The mean State of axisymmetric hurricanes in statistical equilibrium

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1364-1376

  Hakim, Gregory J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Hurricanes; Nonhydrostatic models; Numerical analysis modeling; Radiative convective equilibrium; Sensitivity studies; Tropical cyclones

Indexed keywords

AXISYMMETRIC; CLOUD WATER; CONVECTIVE CLOUDS; EYEWALL; MAXIMUM WIND SPEED; MIDTROPOSPHERE; NONHYDROSTATIC MODEL; NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS; RADIAL DIRECTION; RADIATIVE COOLING; RADIATIVE HEATING; RADIATIVE-CONVECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM; SENSITIVITY STUDIES; STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM; STORM INTENSITY; SURFACE WIND SPEED; TEMPERATURE FIELD; THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE; TRANSIENT FLUCTUATIONS; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERES; TROPICAL CYCLONES; TURBULENT MIXING; VERTICAL GRADIENTS;

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; CLOUDS; EXPERIMENTS; HURRICANES; INFRARED RADIATION; MIXING; RADIATION EFFECTS; SHOCK TUBES; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TURBULENT FLOW; WATER VAPOR;

STORMS;

CONVECTIVE CLOUD; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; HURRICANE; NUMERICAL MODEL; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; THERMODYNAMICS; TROPICAL CYCLONE; TURBULENT MIXING; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 79959669273     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3644.1     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bell, M. M., and M. T. Montgomery, 2008: Observed structure, evolution, and potential intensity of category 5 Hurricane Isabel (2003) from 12 to 14 eptember. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2023-2046.
2. Bister, M., and K. A. Emanuel, 1998: Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 65, 233-240.
3. Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 2002: A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2917-2928.
4. Bryan, G. H.,and R. Rotunno, 2009a: Evaluation of an analytical model for the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3042-3060.
5. Bryan, G. H., and R. Rotunno, 2009b: The influence of near-surface, high-entropy air in hurricane eyes on maximum hurricane intensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 6, 148-158.
6. Bryan, G. H., and R. Rotunno, 2009c: The maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetric numerical model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 770-1789.
7. Camp, J. P., and M. T. Montgomery, 2001: Hurricane maximum intensity: Past and present. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1704-1717.
8. Cione, J. J., P. G. Black, and S. H. Houston, 2000: Surface observations in the hurricane environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1550-1561.
9. Cram, T. A., J. Persing, M. T. Montgomery, and S. A. Braun, 2007: A Lagrangian trajectory view on transport and mixing processes between the eye, eyewall, and environment using a high-resolution simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1835-1856.
10. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, 1992:Aparameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 97 (D4), 3831-3836.
11. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
12. Emanuel, K. A.,1988: The maximumintensity of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1143-1155.
13. Emanuel, K. A., 1995: The behavior of a simple hurricane model using a convective scheme based on subcloud-layer entropy equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 2, 3960-3968.
14. Emanuel, K. A., 1997: Some aspects of hurricane inner-core dynamics and energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1014-1026.
15. Franklin, J. L., M. L. Black, and K. Valde, 2003: GPS dropwindsonde wind profiles in hurricanes and their operational implications. Wea. Forecasting, 8, 32-44.
16. Fu, Q., S. K. Krueger, and K. N. Liou, 1995: Interactions of radiation and convection in simulated tropical cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1310-328.
17. Gray, W., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.
18. Houze, R. A., 2010: Clouds in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 293-344.
19. Iacono, M. J., J. S. Delamere, E. J. Mlawer, and S. A. Clough, 2003: Evaluation of upper tropospheric water vapor in the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3) using modeled and observed HIRS radiances. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4037, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002539.
20. Kepert, J., 2001: The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. Part I: Linear theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2469-2484.
21. Kepert, J., and Y. Q. Wang, 2001: The dynamics of boundary layer jets within the tropical cyclone core. Part II: Nonlinear enhancement. J. Atmos. Sci., 8, 2485-2501.
22. Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D14), 16 663-16 682.
23. Montgomery, M. T., M. M. Bell, S. D. Aberson, and M. L. Black, 2006: Hurricane Isabel (2003): New insights into the physics of intense storms. Part I: Mean vortex structure and maximum intensity estimates. Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 87, 1335-1347.
24. Persing, J., and M. T. Montgomery, 2003: Hurricane superintensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2349-2371.
25. Roewe, D., and K.-N. Liou, 1978: Influence of cirrus clouds on the infrared cooling rate in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 92-106.
26. Rotunno, R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1987: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 542-561.
27. Schubert, W. H., and J. J. Hack, 1982: Inertial stability and tropical cyclone development. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1687-1697.
28. Shapiro, L. J., and H. E. Willoughby, 1982: The response of balanced hurricanes to local sources of heat and momentum. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 378-394.
29. Smith, R. K., and M. T. Montgomery, 2008: Balanced boundary layers used in hurricane models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1385-1395.
30. Smith, R. K., M. T. Montgomery, and S. Vogl, 2008: A critique of Emanuel's hurricane model and potential intensity theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. oc., 134, 551-561.
31. Thompson, G., P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen, and W. D. Hall, 2008: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5095-5115.
32. Yang, B., Y. Wang, and B. Wang, 2007: The effect of internally generated inner-core asymmetries on tropical cyclone potential intensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 4, 1165-1188.