New and innovative interventions in the management of pemphigus

Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia

Volumn 146, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 211-224

  Frydman, A S ^a   Fairley, J A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunosuppression; Pemphigus; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; DOXYCYCLINE; ETANERCEPT; GOLD; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; MINOCYCLINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NICOTINAMIDE; PIMECROLIMUS; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; TETRACYCLINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; VITAMIN D;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABNORMAL SENSATION; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BEHCET DISEASE; BLADDER CANCER; BLEEDING; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BONE NECROSIS; BURNING SENSATION; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORNEA DEPOSITION; CORNEA DISEASE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG INTOXICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DYSURIA; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EYE DISEASE; FEVER; GASTRITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMATURIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOADSORPTION; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; INFERTILITY; INJECTION SITE REACTION; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; INTERVENTION STUDY; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG TOXICITY; LYMPHOMA; MENTAL DISEASE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NAIL PIGMENTATION; NAUSEA; NEPHRITIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUTROPENIA; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PANCREATITIS; PANCYTOPENIA; PEMPHIGUS; PEPTIC ULCER; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PERISTALSIS; PHOTODERMATOSIS; PIGMENT DISORDER; PLASMAPHERESIS; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; PRURITUS; PSORIASIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; PYELONEPHRITIS; RADIOSENSITIVITY; RASH; REMISSION; RETINOPATHY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCLERA DISEASE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN REDNESS; SKIN TINGLING; SUBSTITUTION THERAPY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TRANSIENT STINGING SENSATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUBERCULOSIS; VIRUS INFECTION; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 79959656697     PISSN: 03920488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Martin LK, Werth V, Villanueva E, Segall J , Murrell DF. Interventions for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD006263.
2. Daniel BS, Murrell DF. The actual management of pemphigus. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2010;145:689-702.
3. Knudson RM, Kalaaji AN , Bruce AJ. The management of mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:268-80.
4. Wolverton SE. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007.
5. Chams-Davatchi C, Esmaili N, Daneshpazhooh M, Valikhani M, Balighi K, Hallaji Z et al. Randomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:622-8. (Pubitemid 47384928)
6. Beissert S, Werfel T, Frieling U, Bohm M, Sticherling M, Stadler R et al. A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1447-54. (Pubitemid 44790638)
7. Olszewska M, Kolacinska-Strasz Z, Sulej J, Labecka H, Cwikla J, Natorska U et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and cyclosporine (Ciclosporin) as adjuvant drugs in pemphigus vulgaris. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007;8:85-92. (Pubitemid 46998551)
8. Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Cummins DL, Kouba DJ, Thorne JE, Nousari HC. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:739-42.
9. Powell AM, Albert S, Al Fares S, Harman KE, Setterfield J, Bhogal B et al. An evaluation of the usefulness of mycophenolate mofetil in pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:138-45. (Pubitemid 36966523)
10. Smith TJ , Bystryn JC. Methotrexate as an adjuvant treatment for pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1275-6. (Pubitemid 29493297)
11. Werth VP, Fivenson D, Pandya AG, Chen D, Rico MJ, Albrecht J et al. Multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of dapsone as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent in maintenance-phase pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:25-32. (Pubitemid 351159386)
12. Hymes SR , Jordon RE. Pemphigus foliaceus. Use of antimalarial agents as adjuvant therapy. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1462-4.
13. Kano Y, Shimosegawa M, Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T. Pemphigus foliaceus induced by exposure to sunlight. Report of a case and analysis of photochallenge-induced lesions. Dermatology 2000;201:132-8.
14. Reis VM, Toledo RP, Lopez A, Diaz LA, Martins JE. UVB-induced acantholysis in endemic Pemphigus foliaceus (Fogo selvagem) and Pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:571-6. (Pubitemid 30479878)
15. Orion E, Barzilay D, Brenner S. Pemphigus vulgaris induced by diazinon and sun exposure. Dermatology 2000;201:378-9. (Pubitemid 32037576)
16. Kyriakis KP, Vareltzidis AG, Tosca AD. Environmental factors influencing the biologic behavior of patterns of pemphigus vulgaris: epidemiologic approach. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:181-5.
17. Allen KJ, Wolverton SE. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in refractory pemphigus: a review of case reports. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:883-9.
