Compositionality of arm movements can be realized by propagating synchrony

Journal of Computational Neuroscience

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 675-697

  Hanuschkin, Alexander ^a   Herrmann, J Michael ^b,c   Morrison, Abigail ^a,d   Diesmann, Markus ^a,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c BERNSTEIN CENTER FOR COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE   (Germany)

^d RIKEN BRAIN SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^e RIKEN   (Japan)

Author keywords

Compositionality; LFP; Motor control; Motor cortex; Spike synchrony; Synfire chains

Indexed keywords

CHAINS; NEURAL NETWORKS; NEURONS;

ARM MOVEMENTS; COMPOSITIONALITY; CORTICAL ACTIVITY; LFP; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR-CORTEX; PARABOLICS; SPIKE SYNCHRONY; SPIKING NEURONAL NETWORK MODELS; SYNFIRE CHAINS;

TRAJECTORIES;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARM MOVEMENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN MAPPING; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION; HAPLORHINI; LEARNING; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFRACTORY PERIOD; SIMULATION; SYNAPSE; SYNAPTIC INHIBITION; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VELOCITY;

EID: 79960107734     PISSN: 09295313     EISSN: 15736873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10827-010-0285-9     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. LF Abbott 1999 Lapicque's introduction of the integrate-and-fire model neuron (1907) Brain Research Bulletin 50 5-6 303 304 10643408 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00161-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7gvVShsg%3D%3D
2. Abeles, M. (1991). Corticonics: Neural circuits of the cerebral cortex (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. M Abeles H Bergman E Margalit E Vaadia 1993 Spatiotemporal firing patterns in the frontal cortex of behaving monkeys Journal of Neurophysiology 70 4 1629 1638 8283219 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7htVygtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23326398)
4. M Abeles I Gat 2001 Detecting precise firing sequences in experimental data Journal of Neuroscience Methods 107 1-2 141 154 11389951 10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00364-8 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzitVWmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32487618)
5. M Abeles G Hayon D Lehmann 2004 Modeling compositionality by dynamic binding of synfire chains Journal of Computational Neuroscience 17 2 179 201 15306739 10.1023/B:JCNS.0000037682.18051.5f (Pubitemid 39157972)
6. S-i Amari 1977 Dynamics of pattern formation in lateral-inhibition type neural fields Biological Cybernetics 27 77 87 911931 10.1007/BF00337259 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FitFWlsw%3D%3D
7. HM Arnoldi W Brauer 1996 Synchronization without oscillatory neurons Biological Cybernetics 74 3 209 223 8867467 10.1007/BF00652222 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FitFWjtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 126727587)
8. D Baras R Meir 2007 Reinforcement learning, spike-time-dependent plasticity, and the BCM rule Neural Computation 19 2245 2279 17571943 10.1162/neco.2007.19.8.2245
9. Y Ben-Shaul R Drori I Asher E Stark Z Nadasdy M Abeles 2004 Neuronal activity in motor cortical areas reflects the sequential context of movement Journal of Neurophysiology 91 4 1748 1762 14645381 10.1152/jn.00957.2003 (comparative study) (Pubitemid 38339345)
10. D Berger C Borgelt S Louis A Morrison S Grün 2010 Efficient identification of assembly neurons within massively parallel spike trains Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 439648
11. E Bienenstock 1995 A model of neocortex Network: Computational Neural Systems 6 179 224 10.1088/0954-898X/6/2/004
12. Bienenstock, E. (1996). Composition. In A. Aertsen & V. Braitenberg (Eds.), Brain theory-Biological basis and computational principles (pp. 269-300). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
13. E Bizzi V Cheung A d'Avella P Saltiel M Tresch 2008 Combining modules for movement Brain Research Reviews 57 1 125 133 18029291 10.1016/j.brainresrev. 2007.08.004 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sjitFGqsw%3D%3D Networks in Motion (Pubitemid 350218169)
