 2006. Benthic fauna bio-irrigation effects on nutrient regeneration in fish farm sediments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 339(2): 204-225. doi:10. 1016/j.jembe.2006.08.003.
104. Henricksen, K., and Kemp, W.M. 1988. Nitrification in estuarine and coastal marine sediments. In Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments. Edited by T.H. Blackburn and J. Sorensen. J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.
105. Herman, P.M.J. 2007. Managing benthic ecosystems in relation to physical forcing and environmental constraints (MaBenE). Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW). Final Report No. EVK3-CT-2002-00071.
106. Holmer, M., Wildish, D.J., and Hargrave, B. 2005. Organic enrichment from marine finfish aquaculture and effects on sediment biogeochemical processes. In The handbook of environmental chemistry. Vol. 5M. Water pollution. Edited by B.T. Hargrave. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 181-206.
107. Holmer, M., Black, K., Duarte, C.M., Marbà, N., and Karakassis, I. 2008. Aquaculture in the ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
108. Hoover, R.A., and Purcell, J.E. 2009. Substrate preferences of scyphozoan Aurelia labiata polyps among common dock-building materials. Hydrobiologia, 616(1): 259-267. doi:10.1007/s10750- 008-9595-6.
109. Houliez, E. 2007. Impact de la restructuration conchylicole sur la structure des peuplements endofauniques intertidaux de la baie du mont Saint-Michel. M.Sc. thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Calais, France.
110. Iglesias, J. 1981. Spatial and temporal changes in the demersal fish community of the Ria de Arosa (NW Spain). Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 65(2): 199-208. doi:10.1007/BF00397086.
111. Iglesias, J.I.P., Urrutia, M.B., Navarro, E., and Ibarrola, I. 1998. Measuring feeding and absorption in suspension-feeding bivalves: an appraisal of the biodeposition method. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 219(1-2): 71-86. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00175-5.
112. Inglis, G.J., and Gust, N. 2003. Potential indirect effects of shellfish culture on the reproductive success of benthic predators. J. Appl. Ecol. 40(6): 1077-1089. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00860.x.
113. Jaramillo, E., Bertrán, C., and Bravo, A. 1992. Mussel biodeposition in an estuary of southern Chile. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 82: 85-94. doi:10.3354/meps082085.
114. Jensen, A.C., Collins, K.J., and Lockwood, A.P.M. 2000. Artificial reefs in European seas. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
115. Jiang, W.M., and Gibbs, M.T. 2005. Predicting the carrying capacity of bivalve shellfish culture using a steady, linear food web model. Aquaculture, 244(1-4): 171-185. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004. 11.050.
116. Kaspar, H.F., Gillespie, P., Boyer, L.F., and Mackenzie, A.L. 1985. Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle of benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sound, New Zealand. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 85(2): 127-136. doi:10.1007/ BF00397431.
117. Kautsky, N., and Evans, S. 1987. Role of biodeposition by Mytilus edulis in the circulation of matter and nutrients in a Baltic coastal ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38: 201-212. doi:10.3354/ meps038201.
118. Keeley, N., Forrest, B., Hopkins, G., Gillespie, P., Knight, B., Webb, S., Clement, D., and Gardner, J. 2009. Review of the ecological effects of farming shellfish and other non-finfish species in New Zealand. Cawthron Report No. 1476, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, N.Z.
119. Khalaman, V.V. 2001a. Fouling communities of mussel aquaculture installations in the White Sea. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 27(4): 227-237. doi:10.1023/A:1011963303073.
120. Khalaman, V.V. 2001b. Succession of fouling communities on an artificial substrate of a mussel culture in the White Sea. Russ. J. Mar. Biol. 27(6): 345-352. doi:10.1023/A:1013751403059.
121. Kreeger, D.A., and Newell, R.I.E. 1996. Ingestion and assimilation of carbon from cellulolytic bacteria and heterotrophic flagellates by the mussels Geukensia demissa and Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia, Mollusca). Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 11: 205-214. doi:10.3354/ ame011205.
