Natural and anthropogenic atmospheric mercury in the European Arctic: A fractionation study

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 13, 2011, Pages 6273-6284

  Steen, A O ^a   Berg, T ^a   Dastoor, A P ^b   Durnford, D A ^b   Engelsen, O ^c   Hole, L R ^d   Pfaffhuber, K A ^c  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d NORWEGIAN METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DATA SET; FRACTIONATION; MERCURY (ELEMENT); SEASONALITY; SUMMER;

ARCTIC; EUROPE;

EID: 79959990473     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-6273-2011     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Abbatt, J., Oldridge, N., Symington, A., Chukalovskiy, V., McWhinney, R. D., Sjostedt, S., and Cox, R. A.: Release of Gas-Phase Halogens by Photolytic Generation of OH in Frozen Halide-Nitrate Solutions: An Active Halogen Formation Mechanism?, J. Phys. Chem. A, 11423, 6527-6533, 2010.
2. Ariya, P. A., Dastoor, A. P., Amyot, M., Schroeder, W. H., Barrie, L., Anlauf, K., Raofie, F., Ryzhkov, A., Davignon, D., Lalonde, J., and Steffen, A.: The Arctic: a sink for mercury, Tellus B, 56, 397-403, 2004. (Pubitemid 39565650)
3. Aspmo, K., Gauchard, P.-A., Steffen, A., Temme, C., Berg, T., Bahlmann, E., Banic, C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., and Wibetoe, G.: Measurements of atmospheric mercury species during an international study of mercury depletion events at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, spring 2003, How reproducible are our present methods?, At-mos. Environ., 39, 7607-7619, 2005. (Pubitemid 41633944)
4. Aspmo, K., Temme, C., Berg, T., Ferrari, C., Gauchard, P. A., Fain, X., and Wibetoe, G.: Mercury in the atmosphere, snow and melt water ponds in the North Atlantic Ocean during Arctic summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4083-4089, 2006. (Pubitemid 44161658)
5. Berg, T., Gardfeldt, K., Munthe, J., Sommar, J., and Wangberg, I.: Arctic mercury depletion events at two elevations as observed at the Zeppelin Station and Dirigibile Italia, Ny-Alesund, spring 2002, J. Phys.-Paris, 107, 151-154, 2003a.
6. Berg, T., Sekkesaeter, S., Steinnes, E., Valdal, A.-K.,Wibetoe, G.: Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard, Sci. Total. Environ., 304, 43-51, 2003b. (Pubitemid 36344080)
7. Cobbett, F. D., Steffen, A., Lawson, G., and Van Heyst, B. J.: GEM fluxes and atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM, RGM and Hgp) in the Canadian Arctic at Alert, Nunavut, Canada (February-June 2005), Atmos. Environ., 41, 6527-6543, 2007. (Pubitemid 47314328)
8. Dahlback, A.: Measurements of biologically effective UV doses, total ozone abundances, and cloud effects with multichannel, moderate bandwidth filter instruments, Appl. Optics, 35, 6514-6521, 1996.
9. Dastoor, A. P., Davignon, D., Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Steffen, A., and Ariya, P. A.: Modeling Dynamic Exchange of Gaseous Elemental Mercury at Polar Sunrise, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 42, 5183-5188, 2008.
10. Durnford, D., Dastoor, A., Figueras-Nieto, D., and Ryjkov, A.: Long range transport of mercury to the Arctic and across Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6063-6086, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6063-2010, 2010.
11. Ebinghaus, R., Jennings, S. G., Schroeder, W. H., Berg, T., Don-aghy, T., Guentzel, J., Kenny, C., Kock, H. H., Kvietkus, K., Landing, W., Muhleck, T., Munthe, J., Prestbo, E. M., Schnee-berger, D., Slemr, F., Sommar, J., Urba, A., Wallschlager, D., and Xiao, Z.: International field intercomparison measurements of atmospheric mercury species at Mace Head, Ireland, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3063-3073, 1999. (Pubitemid 29222779)
12. Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Coggins, A. M., Spain, T. G., Jennings, S. G., and Temme, C.: Long-term measurements of atmospheric mercury at Mace Head, Irish west coast, between 1995 and 2001, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5267-5276, 2002. (Pubitemid 36158882)
13. Gauchard, P. A., Aspmo, K., Temme, C., Steffen, A., Ferrari, C., Berg, T., Strom, J., Kaleschke, L., Dommergue, A., Bahlmann, E., Magand, O., Planchon, F., Ebinghaus, R., Banic, C., Nagorski, S., Baussand, P., and Boutron, C.: Study of the origin of atmospheric mercury depletion events recorded in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, spring 2003, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7620- 7632, 2005. (Pubitemid 41633945)
14. George, I. J. and Anastasio, C.: Release of gaseous bromine from the photolysis of nitrate and hydrogen peroxide in simulated sea-salt solutions, Atmos. Environ., 413, 543-553, 2007. (Pubitemid 44909787)
15. Goodsite, M. E., Plane, J. M., and Skov, H.: A theoretical study of the oxidation of Hg0 to HgBr2 in the troposphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 386, 1772-1776, 2004. (Pubitemid 38364925)
16. Gustin, M. and Jaffe, D.: Reducing the Uncertainty in Measurement and Understanding of Mercury in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2222-2227, 2010.