14. E Bizzi F Mussa-Ivaldi S Giszter 1991 Computations underlying the execution of movement: A biological perspective Science 253 5017 287 291 1857964 10.1126/science.1857964 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzhtlektA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 21917148)
15. N Brunel 2000 Dynamics of sparsely connected networks of excitatory and inhibitory spiking neurons Journal of Computational Neuroscience 8 3 183 208 10809012 10.1023/A:1008925309027 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3mslSjuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30219050)
16. DV Buonomano 2005 A learning rule for the emergence of stable dynamics and timing in recurrent networks Journal of Neurophysiology 94 2275 2283 16160088 10.1152/jn.01250.2004 (Pubitemid 41324658)
17. BD Burns AC Webb 1976 The spontaneous activity of neurones in the cat's visual cortex Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 194 211 223 10.1098/rspb.1976.0074 1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FlvVWhtw%3D%3D
18. E Calabi PJ Olver C Shakiban A Tannenbaum S Haker 1998 Differential and numerically invariant signature curves applied to object recognition International Journal of Computer Vision 26 2 107 135 10.1023/A:1007992709392 (Pubitemid 128526385)
19. E Calabi PJ Olver A Tannenbaum 1996 Affine geometry, curve flows, and invariant numerical approximations Advances in Mathematics 124 1 154 196 10.1006/aima.1996.0081 (Pubitemid 126171217)
20. AF Carpenter AP Georgopoulos G Pellizzer 1999 Motor cortical encoding of serial order in a context-recall task Science 283 5408 1752 1757 10073944 10.1126/science.283.5408.1752 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvFSnu7Y%3D (Pubitemid 29143812)
21. W Chang DZ Jin 2009 Spike propagation in driven chain networks with dominant global inhibition Physical Review E 79 5 51917 10.1103/PhysRevE.79. 051917
22. M Diesmann M-O Gewaltig A Aertsen 1999 Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks Nature 402 6761 529 533 10591212 10.1038/990101 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotFKmurY%3D
23. DA Dombeck MS Graziano DW Tank 2009 Functional clustering of neurons in motor cortex determined by cellular resolution imaging in awake behaving mice Journal of Neuroscience 29 44 13751 13760 19889987 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2985-09. 2009 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVSmsbvI
24. JP Donoghue JN Sanes NG Hatsopoulos G Gaal 1998 Neural discharge and local field potential oscillations in primate motor cortex during voluntary movements Journal of Neurophysiology 79 159 173 9425187 1:STN:280: DyaK1c%2FoslKhtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28133809)
25. Doursat, R., & Bienenstock, E. (2006). The self-organized growth of synfire patterns. In 10th international conference on cognitive and neural systems (ICCNS). Massachusetts: Boston University.
26. P Dutar HM Vu DJ Perkel 1998 Multiple cell types distinguished by physiological, pharmacological, and anatomic properties in nucleus HVC of the adult zebra finch Journal of Neurophysiology 80 4 1828 1838 9772242 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVClu7g%3D (Pubitemid 28489114)
27. R Eckhorn R Bauer W Jordan M Brosch W Kruse M Munk, et al. 1988 Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Biological Cybernetics 60 121 130 3228555 10.1007/BF00202899 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7ltVegtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19010133)
28. MA Farries AL Fairhall 2007 Reinforcement learning with modulated spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity Journal of Neurophysiology 98 3648 3665 17928565 10.1152/jn.00364.2007
29. IR Fiete W Senn CZH Wang RHR Hahnloser 2010 Spike-time-dependent plasticity and heterosynaptic competition organize networks to produce long scale-free sequences of neural activity Neuron 65 563 576 20188660 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltlWku7w%3D
30. A Georgopoulos J Kalaska R Caminiti JT Massey 1982 On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex Journal of Neuroscience 11 2 1527 1537 (Pubitemid 13178240)
31. A Georgopoulos A Schwartz R Kettner 1986 Neuronal population coding of movement direction Science 4771 233 1416 1419 10.1126/science.3749885 (Pubitemid 17169374)