122. Lawrence, J.E., Grant, J., Quilliam, M.A., Bauder, A.G., and Cembella, A.D. 2000. Colonization and growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima and associated fouling macroalgae on mussels in suspended culture. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 201: 147-154. doi:10.3354/meps201147.
123. LeBlanc, A.R., Landry, T., and Miron, G. 2002. Fouling organisms in a mussel cultivation bay: their effect on nutrient uptake and release. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2431.
124. Leblanc, A.R., Landry, T., and Miron, G. 2003a. Fouling organisms of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis: their effect on nutrient uptake and release. J. Shellfish Res. 22: 633-638.
125. LeBlanc, A.R., Landry, T., and Miron, G. 2003b. Identification of fouling organisms covering mussel lines and impact of a common defouling method on the abundance of foulers in Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2477.
126. Lehane, C., and Davenport, J. 2002. Ingestion of mesozooplankton by three species of bivalve; Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule and Aequipecten opercularis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 82(4): 615-619. doi:10.1017/S0025315402005957.
127. Lehane, C., and Davenport, J. 2006. A 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Bantry Bay, Southwest Ireland. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 67(4): 645-652. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.12.015.
128. Leonard, M. 2004. Evaluation et caractérisation de la chute de moules dans la lagune de Havre-aux-Maisons aux Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec. B.Sc. thesis, ENITA Clermont-Ferrand, France.
129. Levasseur, M., Couture, J.-Y., Weise, A., Michaud, S., Elbrächter, M., Sauvé, G., and Bonneau, E. 2003. Pelagic and epiphytic summer distributions of Prorocentrum lima and P. mexicanum at two mussel farms in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 30: 283-293. doi:10.3354/ame030283.
130. Lloyd, B.D. 2003. Potential effects of mussel farming on New Zealand's marine mammals and seabirds: a discussion paper. Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai, Wellington, N.Z. pp. 1-35.
131. Lo, W.T., Purcell, J.E., Hung, J.J., Su, H.M., and Hsu, P.K. 2008. Enhancement of jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) populations by extensive aquaculture rafts in a coastal lagoon in Taiwan. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65(3): 453-461. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsm185.
132. Loladze, I., and Elser, J.J. 2011. The origins of the Redfield nitrogento- phosphorus ratio are in a homoeostatic protein-to-rRNA ratio. Ecol. Lett. 14(3): 244-250. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01577. x. PMID:21244593.
133. Loo, L.O., and Rosenberg, R. 1989. Bivalve suspension-feeding dynamics and benthic-pelagic coupling in an eutrophicated marine bay. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 130(3): 253-276. doi:10.1016/0022- 0981(89)90167-6.
134. Lutz-Collins, V., Quijón, P.A., and Davidson, J. 2009a. Blue mussel fouling communities: polychaete composition in relation to mussel stocking density and seasonality of mussel deployment and sampling. Aquacult. Res. 40(15): 1789-1792. doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2109.2009.02282.x.
135. Lutz-Collins, V., Ramsay, A., Quijón, P.A., and Davidson, J. 2009b. Invasive tunicates fouling mussel lines: evidence of their impact on native tunicates and other epifaunal invertebrates. Aquatic Invasions, 4(1): 213-220. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.1.22.
136. Maar, M., Nielsen, T.G., and Petersen, J.K. 2008. Depletion of plankton in a raft culture of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Ría de Vigo, NW Spain. II. Zooplankton. Aquat. Biol. 4: 127-141. doi:10.3354/ab00125.
137. Makita, S., and Saeki, H. 2004. Influence of aquaculture facilities on water flow at semi-closed water areas. In Proceedings of the Ocean 2004 Conference-MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean 2004: Bridges Across the Oceans, Kobe, Japan, 9-12 November 2004. Marine Technology Society (MTS) and Ocean Engineering Society of the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEEE), Columbia, Md. pp. 169-175.