18. Goh MS, McCormack C, Dinh HV, Welsh B, Foley P, Prince HM. Rituximab in the adjuvant treatment of pemphigus vulgaris: a prospective open-label pilot study in five patients. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:990-6. (Pubitemid 46642840)
19. Mouquet H, Musette P, Gougeon ML, Jacquot S, Lemercier B, Lim A et al. B-cell depletion immunotherapy in pemphigus: effects on cellular and humoral immune responses. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:2859-69.
20. Eming R, Nagel A, Wolff-Franke S, Podstawa E, Debus D, Hertl M. Rituximab exerts a dual effect in pemphigus vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:2850-8.
21. Salopek TG, Logsetty S, Tredget EE. Anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of recalcitrant, life-threatening pemphigus vulgaris with implications in the pathogenesis of the disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:785-8. (Pubitemid 35239347)
22. Joly P, Mouquet H, Roujeau JC, D'Incan M, Gilbert D, Jacquot S et al. A single cycle of rituximab for the treatment of severe pemphigus. N Engl J Med 2007;357:545-52. (Pubitemid 47236279)
23. Ahmed AR, Spigelman Z, Cavacini LA, Posner MR. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1772-9. (Pubitemid 44631360)
24. Muller R, Hunzelmann N, Baur V, Siebenhaar G, Wenzel E, Eming R et al. Targeted immunotherapy with rituximab leads to a transient alteration of the IgG autoantibody profile in pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatol Res Pract 2010,2010:321950.
25. Cianchini G, Corona R, Frezzolini A, Ruffelli M, Didona B, Puddu P. Treatment of severe pemphigus with rituximab: report of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:1033-8. (Pubitemid 47296080)
26. Marzano AV, Fanoni D, Venegoni L, Berti E, Caputo R. Treatment of refractory pemphigus with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). Dermatology 2007;214:310-8. (Pubitemid 46659013)
27. Schmidt E, Seitz CS, Benoit S, Brocker EB, Goebeler M. Rituximab in autoimmune bullous diseases: mixed responses and adverse effects. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:352-6. (Pubitemid 46095965)
28. Pfutze M, Eming R, Kneisel A, Kuhlmann U, Hoyer J, Hertl M. Clinical and immunological follow-up of pemphigus patients on adjuvant treatment with immunoadsorption or rituximab. Dermatology 2009;218:237-45.
29. Weger W, Aberer E. Treatment failure with rituximab in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:387-9. (Pubitemid 351247446)
30. Shimanovich I, Nitschke M, Rose C, Grabbe J, Zillikens D. Treatment of severe pemphigus with protein A immunoadsorption, rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulins. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:382-8.
31. El Tal AK, Posner MR, Spigelman Z, Ahmed AR. Rituximab: a monoclonal antibody to CD20 used in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:449-59. (Pubitemid 44189599)
32. Schmidt E, Goebeler M, Zillikens D. Rituximab in severe pemphigus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1173:683-91.
33. Schmidt E, Hennig K, Mengede C, Zillikens D, Kromminga A. Immunogenicity of rituximab in patients with severe pemphigus. Clin Immunol 2009;132:334-41.
34. Perez OA, Patton T. Novel therapies for pemphigus vulgaris: an overview. Drugs Aging 2009;26:833-46.
35. Feliciani C, Toto P, Amerio P. In vitro C3 mRNA expression in Pemphigus vulgaris: complement activation is increased by IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha. J Cutan Med Surg 1999;3:140-4.
36. Feliciani C, Toto P, Amerio P, Pour SM, Coscione G, Shivji G et al. In vitro and in vivo expression of interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in pemphigus vulgaris: interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in acantholysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:71-7.
37. Feliciani C, Toto P, Wang B, Sauder DN, Amerio P, Tulli A. Urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA is induced by IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in in vitro acantholysis. Exp Dermatol 2003;12:466-71. (Pubitemid 36992422)
38. Jacobi A, Shuler G, Hertl M. Rapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximab. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:448-9. (Pubitemid 41228454)
39. Pardo J, Mercader P, Mahiques L, Sanchez-Carazo JL, Oliver V, Fortea JM. Infliximab in the management of severe pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:222-3. (Pubitemid 41044564)
40. Fiorentino DF, Garcia MS, Rehmus W, Kimball AB. A pilot study of etanercept treatment for pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:117-8.
41. Lin MH, Hsu CK, Lee JY. Successful treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans with etanercept and carbon dioxide laser. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:680-2. (Pubitemid 41001066)
42. Shetty A, Marcum CB, Glass LF, Carter JD. Successful treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with etanercept in four patients. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8:940-3.