32. AP Georgopoulos RE Kettner AB Schwartz 1988 Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population Journal of Neuroscience 8 8 2928 2937 3411362 1:STN:280:DyaL1czhs1eqsQ%3D%3D
33. AP Georgopoulos H Merchant T Naselaris B Amirikian 2007 Mapping of the preferred direction in the motor cortex PNAS 104 26 11068 11072 17569784 10.1073/pnas.0611597104 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsV2ksL4%3D (Pubitemid 47175227)
34. AP Georgopoulos AB Schwartz RE Kettner 1986 Neuronal population coding of movement direction Science 233 1416 1419 3749885 10.1126/science.3749885 1:STN:280:DyaL28zhsFynsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17169374)
35. M-O Gewaltig M Diesmann 2007 NEST (neural simulation tool) Scholarpedia 2 4 1430 10.4249/scholarpedia.1430
36. Gewaltig, M.-O., Diesmann, M., & Aertsen, A. (2001). Propagation of cortical synfire activity: Survival probability in single trials and stability in the mean. Neural Networks, (14), 657-673. (Pubitemid 33036871)
37. S Ghosh D Putrino B Burro A Ring 2009 Patterns of spatio-temporal correlations in the neural activity of the cat motor cortex during trained forelimb movements Somatosensory and Motor Research 26 2-3 31 49 19697261 10.1080/08990220903098308 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXltVyjsrw%3D
38. C Glaze T Troyer 2008 Temporal variability in a synfire chain model of birdsong BMC Neuroscience 9 Suppl 1 28 10.1186/1471-2202-9-S1-P28
39. CM Gray W Singer 1989 Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 1698 1702 2922407 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1698 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7mtVynsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19078968)
40. RH Hahnloser AA Kozhevnikov MS Fee 2002 An ultra-sparse code underlies the generation of neural sequences in a songbird Nature 419 6902 65 70 12214232 10.1038/nature00974 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmslahtb0%3D (Pubitemid 34987870)
41. D Hansel G Mato C Meunier L Neltner 1998 On numerical simulations of integrate-and-fire neural networks Neural Computation 10 2 467 483 9472491 10.1162/089976698300017845 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7jtlSqtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 128463162)
42. Hanuschkin, A., Diesmann, M., & Morrison, A. (2010a). Functional compositionality realized in biological realistic spiking neural networks by synfire chain competition. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
43. A Hanuschkin M Diesmann A Morrison 2010 A reafferent model of song syntax generation in the Bengalese finch BMC Neuroscience 11 Suppl 1 33 10.1186/1471-2202-11-S1-P33
44. A Hanuschkin JM Herrmann A Morrison M Diesmann 2009 A model of free monkey scribbling based on the propagation of cell assembly activity BMC Neuroscience 10 Suppl 1 300 10.1186/1471-2202-10-S1-P300
45. Hanuschkin, A., Herrmann, J. M., Morrison, A., & Diesmann, M. (2009b). Modeling free monkey scribbling by the propagation of synchronous activity. In Proceedings of the 8th Göttingen Meeting of the German Neuroscience Society.
46. A Hanuschkin S Kunkel M Helias A Morrison M Diesmann 2010 A general and efficient method for incorporating precise spike times in globally timedriven simulations Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 10.3389/fninf.2010.00113 21031031
47. CB Hart SF Giszter 2010 A neural basis for motor primitives in the spinal cord Journal of Neuroscience 30 4 1322 1336 20107059 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5894-08. 2010 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVOruro%3D
48. G Hayon M Abeles D Lehmann 2005 A model for representing the dynamics of a system of synfire chains Journal of Computational Neuroscience 18 41 53 15789168 10.1007/s10827-005-5479-1
49. J Haß S Blaschke T Rammsayer JM Herrmann 2008 A neurocomputational model for optimal temporal processing Journal of Computational Neuroscience 25 3 449 464 10.1007/s10827-008-0088-4
50. M Herrmann JA Hertz A Prügel-Bennett 1995 Analysis of synfire chains Network 6 403 414 10.1088/0954-898X/6/3/006
51. Y Ikegaya G Aaron R Cossart D Aronov I Lampl D Ferster, et al. 2004 Synfire chains and cortical songs: Temporal modules of cortical activity Science 5670 304 559 564 10.1126/science.1093173 (Pubitemid 38541909)
52. EM Izhikevich 2007 Solving the distal reward problem through linkage of STDP and dopamine signaling Cerebral Cortex 17 10 2443 2452 17220510 10.1093/cercor/bhl152 (Pubitemid 47517479)