138. Marteil, L. 1979. La conchyliculture française, 3° Partie: L'ostreiculture et la mytiliculture. Revues des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes, 43: 10-130.
139. Mattsson, J., and Lindén, O. 1983. Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long-lines. Sarsia, 68: 97-102.
140. Mazouni, N. 2004. Influence of suspended oyster cultures on nitrogen regeneration in a coastal lagoon (Thau, France). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 276: 103-113. doi:10.3354/meps276103.
141. Mazouni, N., Gaertner, J.C., Deslous-Paoli, J.M., Landrein, S., and Geringer d'Oedenberg, M. 1996. Nutrient and oxygen exchanges at the water-sediment interface in a shellfish farming lagoon (Thau, France). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 205(1-2): 91-113. doi:10.1016/ S0022-0981(96)02594-4.
142. Mazouni, N., Gaertner, J.-C., and Deslous-Paoli, J.-M. 1998. Influence of oyster culture on water column characteristics in a coastal lagoon (Thau, France). Hydrobiologia, 373-374: 149-156. doi:10.1023/A:1017096010524.
143. Mazouni, N., Gaertner, J.C., and Deslous-Paoli, J.M. 2001. Composition of biofouling communities on suspended oyster cultures: an in situ study of their interactions with the water column. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 214: 93-102. doi:10.3354/ meps214093.
144. McKindsey, C.W., Thetmeyer, H., Landry, T., and Silvert, W. 2006. Review of recent carrying capacity models for bivalve culture and recommendations for research and management. Aquaculture, 261(2): 451-462. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.06.044.
145. McKindsey, C.W., Landry, T., O'Beirn, F.X., and Davies, I.M. 2007. Bivalve aquaculture and exotic species: a review of ecological considerations and management issues. J. Shellfish Res. 26(2): 281-294. doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[281:BAAESA]2.0.CO;2.
146. McKindsey, C.W., Lecuona, M., Huot, M., and Weise, A.M. 2009. Biodeposit production and benthic loading by farmed mussels and associated tunicate epifauna in Prince Edward Island. Aquaculture, 295(1-2): 44-51. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.022.
147. Michaud, E., Desrosiers, G., Mermillod-Blondin, F., Sundby, B., and Stora, G. 2006. The functional group approach to bioturbation: II. The effects of the Macoma balthica community on fluxes of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon across the sediment-water interface. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 337(2): 178-189. doi:10.1016/j. jembe.2006.06.025.
148. Michaud, E., Aller, R.C., and Stora, G. 2010. Sedimentary organic matter distributions, burrowing activity, and biogeochemical cycling: natural patterns and experimental artifacts. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 90(1): 21-34.doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2010.08.005.
149. Miller, D.C., Norkko, A., and Pilditch, C.A. 2002. Influence of diet on dispersal of horse mussel Atrina zelandica biodeposits. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 242: 153-167. doi:10.3354/meps242153.
150. Miron, G., Landry, T., and MacNair, N. 2002. Predation potential by various epibenthic organisms on commercial bivalves species in Prince Edward Island: preliminary results. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2392.
151. Miron, G., Landry, T., Archambault, P., and Frenette, B. 2005. Effects of mussel culture husbandry practices on various benthic characteristics. Aquaculture, 250(1-2): 138-154. doi:10.1016/j. aquaculture.2005.01.030.
152. Mirto, S., La Rosa, T., Danovaro, R., and Mazzola, A. 2000. Microbial and meiofaunal response to intensive mussel-farm bideposition in coastal sediments of the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40(3): 244-252. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99) 00209-X.
153. Morrisey, D.J., Cole, R.G., Davey, N.K., Handley, S.J., Bradley, A., Brown, S.N., and Madarasz, A.L. 2006. Abundance and diversity of fish on mussel farms in New Zealand. Aquaculture, 252(2-4): 277-288. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.047.
