Cutaneous diphtheria in the urban poor population of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: A 10-year review

Journal of Clinical Microbiology

Volumn 49, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 2664-2666

  Lowe, C F ^a   Bernard, K A ^b,c   Romney, M G ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^e ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLINDAMYCIN; PENICILLIN G; VANCOMYCIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARCANOBACTERIUM HAEMOLYTICUM; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CANADA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE; DEBRIDEMENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; MIXED INFECTION; MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN CULTURE; SKIN DIPHTHERIA; SKIN INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; URBAN POPULATION; VULNERABLE POPULATION; WOUND CARE; WOUND INFECTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARCANOBACTERIUM; BRITISH COLUMBIA; COMORBIDITY; CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE; DIPHTHERIA; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POVERTY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SKIN DISEASES, BACTERIAL; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; YOUNG ADULT;

ARCANOBACTERIUM HAEMOLYTICUM; CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES;

EID: 79959838062     PISSN: 00951137     EISSN: 1098660X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00362-11     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. Bernard, K. A., C. Munro, D. Wiebe, and E. Ongsansoy. 2002. Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4375-4381.
2. Bolt, F., et al. 2010. Multilocus sequence typing identifies evidence of recombination and two distinct lineages within Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:4177-4185.
3. City of Vancouver. 2007. 2005/06 Downtown eastside community monitoring report, 10th ed. City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/commsvcs/planning/dtes/pdf/2006MR.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2010.
4. City of Vancouver. 2008. Downtown eastside demographic study of SRO and social housing tenants. City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/housing/pdf/dtesdemographic08apr.pdf. Accessed 22 January 2011.
5. Cockcroft, W. H., W. J. Boyko, and D. E. Allen. 1973. Cutaneous infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. CMAJ 108:329-331.
6. Connell, T. G., M. Rele, A. J. Daley, and N. Curtis. 2005. Skin ulcers in a returned traveler. Lancet 365:726.
7. Costa, A. M., I. Kay, and S. Palladino. 2005. Rapid detection of mecA and nuc genes in staphylococci by real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51:13-17.
8. de Benoist, A. C., et al. 2004. Imported cutaneous diphtheria, United Kingdom. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:511-513.
9. Efstratiou, A., K. H. Engler, C. S. Dawes, and D. Sesardic. 1998. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods for detection of diphtheria toxin among isolates of pathogenic corynebacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3173-3177.
10. Engler, K. H., T. Glushkevich, I. K. Mazurova, R. C. George, and A. Efstratiou. 1997. A modified Elek test for detection of toxigenic corynebacteria in the diagnostic laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:495-498.
11. Galazka, A. M., S. E. Robertson, and G. P. Oblapenko. 1995. Resurgence of diphtheria. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11:95-105.
12. Grimont, P. A. D., et al. 2004. International nomenclature for Corynebacterium diphtheriae ribotypes. Res. Microbiol. 155:162-166.
13. Gruner, E., M. Opravil, M. Altwegg, and A. von Graevenitz. 1994. Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from intravenous drug users. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:94-96.
14. Gubler, J., C. Huber-Schneider, E. Gruner, and M. Altwegg. 1998. An outbreak of nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection: single bacterial clone causing invasive infection among Swiss drug users. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:1295-1298.
15. Harnisch, J., E. Tronca, C. Nolan, M. Turck, and K. K. Holmes. 1989. Diphtheria among alcoholic urban adults: a decade of experience in Seattle. Ann. Intern. Med. 111:71-82.
16. Holthouse, D., B. Power, A. Kermode, and C. Golledge. 1998. Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae: two cases and review of the literature. J. Infect. 37:62-66. (Pubitemid 28421208)
17. Lloyd-Smith, E., et al. 2010. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in wounds of community-based injection drug users. Epidemiol. Infect. 138:713-720.
18. Maiden, M. C. 2006. Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 60:561-588.
19. Mokrousov, I. 2009. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: genome diversity, population structure and genotyping perspectives. Infect. Genet. Evol. 9:1-15.
20. National Advisory Committee on Immunization. 2006. Diphtheria toxoid, p. 166-171. Canadian immunization guide, 7th ed. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
21. Pallen, M., A. Hay, L. Puckey, and A. Efstratiou. 1994. Polymerase chain reaction for screening clinical isolates of corynebacteria for the production of diphtheria toxin. J. Clin. Pathol. 47:353-356.
22. Patey, O., et al. 1997. Clinical and molecular study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae systemic infections in France. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:441-445.
23. Romney, M. G., et al. 2006. Emergence of an invasive clone of nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the urban poor population of Vancouver, Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1625-1629.
24. Tan, T. Y., S. Y. Ng, H. Thomas, and B. K. Chan. 2006. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum bacteraemia and soft-tissue infections: case report and review of the literature. J. Infect. 53:e69-e74.
25. Strathdee, S. A., et al. 1997. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS 11:F59-F65. (Pubitemid 27259515)
26. Wilson, A. P. 1995. Treatment of infection caused by toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 35:717-720.
27. Wood, E., et al. 2007. Frequent needle exchange use and HIV incidence in Vancouver, Canada. Am. J. Med. 120:172-179.
28. Wood, E., M. W. Tyndall, J. S. Montaner, and T. Kerr. 2006. Summary of findings from the evaluation of a pilot medically supervised safer injecting facility. CMAJ 175:1399-1404. (Pubitemid 44876560)
29. Wood, E., et al. 2005. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C infection among users of North America's first medically supervised safer injection facility. Public Health 119:1111-1115. (Pubitemid 41662601)