53. EM Izhikevich JA Gally GM Edelman 2004 Spike-timing dynamics of neuronal groups Cerebral Cortex 14 933 944 15142958 10.1093/cercor/bhh053 (Pubitemid 38971467)
54. DZ Jin 2002 Fast convergence of spike sequences to periodic patterns in recurrent networks Physical Review Letters 89 20 208102 12443511 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.208102
55. DZ Jin 2009 Generating variable birdsong syllable sequences with branching chain networks in avian premotor nucleus HVC Physical Review E 80 5 51902 10.1103/PhysRevE.80.051902
56. DZ Jin FM Ramazanoglu HS Seung 2007 Intrinsic bursting enhances the robustness of a neural network model of sequence generation by avian brain area HVC Journal of Computational Neuroscience 23 3 283 299 17440800 10.1007/s10827-007-0032-z (Pubitemid 47566519)
57. JK Jun DZ Jin 2007 Development of neural circuitry for precise temporal sequences through spontaneous activity, axon remodeling, and synaptic plasticity PLoS ONE 2 8 723 10.1371/journal.pone.0000723 (Pubitemid 351338427)
58. A Kozhevnikov MS Fee 2007 Singing-related activity of identified HVC neurons in the zebra finch Journal of Neurophysiology 97 4271 4283 17182906 10.1152/jn.00952.2006 (Pubitemid 47080656)
59. A Kumar S Rotter A Aertsen 2010 Spiking activity propagation in neuronal networks: Reconciling different perspectives on neural coding Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11 615 627 20725095 10.1038/nrn2886 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVCmur%2FI
60. Kunkel, S., Diesmann, M., & Morrison, A. (2010). Limits to the development of feed-forward structures in large recurrent neuronal networks (submitted).
61. F Lacquaniti C Terzuolo P Viviani 1983 The law relating the kinematic and figural aspects of drawing movements Acta Psychologica (Amst) 54 1-3 115 130 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90027-6 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7isVerug%3D%3D
62. L Lapicque 1907 Recherches quantitatives sur l'excitation electrique des nerfs traitee comme une polarization Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie Générale 9 620 635
63. R Legenstein D Pecevski W Maass 2008 A learning theory for reward-modulated spike-timing-dependent plasticity with application to biofeedback PLoS Computational Biology 4 10 1000180 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000180
64. M Li H Greenside 2006 Stable propagation of a burst through a one-dimensional homogeneous excitatory chain model of songbird nucleus HVC Physical Review E 74 1 11918 10.1103/PhysRevE.74.011918 (Pubitemid 44147268)
65. H Lindén KH Pettersen T Tetzlaff TC Potjans M Denker M Diesmann, et al. 2009 Estimating the spatial range of local field potentials in a cortical population model BMC Neuroscience 10 Suppl I 224 10.1186/1471-2202-10-S1-P224
66. Lindén, H., Potjans, T. C., Einevoll, G. T., Grün, S., & Diesmann, M. (2009b). Modeling the local field potential by a large-scale layered cortical network model. In Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. Conference abstract: 2nd INCF congress of Neuroinformatics. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.11. 2009.08.046.
67. A Mazzoni S Panzeri NK Logothetis N Brunel 2008 Encoding of naturalistic stimuli by local field potential spectra in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons PLoS Computational Biology 4 12 1000239 10.1371/journal.pcbi. 1000239
68. R Mooney JF Prather 2005 The HVC microcircuit: The synaptic basis for interactions between song motor and vocal plasticity pathways Journal of Neuroscience 25 8 1952 1964 15728835 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3726-04.2005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVSnu7c%3D (Pubitemid 40289400)
69. A Morrison A Aertsen M Diesmann 2007 Spike-timing dependent plasticity in balanced random networks Neural Computation 19 1437 1467 17444756 10.1162/neco.2007.19.6.1437
70. A Morrison S Straube HE Plesser M Diesmann 2007 Exact subthreshold integration with continuous spike times in discrete time neural network simulations Neural Computation 19 1 47 79 17134317 10.1162/neco.2007.19.1.47
71. VN Murthy E Fetz 1996 Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: Synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior Journal of Neurophysiology 76 3949 3967 8985892 1:STN:280: DyaK2s7jvV2jug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27009698)