154. Murray, L.G., Newell, C.R., and Seed, R. 2007. Changes in the biodiversity of mussel assemblages induced by two methods of cultivation. J. Shellfish Res. 26(1): 153-162. doi:10.2983/0730- 8000(2007)26[153:CITBOM]2.0.CO;2.
155. Navarrete, S.A., Wieters, E.A., Broitman, B., and Castilla, J.C. 2005. Scales of benthic-pelagic coupling and the intensity of species interactions: from recruitment limitation to top-down control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(50): 18046-18051. doi:10.1073/ pnas.0509119102. PMID:16332959.
156. Navarro, J.M., and Thompson, R.J. 1997. Biodeposition by the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (Dillwyn) during the Spring diatom bloom. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 209(1-2): 1-13. doi:10.1016/ 0022-0981(96)02681-0.
157. Nelson, P.A. 2003. Marine fish assemblages associated with fish aggregating devices (FADs): effects of fish removal, FAD size, fouling communities, and prior recruits. Fish Bull. 101: 835-850.
158. Netto, S.A., and Valgas, I. 2010. The response of nematode assemblages to intensive mussel farming in coastal sediments (Southern Brazil). Environ. Monit. Assess. 162(1-4): 81-93. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0777-0. PMID:19238569.
159. Newell, R.I.E. 2004. Ecosystem influences of natural and cultivated populations of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs: a review. J. Shellfish Res. 23: 51-61.
160. Newell, R.I.E., and Koch, E.W. 2004. Modeling seagrass density and distribution in response to changes in turbidity stemming from bivalve filtration and seagrass sediment stabilization. Estuaries, 27(5): 793-806. doi:10.1007/BF02912041.
161. Newell, R.I.E., Cornwell, J.C., and Owens, M.S. 2002. Influence of simulated bivalve biodeposition and microphytobenthos on sediment nitrogen dynamics: a laboratory study. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47(5): 1367-1379. doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1367.
162. Nikodic, J. 1981. Dynamique sedimentaire dans la partie occidentale de la baie du Mont Saint-Michel. Influence des installations ostreicoles. Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
163. Nizzoli, D., Welsh, D.T., Fano, E.A., and Viaroli, P. 2006. Impact of clam and mussel farming on benthic metabolism and nitrogen cycling, with emphasis on nitrate reduction pathways. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 315: 151-165. doi:10.3354/meps315151.
164. Okumuş, I., and Stirling, H.P. 1998. Seasonal variations in the meat weight, condition index and biochemical composition of mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in suspended culture in two Scottish sea lochs. Aquaculture, 159(3-4): 249-261. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(97) 00206-8.
165. Ólafsson, E.B., Peterson, C.H., and Ambrose, W.G., Jr. 1994. Does recruitment limitation structure populations and communities of macro-invertebrates in marine soft sediments: the relative significance of pre- and post-settlement processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 32: 65-109.
166. Olaso Toca, I. 1979. Biologia de los equinodermos de la Ría de Arosa. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 5: 81-127.
167. Olaso Toca, I. 1982. Ecologia de los equinodermos de la Ría de Arosa. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 7: 4-29.
168. Ottman, F., and Sornin, J.M. 1985. Observations on sediment accumulation as a result of mollusk culture systems in France. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity, Rio Grande, Brazil, 21-27 November 1982. Edited by L.N. Chao and W.W. Kirby-Smith. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil. pp. 329-337.
169. Pearson, T.H., and Rosenberg, R. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16: 229-311.
170. Pérez Camacho, A., and Beiras, U.L. 1995. Growth of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis) on cultivation rafts: influence of seed source, cultivation site and phytoplankton availability. Aquaculture, 138(1-4): 349-362. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01139-0.
171. Petersen, J.K. 2004. Grazing on pelagic primary producers-the role of benthic suspension feeders in estuaries. In Estuarine nutrient cycling: the influence of primary producers. Edited by S.L. Nielsen, G.T. Banta, and M.F. Pedersen. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. pp. 129-152.