17. Hirdman, D., Aspmo, K., Burkhart, J. F., Eckhardt, S., Sodemann, H., and Stohl, A.: Transport of mercury in the Arctic atmosphere: Evidence for a spring-time net sink and summer-time source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12814, doi:10.1029/2009GL038345, 2009.
18. Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Mason, R. P., and Jaffe, D. A.: Sources and deposition of reactive gaseous mercury in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2278-2285, 2009.
19. Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Tal-bot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037-12057, doi:10.5194/acp-10-12037- 2010, 2010.
20. Junge, C.: The cycle of atmospheric gases - natural and man made, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 711-729, 1972.
21. Kim, S.-H., Han, Y.-J., Holsen, T. M., and Yi, S.-M.: Characteristics of atmospheric speciated mercury concentrations (TGM, Hg(II) and Hg(p)) in Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3267-3274, 2009.
22. Kirk, J. L.: Rapid reduction and reemission of mercury deposited into snowpacks during atmospheric mercury depletion events at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7590-7596, 2006. (Pubitemid 46012550)
23. Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Schaedlich, F., and Prestbo, E. M.: Development and Characterization of an Annular Denuder Methodology for the Measurement of Divalent Inorganic Reactive Gaseous Mercury in Ambient Air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3000-3009, 2002. (Pubitemid 34747300)
24. Lindberg, S. E. and Stratton, W. J.: Atmospheric mercury specia-tion: Concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 49-57, 1998. (Pubitemid 28035900)
25. Lindberg, S. E., Brooks, S., Lin, C. J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter, A.: Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1245-1256, 2002. (Pubitemid 34225948)
26. Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X. B., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., and Seigneur, C.: A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition, Ambio, 361, 19-32, 2007. (Pubitemid 46587112)
27. Lu, J. Y., Schroeder, W. H., Berg, T., Munthe, J., Schneeberger, D., and Schaedlich, F.: A Device for Sampling and Determination of Total Particulate Mercury in Ambient Air, Anal. Chem., 70, 2403-2408, 1998. (Pubitemid 128499925)
28. Lyman, S. N., Jaffe, D. A., and Gustin, M. S.: Release of mercury halides from KCl denuders in the presence of ozone, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8197-8204, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8197-2010, 2010.
29. Macdonald, R. W., Wang, F., Stern, G., and Outridge, P.: The overlooked role of the ocean in mercury cycling in the Arctic, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 56, 1963-1965, 2008.
30. Mayer, B. and Kylling, A.: Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations - description and examples of use, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1855-1877, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41264072)
31. Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E., Hlawiczka, S., and Panasiuk, D.: Mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2000 and their scenarios until 2020, Sci. Total. Environ., 370, 147-156, 2006. (Pubitemid 44414941)
32. Peterson, C., Gustin, M., and Lyman, S.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations and speciation measured from 2004 to 2007 in Reno, Nevada, USA, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4646-4654, 2009.
33. Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Beauvais, C., Constant, P., and Zhang, H. H.: A year of continuous measurements of three atmospheric mercury species (GEM, RGM and Hgp) in southern Quebec, Canada, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1275-1287, 2005. (Pubitemid 40249387)
34. Richter, A., Wittrock, F., Eisinger, M., and Burrows, J. P.: GOME observations of tropospheric BrO in northern hemispheric spring and summer 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2683-2686, 1998. (Pubitemid 29126162)
35. Rutter, A. P. and Schauer, J. J.: The effect of temperature on the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8647-8659, 2007a.
36. Rutter, A. P. and Schauer, J. J.: The Impact of Aerosol Composition on the Particle to Gas Partitioning of Reactive Mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3934-3939, 2007b. (Pubitemid 46903202)
37. Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T., Kurosu, T., Chance, K., Liang, Q., da Silva, A., Pawson, S., Nielsen, J. E., Rodriguez, J. M., Bhartia, P. K., Liu, X., Huey, L. G., Liao, J., Stickel, R. E., Tanner, D. J., Dibb, J. E., Simpson, W. R., Donohoue, D., Weinheimer, A., Flocke, F., Knapp, D., Montzka, D., Neuman, J. A., Nowak, J. B., Ryerson, T. B., Oltmans, S., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E. L., Kinni-son, D. E., Tilmes, S., Pan, L. L., Hendrick, F., Van Roozendael, M., Kreher, K., Johnston, P. V., Gao, R. S., Johnson, B., Bui, T. P., Chen, G., Pierce, R. B., Crawford, J. H., and Jacob, D. J.: A new interpretation of total column BrO during Arctic spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21805, doi:10.1029/2010GL043798, 2010.
38. Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury-An overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809-822, 1998.
39. Schroeder, W. H., Anlauf, K. G., Barrie, L. A., Lu, J. Y., Steffen, A., Schneeberger, D. R., and Berg, T.: Arctic springtime depletion of mercury, Nature, 394, 331-332, 1998.
40. Skov, H., Christensen, J. H., Goodsite, M. E., Heidam, N. Z., Jensen, B., Wahlin, P., and Geernaert, G.: Fate of elemental mercury in the arctic during atmospheric mercury depletion episodes and the load of atmospheric mercury to the arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2373-2382, 2004. (Pubitemid 38481042)
41. Skov, H., Brooks, S. B., Goodsite, M. E., Lindberg, S. E., Meyers, T. P., Landis, M. S., Larsen, M. R. B., Jensen, B., McConville, G., and Christensen, J.: Fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury measured with a newly developed method using relaxed eddy accumulation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5452-5463, 2006. (Pubitemid 44190178)
42. Slemr, F., Brunke, E. G., Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Munthe, J., Wangberg, I., Schroeder, W., Steffen, A., and Berg, T.: Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1516, doi:10.1029/2003GL016954, 2003.
43. Soerensen, A. L., Skov, H., Jacob, D. J., Soerensen, B, T., Johnson, M. S.: Global Concentrations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury and Reactive Gaseous Mercury in the Marine Boundary Layer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7425-7430, 2010.
44. Solberg, S., Schmidbauer, N., Semb, A., Stordal, F., and Hov, O.: Boundary-layer ozone depletion as seen in the Norwegian Arctic in Spring, J. Atmos. Chem., 23, 301-332, 1996.
45. ? N), Svalbard, spring 2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 151-166, doi:10.5194/acp-7-151-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46103242)
46. Sommar, J., Andersson, M. E., and Jacobi, H.-W.: Circumpolar measurements of speciated mercury, ozone and carbon monoxide in the boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5031-5045, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5031-2010, 2010.
47. Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Landis, M. S., and Stevens, R. K.: Atmospheric mercury behavior at different altitudes at Ny Alesund during Spring 2003, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7646-7656, 2005. (Pubitemid 41633947)
48. Steffen, A., Schroeder, W., Bottenheim, J., Narayan, J., and Fuentes, J. D.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations: measurements and profiles near snow and ice surfaces in the Canadian Arctic during Alert 2000, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2653-2661, 2002. (Pubitemid 34628358)
49. Steffen, A., Schroeder, B., Edwards, G., and Banic, C.: Mercury througout polar sunrise 2002, J. Phys.-Paris, 107, 1267-1270, 2003a.
50. Steffen, A., Schroeder, W. H., Edwards, G., and Banic, C.: Mercury throughout polar sunrise 2002, J. Phys. Iv, 107, 1267-1270, 2003b.
51. Steffen, A., Schroeder, W. H., Poissant, L.,Macdonald, R.: Mercury in the arctic atmosphere, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa, 124-142, 2003c.
52. Steffen, A., Schroeder, W., Macdonald, R., Poissant, L., and Kono-plev, A.: Mercury in the Arctic atmosphere: An analysis of eight years of measurements of GEM at Alert (Canada) and a comparison with observations at Amderma (Russia) and Kuujjuarapik (Canada), Sci. Total. Environ., 342, 185-198, 2005. (Pubitemid 40615293)
53. Steffen, A., Douglas, T., Amyot, M., Ariya, P., Aspmo, K., Berg, T., Bottenheim, J., Brooks, S., Cobbett, F., Dastoor, A., Dom-mergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Gardfeldt, K., Goodsite, M. E., Lean, D., Poulain, A. J., Scherz, C., Skov, H., Sommar, J., and Temme, C.: A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1445-1482, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1445-2008, 2008.
54. Steen, A. O., Berg, T., Dastoor, A. P., Durnford, D. A., Hole, L. R., and Pfaffhuber, K. A.: Dynamic exchange of gaseous elemental mercury during polar night and day, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5604-5610, 2009.
55. Ström, J., Umegard, J., Tørseth, K., Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Holmén, K., Wismann, V., Herber, A., and König-Langlo, G.: One year of particle size distribution and aerosol chemical composition measurements at the Zeppelin Station, Svalbard, March 2000-March 2001, Phys. Chem. Earth, Pt A/B/C, 28, 1181- 1190, 2003. (Pubitemid 37348318)
56. Temme, C., Ebinghaus, R., Einax, J. W., Steffen, A., and Schroeder, W. H.: Time series analysis of long-term data sets of atmospheric mercury concentrations, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 380, 493-501, 2004.
57. Zhang, L. M., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 4337, 5853-5864, 2009.