72. FA Mussa-Ivaldi E Bizzi 2000 Motor learning through the combination of primitives Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B 355 1404 1755 1769 10.1098/rstb.2000.0733 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ht1agug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32116940)
73. FA Mussa-Ivaldi S Giszter E Bizzi 1994 Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 7534 7538 8052615 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7534 1:STN:280:DyaK2czivFGmsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24238219)
74. E Nordlie M-O Gewaltig HE Plesser 2009 Towards reproducible descriptions of neuronal network models PLoS Computational Biology 5 8 1000456 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000456
75. JG O'Leary NG Hatsopoulos 2006 Early visuomotor representations revealed from evoked local field potentials in motor and premotor cortical areas Journal of Neurophysiology 96 3 1492 1506 16738219 10.1152/jn.00106.2006 (Pubitemid 44371538)
76. HE Plesser M Diesmann 2009 Simplicity and efficiency of integrate-and-fire neuron models Neural Computation 21 353 359 19431263 10.1162/neco.2008.03-08-731
77. F Polyakov R Drori Y Ben-Shaul M Abeles T Flash 2009 A compact representation of drawing movements with sequences of parabolic primitives PLoS Computational Biology 5 7 1000427 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000427
78. F Polyakov E Stark R Drori M Abeles T Flash 2009 Parabolic movement primitives and cortical states: Merging optimality with geometric invariance Biological Cybernetics 100 2 159 184 19152065 10.1007/s00422-008-0287-0
79. A Ponce-Alvarez BE Kilavik A Riehle 2010 Comparison of local measures of spike time irregularity and relating variability to firing rate in motor cortical neurons Journal of Computational Neuroscience 29 1-2 351 365 19449094 10.1007/s10827-009-0158-2
80. W Potjans A Morrison M Diesmann 2009 A spiking neural network model of an actor-critic learning agent Neural Computation 21 301 339 19196231 10.1162/neco.2008.08-07-593
81. Potjans, W., Diesmann, M, & Morrison, A. (2010). An imperfect dopaminergic signal can drive temporal-difference learning (submitted).
82. Y Prut E Vaadia H Bergman I Haalman S Hamutal M Abeles 1998 Spatiotemporal structure of cortical activity: Properties and behavioral relevance Journal of Neurophysiology 79 6 2857 2874 9636092 1:STN:280: DyaK1czgtFCqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28317018)
83. F Pulvermüller Y Shtyrov 2009 Spatiotemporal signatures of large-scale synfire chains for speech processing as revealed by MEG Cerebral Cortex 19 79 88 18460449 10.1093/cercor/bhn060
84. D Putrino EN Brown FL Mastaglia S Ghosh 2010 Differential involvement of excitatory and inhibitory neurons of cat motor cortex in coincident spike activity related to behavioral context Journal of Neuroscience 30 23 8048 8056 20534853 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0770-10.2010 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVejtb7P
85. J Rickert S Cardoso de Oliveira E Vaadia A Aertsen S Rotter C Mehring 2005 Encoding of movement direction in different frequency ranges of motor cortical local field potentials Journal of Neuroscience 25 39 8815 8824 16192371 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0816-05.2005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVOqs7rM (Pubitemid 41384449)
86. Riehle, A., Grammont, F., Diesmann, M., & Grün, S. (2000). Dynamical changes and temporal precision of synchronized spiking activity in monkey motor cortex during movement preparation. Journal of Physiology (Paris), 94(5-6), 569-582. Erratum in "Journal of Physiology (Paris)", 95(1-6), 499 (2001). (Pubitemid 32110935)
87. A Riehle S Grün M Diesmann A Aertsen 1997 Spike synchronization and rate modulation differentially involved in motor cortical function Science 278 5345 1950 1953 9395398 10.1126/science.278.5345.1950 1:CAS:528: DyaK2sXotVClsbc%3D (Pubitemid 28013237)
88. MS Rioult-Pedotti D Friedman G Hess JP Donoghue 1998 Strengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning Nature Neuroscience 1 230 234 10195148 10.1038/678 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvVOgsrg%3D