172. Petersen, J.K., Nielsen, T.G., van Duren, L., and Maar, M. 2008. Depletion of plankton in a raft culture of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Ría de Vigo, NW Spain. I. Phytoplankton. Aquat. Biol. 4: 113-125. doi:10.3354/ab00124.
173. Plew, D.R., Stevens, C.L., Spigel, R.H., and Hartstein, N.D. 2005. Hydrodynamic implications of large offshore mussel farms. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 30(1): 95-108. doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.841387.
174. Pregnall, M.M. 1993. Regrowth and recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and recovery of benthic community structure in areas disturbed by commercial oyster culture in the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Oregon. M.Sc. thesis, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, N.Y.
175. Prins, T.C., Smaal, A.C., and Dame, R.F. 1998. A review of the feedbacks between bivalve grazing and ecosystem processes. Aquat. Ecol. 31(4): 349-359. doi:10.1023/A:1009924624259.
176. Ramsay, A., Davidson, J., Landry, T., and Stryhn, H. 2008. The effect of mussel seed density on tunicate settlement and growth for the cultured mussel, Mytilus edulis. Aquaculture, 275(1-4): 194-200. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.024.
177. Redfield, A.C. 1934. On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. In James Johnstone Memorial Volume. Edited by R.J. Daniel. University Press of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. pp. 176-192.
178. Redfield, A.C., Ketchum, P.H., and Richards, F.A. 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In In the Sea. Vol. 2. Edited by M.N. Hill. Wiley Interscience, New York. pp. 25-77.
179. Retière, C. 1979. Contribution à la connaissance des peuplements benthiques du golfe normano-breton. Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.
180. Ricciardi, A., and Bourget, E. 1999. Global patterns of macroinvertebrate biomass in marine intertidal communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 185: 21-35. doi:10.3354/meps185021.
181. Richard, M., Archambault, P., Thouzeau, G., and Desrosiers, G. 2006. Influence of suspended mussel lines on the biogeochemical fluxes in adjacent water in the Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Quebec, Canada). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(6): 1198-1213. doi:10.1139/ F06-030.
182. Richard, M., Archambault, P., Thouzeau, G., and Desrosiers, G. 2007a. Summer influence of 1 and 2 yr old mussel cultures on benthic fluxes in Grande-Entrée lagoon, Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Québec, Canada). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 338: 131-143. doi:10. 3354/meps338131.
183. Richard, M., Archambault, P., Thouzeau, G., McKindsey, C.W., and Desrosiers, G. 2007b. Influence of suspended scallop cages and mussel lines on pelagic and benthic biogeochemical fluxes in Havre-aux-Maisons Lagoon, Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Quebec, Canada). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64(11): 1491-1505. doi:10.1139/ F07-116.
184. Richardson, A.J., Bakun, A., Hays, G.C., and Gibbons, M.J. 2009. The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24(6): 312-322. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010. PMID:19324452.
185. Riethmüller, R., Jäger, N., Häse, C., Fernandes, L., and Neves, R. 2006a. Flow patterns around and within a raft mussel farm in the Ria de Vigo, Spain. Report No. D3.2b. GKSS, Hamburg, Germany.
186. Riethmüller, R., Jäger, N., Häse, C., and Herman, P.M.J. 2006b. The patterns of suspended particulate matter within a raft mussel farm in the Ria de Vigo, Spain. Report No. D2.2c. GKSS, Hamburg, Germany.
187. Robichaud, L.M. 2008. Influence de la mytiliculture et de l'ascidie envahissante styela clava sur les communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard. M.Sc. thesis, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski.
188. Romero, P., González-Gurriarán, E., and Penas, E. 1982. Influence of mussel rafts on spatial and seasonal abundance of crabs in the Ría de Arousa, North-West Spain. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 72(2): 201-210. doi:10.1007/BF00396921.
189. Rosenberg, R. 2001. Marine benthic faunal successional stages and related sedimentary activity. Sci. Mar. 65: 107-119.
190. Rountree, R.A. 1989. Association of fishes with fish aggregation devices: effects of structure size on fish abundance. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44: 960-972.
