System-justifying beliefs moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and resting blood pressure

Social Cognition

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 303-321

  Eliezer, Dina ^a   Townsend, Sarah S M ^a   Sawyer, Pamela J ^a   Major, Brenda ^a   Mendes, Wendy Berry ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960023073     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.303     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 555-570. (Pubitemid 44950227)
2. Borrell, L. N., Kiefe, C. I., Williams, D. R., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2006). Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1415-1427. (Pubitemid 44108363)
3. Brondolo, E., Brady ver Halen, N., Pencille, M., Beatty, D., & Contrada, R. J. (2009). Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 64-88.
4. Brown, C., Matthews, K. A., Bromberger, J. T., & Chang, Y. (2006). The relation between perceived unfair treatment and blood pressure in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 257-262. (Pubitemid 44289046)
5. Clark, R. (2006). Interactive but not direct effects of perceived racism and trait anger predict resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in black adolescents. Health Psychology, 25, 580-585. (Pubitemid 44600919)
6. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
7. Collins, J. W. Jr., David, R. J., Symons, R., Handler, A., Wall, S. N., & Dwyer, L. (2000). Low-income African-American mothers' perception of exposure to racial discrimination and infant birth weight. Epidemiology, 11, 337-339. (Pubitemid 30228205)
8. Cozier, Y., Palmer, J. R., Horton, N. J., Fredman, L., Wise, L. A., & Rosenberg, L. (2006). Racial discrimination and the incidence of hypertension in US black women. Annals of Epidemiology, 16, 681-687. (Pubitemid 44209370)
9. Crandall, C. S. (2004). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
10. Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 414-446.
11. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
12. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, 4th Edition (pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Crouter, A. C., Davis, K. D., Updegraff, K., Delgado, M., & Fortner, M. (2006). Mexican American fathers' occupational conditions: Links to family members' psychological adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 843-858. (Pubitemid 44536283)
14. Derogatis, L.R., & Spencer, M.S. (1982). The brief symptom inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
15. Eliezer, D., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). The costs of caring: Gender identification increases threat following sexism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 159-165.
16. Fazio, R. H., Blascovich, J., & Driscoll, D. M. (1992). On the functional value of attitudes: The influence of accessible attitudes on the ease and quality of decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 388-401.
17. Gee, G. C., Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1275-1282. (Pubitemid 351182359)
18. Guyll, M., Matthews, K. A., & Bromberger, J. T. (2001). Discrimination and unfair treatment: relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women. Health Psychology, 20, 315-325. (Pubitemid 32843981)
19. Haines, E. L., & Jost, J. T. (2000). Placating the powerless: Effects of legitimate and illegitimate explanation on affect, memory, and stereotyping. Social Justice Research, 13, 219-236. (Pubitemid 33215242)
20. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
21. Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
22. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113-36.
23. Jost, J. T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: A paradigm for investigating the effects of socioeconomic success on stereotype content. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 89-102). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
25. Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293-305.
26. Jost, J. T., Burgess, D., & Mosso, C. O. (2001). Conflicts of legitimation among self, group, and system: The integrative potential of system justification theory. In J. T. Jost, & B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. (pp. 363-388). New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2002). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 111-153). Hove England: Psychology Press.
28. Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260-265. (Pubitemid 41756500)
29. Jost, J. T., Pelham, W. B., Sheldon, O., & Sullivan, S. N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13-36.
30. Jost, J. T., Pietrzak, J., Liviatan, I., Mandisodza, A., & Napier, J. L. (2008). System justification as conscious and nonconscious goal pursuit. In J. Y. Shaw, & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 591-605). New York: Guilford Press.
31. Jost, J. T., & Thompson, E. P. (2000). Groupbased dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 209-232.
32. Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlation and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
33. Klonoff, E., Landrine, H., & Campbell, R. (2000). Sexist discrimination may account for well known gender differences in psychiatric symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 93-99.
34. Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1986). Beliefs about inequality: Americans' views of what is and what ought to be. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
35. Lam, B. (2007). Impact of perceived racial discrimination and collective self-esteem on psychological distress among Vietnamese-American college students: Sense of coherence as mediator. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 370-376. (Pubitemid 47444619)
36. Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Gibbs, J., Manning, V., & Lund, M. (1995). Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 473-492.
37. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1-62). San Diego: Academic Press.
38. Ledgerwood, A., Jost, J. T., Mandisodza, A., & Pohl, M. (2011). Working for the system: Motivated defense of the American Dream. Social Cognition, this issue.
39. Lepore, S. J., Revenson, T. A., Weinberger, S. L., Weston, P., Frisina, P. G., Robertson, R., et al. (2006). Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in Black and White women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 120-127.
40. Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.
41. Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Rabinowitz, J. L., & Federico, C. (1998). Ethnic identity, legitimizing ideologies, and social status: A matter of ideological asymmetry. Political Psychology, 19, 373-404.
42. Lewis, T., Everson-Rose, S., Powell, L. H., Matthews, K. A., Brown, C., Karavolos, K., et al. (2006). Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: The SWAN Heart Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 362-368. (Pubitemid 44297665)
43. Major, B., Gramzow, R., McCoy, S., Levin, S., Schmader, T., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Attributions to discrimination: The role of group status and legitimizing ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 269-282.
44. Major, B., Kaiser, C., O'Brien, L., & McCoy, S. (2007). Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: Implications for self-esteem, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1068-1086.
45. Major, B., McCoy, S., Kaiser, C., & Quinton, W. (2003). Prejudice and self-esteem: A transactional model. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol 14, pp. 77-104). Hove England: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.
46. Major, B., & O'Brien, L.T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual review of psychology, 56, 393-421. (Pubitemid 40300791)
47. Matthews, K. A., Salomon, K., Kenyon, K., & Zhou, F. (2005). Unfair treatment, discrimination, and ambulatory blood pressure in Black and White adolescents. Health Psychology, 24, 258-265. (Pubitemid 40677196)
48. Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African-Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201-225.
49. McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2007). Priming meritocracy and the psychological justification of inequality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 341-351.
50. McEwen, B. (2000). The neurobiology of stress: From serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Research, 886, 172-189.
51. McEwen, B. (2004). Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: Allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 1-7. (Pubitemid 40298456)
52. McNeilly, M. D., Anderson, N. B., Armstead, C. A., Clark, R., Corbett, M., Robinson, E. L., et al. (1996). The perceived racism scale: A multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 154-166. (Pubitemid 126735853)
53. Napier, J. L., Mandisodza, A. N., Andersen, S. M., & Jost, J. T. (2006). System justification inresponding to the poor and displaced in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 6, 57-73.
54. Noh, S., Kaspar, V., & Wickrama, K. A. (2007). Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: Preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1269-1274. (Pubitemid 351182358)
55. Peters, R. M. (2006). The relationship of racism, chronic stress emotions, and blood pressure. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, 234-240. (Pubitemid 44252877)
56. Peters, R. M., Benkert, R., Dinardo, E., & Templin, T. (2007). Assessing quality of care for African Americans with hypertension. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 29, 10-20.
57. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1997). Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 1-20. (Pubitemid 127005470)
58. Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999). Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 104-113.
59. Richman, L. S., Bennett, G. G., Pek, J., Siegler, I., & Williams, R.B.J. (2007). Discrimination, dispositions, and cardiovascular responses to stress. Health Psychology, 26, 675-683. (Pubitemid 350161069)
60. Ryan, A. M., Gee, G. C., & Laflamme, D. F. (2006). The association between self-reported discrimination, physical health and blood pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black immigrants, and Latino immigrants in New Hampshire. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17, 116-132. (Pubitemid 43873458)
61. Schmader, T., Major, B., Eccleston, C. P., & McCoy, S. K. (2001). Devaluing domains in response to threatening intergroup comparisons: Perceived legitimacy and the status value asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 782-796 (Pubitemid 33594892)
62. Shavers, V. L., & Shavers, B. S. (2006). Racism and health inequity among Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98, 386-396. (Pubitemid 43352529)
63. Shweder, R. A. (1995). Cultural psychology: What is it? In N. R. Goldberger & J. B. Veroff (Eds.), The culture and psychology reader (pp. 41-86). New York: New York University Press.
64. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
65. Stamler, J., Neaton, J. D., & Wentworth, D. N. (1989). Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Hypertension, 13, 12-12.
66. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
67. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
68. Taylor, T. R., Williams, C. D., Makambi, K. H., Mouton, C., Harrell, J. P., Cozier, Y., et al. (2007). Racial discrimination and breast cancer incidence in U.S. Black women: The Black Women's health study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 46-54. (Pubitemid 47234298)
69. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 181-227). San Diego: Academic Press.
70. Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Can the absence of prejudice be more threatening than its presence? It depends on one's worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 933-947.
71. Vines, A. I., Baird, D. D., Stevens, J., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Light, K. C., & McNeilly, M. (2007). Associations of abdominal fat with perceived racism and passive emotional responses to racism in African American women. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 526-530. (Pubitemid 47280206)
72. Wakslak, C., Jost, J. T., Tyler, T. R., & Chen, E. (2007). Moral outrage mediates the dampening effect of system justification on support for redistributive social policies. Psychological Science, 18, 267-274.
73. Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20-47.
74. Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351. (Pubitemid 27365698)
75. Wise, L. A., Palmer, J. R., Cozier, Y. C., Hunt, M. O., Stewart, E. A., & Rosenberg, L. (2007). Perceived racial discrimination and risk of uterine leiomyomata. Epidemiology, 18, 747-757. (Pubitemid 350295173)