89. S Rotter M Diesmann 1999 Exact digital simulation of time-invariant linear systems with applications to neuronal modeling Biological Cybernetics 81 5-6 381 402 10592015 10.1007/s004220050570 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FlvFeltA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 129538444)
90. S Roux WA Mackay A Riehle 2006 The pre-movement component of motor cortical local field potentials reflects the level of expectancy Behavioural Brain Research 169 2 335 351 16530860 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.02.004
91. Schrader, S., Diesmann, M., & Morrison, A. (2010). A compositionality machine realized by a hierarchic architecture of synfire chains (submitted).
92. S Schrader S Grün M Diesmann G Gerstein 2008 Detecting synfire chain activity using massively parallel spike train recording Journal of Neurophysiology 100 2165 2176 18632888 10.1152/jn.01245.2007
93. AB Schwartz 1994 Direct cortical representation of drawing Science 265 5171 540 542 8036499 10.1126/science.8036499 1:STN:280:DyaK2czhtVCnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24265003)
94. C Sforza M Turci G Grassi N Fragnito G Pizzini V Ferrario 2000 The repeatability of choku-tsuki and oi-tsuki in traditional shotokan karate: A morphological three-dimensional analysis Perceptual and Motor Skills 90 947 960 10883785 10.2466/PMS.90.3.947-960 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvgs1OktA%3D%3D
95. T Shmiel R Drori O Shmiel Y Ben-Shaul Z Nadasdy M Shemesh, et al. 2005 Neurons of the cerebral cortex exhibit precise interspike timing in correspondence to behavior PNAS 102 51 18655 18657 16339894 10.1073/pnas. 0509346102 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt12m (Pubitemid 43011281)
96. T Shmiel R Drori O Shmiel Y Ben-Shaul Z Nadasdy M Shemesh, et al. 2006 Temporally precise cortical firing patterns are associated with distinct action segments Journal of Neurophysiology 96 5 2645 2652 16885517 10.1152/jn.00798. 2005 (Pubitemid 44785912)
97. W Singer C Gray 1995 Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis Annuual Review of Neuroscience 18 555 586 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.003011 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktl2lt7c%3D
98. WR Softky C Koch 1993 The highly irregular firing of cortical cells is inconsistent with temporal integration of random EPSPs Journal of Neuroscience 13 1 334 350 8423479 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7jvFylsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23028748)
99. E Stark R Drori M Abeles 2009 Motor cortical activity related to movement kinematics exhibits local spatial organization Cortex 45 418 431 18715554 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.03.011
100. T Tetzlaff T Geisel M Diesmann 2002 The ground state of cortical feed-forward networks Neurocomputing 44 673 678 10.1016/S0925-2312(02)00456-3 (Pubitemid 34784556)
101. M Ursino G-EL Cara 2006 Travelling waves and EEG patterns during epileptic seizure: Analysis with an integrate-and-fire neural network Journal of Theoretical Biology 242 1 171 187 16620870 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.02.012 (Pubitemid 44188784)
102. C van Vreeswijk H Sompolinsky 1996 Chaos in neuronal networks with balanced excitatory and inhibitory activity Science 274 1724 1726 8939866 10.1126/science.274.5293.1724 (Pubitemid 26414907)
103. P Viviani T Flash 1995 Minimum-jerk, two-thirds power law, and isochrony: Converging approaches to movement planning Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21 1 32 53 7707032 10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.32 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3it1ahtA%3D%3D
104. Wennekers, T., & Palm, G. (1996). Controlling the speed of synfire chains. In C. von der Malsburg, W. von Seelen, J. C. Vorbrüggen, & B. Sendhoff (Eds.), Artificial neural networks-ICANN 96 (pp. 451-456). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. (Pubitemid 126098573)
105. T Xu X Yu AJ Perlik WF Tobin JA Zweig K Tennant, et al. 2009 Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories Nature 462 915 919 19946267 10.1038/nature08389 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVyls7fI
106. Y Yamashita J Tani 2008 Emergence of functional hierarchy in a multiple timescale neural network model: A humanoid robot experiment PLoS Computational Biology 4 11 1000220 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000220