Hurricane superintensity

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 19, 2003, Pages 2349-2371

  Persing, John ^a   Montgomery, Michael T ^a  

^a Department of Systems Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; ENTROPY; HEATING; HURRICANE EFFECTS; WIND;

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST);

EARTH ATMOSPHERE;

ENTROPY; HURRICANE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; VORTEX;

EID: 0013029207     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2349:HS>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. AMS Council, 2000: Policy statement: Hurricane research and forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 1341-1346.
2. Andreas, E. L, and K. A. Emanuel, 2001: Effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone intensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3741-3751.
3. Bender, M. A., and I. Ginis, 2000: Real-case simulations of hurricane-ocean interaction using a high-resolution coupled model: Effects on hurricane intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 917-946.
4. Bengtsson, L., 2001: Hurricane threats. Science. 293, 440-441.
5. Bister, M., and K. A. Emanuel, 1998: Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 65, 233-240.
6. Bluestein, H. B., J. G. Ladue, H. Stein, D. Speheger, and W. P. Unruh, 1993: Doppler radar wind spectra of supercell tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2200-2221.
7. Bolton, D., 1980: The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046-1053.
8. Bosart, L. F., C. S. Velden, W. E. Bracken, J. Molinari, and P. G. Black, 2000: Environmental influences on the rapid intensification of Hurricane Opal (1995) over the Gulf of Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 322-352.
9. Braun, S. A., 2002: A cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991): Storm structure and eyewall buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1573-1592.
10. Businger, S., and J. A. Businger, 2001: Viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy in storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3793-3796.
11. Camp, J. P. 1999: Hurricane maximum intensity: Past and present. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, 147 pp.
12. Camp, J. P., and M. T. Montgomery, 2001: Hurricane maximum intensity: Past and present. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1704-1717.
13. Chen, Y., and M. K. Yau. 2001: Spiral bands in a simulated hurricane. Part I: Vortex Rossby wave verification. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2128-2145.
14. DeCosmo, J., K. B. Katsaros, S. D. Smith, R. J. Anderson, W. A. Oost, K. Bumke, and H. Chadwick, 1996: Air-sea exchange of water vapor and sensible heat: The Humidity Exchange Over the Sea (HEXOS) results. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 001-12 016.
15. DeMaria, M., 1996: The effect of vertical shear on tropical cyclone intensity change. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2076-2087.
16. Eliassen, A., 1951: Slow thermally or frictionally controlled meridional circulation in a circular vortex. Astrophys. Norv., 5, 19-60.
17. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
18. Emanuel, K. A., 1988: The maximum intensity of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1143-1155.
19. Emanuel, K. A., 1989: The finite-amplitude nature of tropical cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3431-3456.
20. Emanuel, K. A., 1995a: The behavior of a simple hurricane model using a convective scheme based on subcloud-layer entropy equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3960-3968.
21. Emanuel, K. A., 1995b: Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3969-3976.
22. Emanuel, K. A., 2000: A statistical analysis of tropical cyclone intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1139-1152.
23. Fairall, C. W., J. D. Kepert, and G. J. Holland, 1994: The effect of sea spray on surface energy transports over the ocean. Global Atmos. Ocean Syst., 2, 121-142.
24. Fiedler, B. H., 1994: The thermodynamic speed limit and its violation in axisymmetric numerical simulations of tornado-like vortices. Atmos.-Ocean, 32, 335-359.
25. Fiedler, B. H., and R. Rotunno, 1986: A theory for the maximum windspeeds in tornado-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2328-2340.
26. Frank, W. M., and E. A. Ritchie, 1999: Effects of environmental flow upon tropical cyclone structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2044-2061.
27. Frank, W. M., and E. A. Ritchie, 2001: Effects of vertical wind shear on the intensity and structure of numerically simulation hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2249-2269.
28. Fulton, J. D., 2001: Insights into the hurricane vortex using a high resolution numerical simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991). M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, 84 pp.
29. Gray, S. L., 1998: Analysis of the eyes formed in simulated tropical cyclones and polar lows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 2357-2375.
30. Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.
31. Guinn, T. A., and W. H. Schubert, 1993: Hurricane spiral bands. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3380-3403.
32. Halliday, D., and R. Resnick, 1988: Fundamentals of Physics, 3d ed. John Wiley and Sons, 977 pp.
33. Hausman, S. A., 2001: Formulation and sensitivity analysis of a nonhydrostatic, axisymmetric tropical cyclone model. Atmospheric Science Paper 701, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, 210 pp.
34. Heisler, H., 1995: Advanced Engine Technology. Arnold, 794 pp.
35. Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 3d ed. Academic Press, 511 pp.
36. Hoskins, B. J., and F. P. Bretherton, 1972: Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11-37.
37. Jacob, S. D., L. K. Shay, A. J. Mariano, and P. G. Black, 2000: The 3D oceanic mixed layer response to Hurricane Gilbert. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1407-1429.
38. Jin, D. Z., and D. H. E. Dubin, 1998: Regional maximum entropy theory for vortex crystal formation. Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 4434-4437.
39. Jones, S. C., 1995: The evolution of vortices in vertical shear. 1: Initially barotropic vortices. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 821-851.
40. Jordan, C. L., 1958: Mean soundings for the West Indies area. J. Meteor., 15, 91-97.
41. Kleinschmidt, E., 1951: Grundlagen einer Theorie der Tropischen Zyklonen (Basic principles for a theory of tropical cyclones). Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol., A4, 53-72.