191. Ruiz, G.M., and Carlton, J.T. 2003. Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
192. Rumrill, S.S., and Poulton, V.K. 2004. Ecological role and potential impacts of molluscan shellfish culture in the estuarine environment of Humboldt Bay, CA-Annual Report. Oregon Department of State Lands, South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Estuarine and Coastal Science Laboratory, Charleston.
193. Saranchova, O.L., and Kulakovskii, É.E. 1982. Effect of environmental salinity on different developmental stages of sea stars Asterias rubens and mussels Mytilus edulis. Sov. J. Mar. Biol. 8: 32-36.
194. Seaman, W.J., Jr. 2000. Artificial reef evaluation: with application to natural marine habitats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
195. Sequeira, A., Ferreira, J.G., Hawkins, A.J.S., Nobre, A., Lourenço, P., Zhang, X.L., Yan, X., and Nickell, T. 2008. Trade-offs between shellfish aquaculture and benthic biodiversity: a modeling approach for sustainable management. Aquaculture, 274: 313-328.
196. Shelby, B., and Heberlein, T.A. 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 6: 433-451.
197. Smith, A., Nikora, V., Ross, A., and Wake, G. 2006. A lattice Boltzmann-based model of plankton-flow interaction around a mussel cluster. Ecol. Model. 192(3-4): 645-657. doi:10.1016/j. ecolmodel.2005.06.010.
198. Sornin, J.M. 1981. Processus sedimentaires et biodeposition lies a differents modes de conchyliculture. Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
199. Sornin, J.-M., Feuillet, M., Héral, M., and Deslous-Paoli, J.-M. 1983. Effet des biodépôts de l'huître Crassostrea gigas sur l'accumulation de matière organique dans les parcs du bassin de Marennes- Oléron. J. Moll. Stud. 12: 185-197.
200. Souchu, P., Vaquer, A., Collos, Y., Landrein, S., Deslous-Paoli, J.-M., and Bibent, B. 2001. Influence of shellfish farming activities on the biogeochemical composition of the water column in Thau lagoon. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 218: 141-152. doi:10.3354/meps218141.
201. Spencer, B.E. 2002. Molluscan shellfish farming. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Mass.
202. Stenton-Dozey, J.M.E., Jackson, L.F., and Busby, A.J. 1999. Impact of mussel culture on macrobenthic community structure in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 39(1-12): 357-366. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00180-5.
203. Stenton-Dozey, J., Probyn, T., and Busby, A. 2001. Impact of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) raft-culture on benthic macrofauna, in situ oxygen uptake, and nutrient fluxes in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58(5): 1021-1031. doi:10.1139/ cjfas-58-5-1021.
204. Stevens, C., Plew, D., Hartstein, N., and Fredriksson, D. 2008. The physics of open-water shellfish aquaculture. Aquacult. Eng. 38(3): 145-160. doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.01.006.
205. Strohmeier, T., Aure, J., Duinker, A., Castberg, T., Svardal, A., and Strand, O. 2005. Flow reduction, seston depletion, meat content and distribution of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in a long-line blue mussel farm. J. Shellfish Res. 24: 15-24.
206. Strohmeier, T., Duinker, A., Strand, O., and Aure, J. 2008. Temporal and spatial variation in food availability and meat ratio in a longline mussel farm (Mytilus edulis). Aquaculture, 276: 83-90.
207. Tallis, H.M., Ruesink, J.L., Dumbauld, B., Hacker, S., and Wisehart, L.M. 2009. Oysters and aquaculture practices affect eelgrass density and productivity in a Pacific Northwest estuary. J. Shellfish Res. 28(2): 251-261. doi:10.2983/035.028.0207.
208. Taylor, J.J., Southgate, P.C., and Rose, R.A. 1997. Fouling animals and their effect on the growth of silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in suspended culture. Aquaculture, 153(1-2): 31-40. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00014-8.