42. Klemp, J. B., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070-1096.
43. 2-induced warming as simulated using the GFDL hurricane prediction system. Climate Dyn., 15, 503-519.
44. Kossin, J. P., and M. D. Eastin, 2001: Two distinct regimes in the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the hurricane eye and eyewall. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1079-1090.
45. Kossin, J. P., and W. H. Schubert, 2001: Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2196-2209.
46. LeeJoice, R. N., 2000: Hurricane inner-core structure as revealed by GPS dropwindsondes. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, 56 pp.
47. Lilly, D. K., 1962: On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus, 14, 148-172.
48. Liu, Y., D.-L. Zhang, and M. K. Yau, 1999: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part II: Kinematics and inner-core structures. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2597-2616.
49. Lorenz, R. D., J. I. Lunine, P. G. Withers, and C. P. McKay, 2001: Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy production by latitudinal heat transport. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 415-418.
50. Malkus, J. S., and H. Riehl, 1960: On the dynamics and energy transformations in steady-state hurricanes. Tellus, 12, 1-20.
51. Malkus, W. V. R., and G. Veronis, 1958: Finite amplitude cellular convection. J. Fluid Mech., 4, 225-260.
52. McIntyre, M. E., 1992: Isentropic distributions of potential vorticity and their relevance to tropical cyclone dynamics. Tropical Cyclone Disasters: Proceedings of ISCU/WMO International Symposium, J. Lighthill et al., Eds., Peking University Press, 143-156.
53. Michalke, A., and A. Timme, 1967: On the inviscid instability of certain two-dimensional vortex-type flows. J. Fluid Mech., 29, 647-666.
54. Möller, J. D., and M. T. Montgomery, 2000: Tropical cyclone evolution via potential vorticity anomalies in a three-dimensional balance model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3366-3387.
55. Möller, J. D., and L. J. Shapiro, 2002: Balance contributions to the intensification of Hurricane Opal as diagnosed from a GFDL model forecast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1866-1881.
56. Montgomery, M. T., and R. J. Kallenbach, 1997: A theory for vortex Rossby-waves and its application to spiral bands and intensity changes in hurricanes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 435-465.
57. Montgomery, M. T., V. A. Vladimirov, and P. V. Denissenko, 2002: An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices. J. Fluid Mech., 471, 1-32.
58. O'Brien, D. M., 1997: A yardstick for global entropy flux. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 243-260.
59. Ooyama, K. V., 2001: A dynamic and thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere with parameterized microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2073-2102.
60. Ozawa, A., and H. Ohmura, 1997: Thermodynamics of a global-mean state of the atmosphere: A state of maximum entropy increase. J. Climate, 10, 441-445.
61. Paltridge, G. W., 2001: A physical basis for a maximum thermodynamic dissipation of the climate system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 305-313.
62. Persing, J., M. T. Montgomery, and R. E. Tuleya, 2002: Environmental interactions in the GFDL hurricane model for Hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 298-317.
63. Roll, H. V., 1965: Physics of the Marine Atmosphere. Academic Press, 426 pp.
64. Rotunno, R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1987: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic axisymmetric numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 542-561.
65. Sawada, Y., 1981: A thermodynamic variational principal in nonlinear non-equilibrium phenomena. Prog. Theor. Phys., 66, 68-76.
66. Schecter, D. A., D. H. E. Dubin, K. S. Fine, and C. F. Driscoll, 1999: Vortex crystals from 2D Euler flow: Experiment and simulation. Phys. Fluids, 11, 905-914.
67. Schubert, W. H., M. T. Montgomery, R. K. Taft, T. A. Guinn, S. R. Fulton, J. P. Kossin, and J. P. Edwards, 1999: Polygonal eyewalls, asymmetric eye contraction, and potential vorticity mixing in hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1197-1223.
68. Schubert, W. H., S. A. Hausman, M. Garcia, K. V. Ooyama, and H.-C. Kuo, 2001: Potential vorticity in a moist atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3148-3157.
69. Shapiro, L. J., 1983: The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1984-1998.
70. Shay, L. K., A. J. Mariano, S. D. Jacob, and E. H. Ryan, 1998: Mean and near-inertial ocean current response to Hurricane Gilbert. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 858-889.
71. Smagorinsky, J., 1963: General circulation experiments with the primitive equation. I: The basic experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 91, 99-164.
72. Smith, R. K., 2003: A simple model for the hurricane boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1007-1027.
73. Stephens, G. L., and D. M. O'Brien, 1993: Entropy and climate. I: ERBE observations of the entropy production of the earth. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 121-152.
74. Wang, Y., 2002a: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part I: Overall structure, potential vorticity, and kinetic energy budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1213-1238.
75. Wang, Y., 2002b: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1239-1262.
76. Wang, Y., and G. J. Holland, 1996: The beta drift of baroclinic vortices. Part I: Adiabatic vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 411-427.
77. Willoughby, H. E., 1990: Gradient balance in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 265-274.
78. Willoughby, H. E., 1998: Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics. Mon Wea. Rev., 126, 1653-1680.
79. Willoughby, H. E., J. A. Clos, and M. G. Shoreibah, 1982: Concentric eye walls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 395-411.
80. Yamasaki, M., 1983: A further study of the tropical cyclone without parameterizing the effects of cumulus convection. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 34, 221-260.
81. Zhang, D.-L., Y. Liu, and M. K. Yau, 2000: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part III: Dynamically induced vertical motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3772-3788.
82. Zhang, D.-L., Y. Liu, and M. K. Yau, 2002: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part V: Inner-core thermodynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2745-2763.