209. Tenore, K.R., and Dunstan, W.M. 1973. Comparison of feeding and biodeposition of three bivalves at different food levels. Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 21(3): 190-195. doi:10.1007/BF00355249.
210. Tenore, K.R., and González, N. 1976. Food chain patterns in the Ria de Arosa, Spain: an area of intense mussel aquaculture. In Proceedings of the 10th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Ostend, Belgium, 17-23 September 1975. Vol 2: Population dynamics of marine organisms in relation with nutrient cycling in shallow waters. Edited by G. Persoone and E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium. pp. 601-619.
211. Tenore, K.R., Boyer, L.F., Cal, R.M., Corral, J., Garcia-Fernandez, C., González, N., González-Gurriarán, E., Hanson, R.B., Iglesias, J., Krom, M., Lopez-Jamar, E., McClain, J., Pamatmat, M.M., Perez, A., Rhoads, D.C., de Santiago, G., Tietjen, J., Westrich, J., and Windom, H.L. 1982. Coastal upwelling in the Rias Bajas, NW Spain: contrasting the benthic regimes of the Rias de Arosa and de Muros. J. Mar. Res. 40: 701-772.
212. Titelman, J., and Kiørboe, T. 2003. Predator avoidance by nauplii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 247: 137-149. doi:10.3354/meps247137.
213. Troost, K., Gelderman, E., Kamermans, P., Smaal, A.C., and Wolff, W.J. 2009. Effects of an increasing filter feeder stock on larval abundance in the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands). J. Sea Res. 61(3): 153-164. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2008.11.006.
214. Valdemarsen, T., Kristensen, E., and Holmer, M. 2010. Sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen cycling in faunated marine sediments impacted by repeated organic enrichment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 400: 37-53. doi:10.3354/meps08400.
215. Valiela, I. 1995. Marine Ecological Processes. Springer-Verlag, New York.
216. Vaudrey, J.M.P., Getchis, T., Shaw, K., Markow, J., Britton, R., and Kremer, J.N. 2009. Effects of oyster depuration gear on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in a low density aquaculture site in Long Island sound. J. Shellfish Res. 28(2): 243-250. doi:10.2983/035.028.0206.
217. Walker, T.R., and Grant, J. 2009. Quantifying erosion rates and stability of bottom sediments at mussel aquaculture sites in Prince Edward Island, Canada. J. Mar. Syst. 75(1-2): 46-55. doi:10.1016/ j.jmarsys.2008.07.009.
218. Wassmann, P. 1998. Retention versus export food chains: processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems. Hydrobiologia, 363(1-3): 29-57. doi:10.1023/A:1003113403096.
219. Weise, A.M., Cromey, C.J., Callier, M.D., Archambault, P., Chamberlain, J., and McKindsey, C.W. 2009. Shellfish- DEPOMOD: modelling the biodeposition from suspended shellfish aquaculture and assessing benthic effects. Aquaculture, 288(3-4): 239-253. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.001.
220. Wisehart, L.M., Dumbauld, B.R., Ruesink, J.L., and Hacker, S.D. 2007. Importance of eelgrass early life history stages in response to oyster aquaculture disturbance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 344: 71-80. doi:10.3354/meps06942.
221. Wong, W.H., Levinton, J.S., Twining, B.S., Fisher, N.S., Kelaher, B. P., and Alt, A.K. 2003. Assimilation of carbon from a rotifer by the mussels Mytilus edulis and Perna viridis: a potential food-web link. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253: 175-182. doi:10.3354/ meps253175.
222. Ysebaert, T., Hart, M., and Herman, P.M.J. 2009. Impacts of bottom and suspended cultures of mussels Mytilus spp. on the surrounding sedimentary environment and macrobenthic biodiversity. Helgol. Mar. Res. 63(1): 59-74. doi:10.1007/s10152-008-0136-5.
223. Zeldis, J., Felsing, M., and Wilson, J. 2006. Limits of acceptable change: a framework for managing marine farming. Water and Atmosphere, 14: 16-17.