43. Gubinelli E, Bergamo F, Didona B, Annessi G, Atzori F, Raskovic D. Pemphigus foliaceus treated with etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:1107-8. (Pubitemid 44716495)
44. Beckers RC, Brand A, Vermeer BJ, Boom BW. Adjuvant high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin in the treatment of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid: experience in six patients. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:289-93.
45. Mignogna MD, Leuci S, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Adamo D, Russo G et al. Adjuvant high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy can be easily and safely introduced as an alternative treatment in patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris: a retrospective preliminary study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:323-31.
46. Li N, Zhao M, Hilario-Vargas J, Prisayanh P, Warren S, Diaz LA et al. Complete FcRn dependence for intravenous Ig therapy in autoimmune skin blistering diseases. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3440-50. (Pubitemid 43121832)
47. Amagai M, Ikeda S, Shimizu H, Iizuka H, Hanada K, Aiba S et al. A randomized double-blind trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:595-603.
48. Ahmed AR. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris unresponsive to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:679-90.
49. Green MG, Bystryn JC. Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on serum levels of IgG 1 and IgG4 antidesmoglein 1 and antidesmoglein 3 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:1621-4.
50. Czernik A, Beutner EH, Bystryn JC. Intravenous immunoglobulin selectively decreases circulating autoantibodies in pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:796-801. (Pubitemid 351509651)
51. Mimouni D, Blank M, Payne AS, Anhalt GJ, Avivi C, Barshack I et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) affinity-purified anti-desmoglein anti-idiotypic antibodies in the treatment of an experimental model of pemphigus vulgaris. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;162:543-9.
52. Wetter DA, Davis MD, Yiannias JA, Gibson LE, Dahl MV, el-Azhary RA et al. Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for skin disease other than toxic epidermal necrolysis: a retrospective review of Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:41-7.
53. Segura S, Iranzo P, Martinez-de Pablo I, Mascaro JM, Jr., Alsina M, Herrero J et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: evaluation of its use in 19 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:960-7. (Pubitemid 46720202)
54. Ahmed AR, Dahl MV. Consensus statement on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1051-9. (Pubitemid 36994832)
55. Ahmed AR. Treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004;13:1019-32. (Pubitemid 39117688)
56. Ahmed A, Gurcan H. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy during pregnancy in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010.
57. Bystryn JC. Plasmapheresis therapy of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1702-4.
58. Yamada H, Yaguchi H, Takamori K, Ogawa H. Plasmapheresis for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Ther Apher 1997;1:178-82. (Pubitemid 127685353)
59. Roujeau JC, Andre C, Joneau Fabre M, Lauret P, Flechet ML, Kalis B et al. Plasma exchange in pemphigus. Uncontrolled study of ten patients. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:215-21.
60. Guillaume JC, Roujeau JC, Morel P, Doutre MS, Guillot B, Lambert D et al. Controlled study of plasma exchange in pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1659-63.
61. Turner MS, Sutton D, Sauder DN. The use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1058-64.
62. Tan-Lim R, Bystryn JC. Effect of plasmapheresis therapy on circulating levels of pemphigus antibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:35-40. (Pubitemid 20035717)
63. Sondergaard K, Carstens J, Zachariae H. The steroid-sparing effect of long-term plasmapheresis in pemphigus: an update. Ther Apher 1997;1:155-8. (Pubitemid 127685348)
64. Eming R, Rech J, Barth S, Kalden JR, Schuler G, Harrer T et al. Prolonged clinical remission of patients with severe pemphigus upon rapid removal of desmoglein-reactive autoantibodies by immunoadsorption. Dermatology 2006;212:177-87.
65. Schmidt E, Klinker E, Opitz A, Herzog S, Sitaru C, Goebeler M et al. Protein A immunoadsorption: a novel and effective adjuvant treatment of severe pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:1222-9.
66. Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Immunoadsorption in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:241-53.
67. Mlynek A, Meurer M. Immunoadsorption in the treatment of pemphigus. Atheroscler Suppl 2009;10:107-9.
68. Eming R, Hertl M. Immunoadsorption in pemphigus. Autoimmunity 2006;39.609-16.
69. Luftl M, Stauber A, Mainka A, Klingel R, Schuler G, Hertl M. Successful removal of pathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus by immunoadsorption with a tryptophan-linked polyvinylalcohol adsorber. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:598-605. (Pubitemid 37281594)
70. Shimanovich I, Herzog S, Schmidt E, Opitz A, Klinker E, Brocker EB et al. Improved protocol for treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with protein A immunoadsorption. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:768-74.
71. Gunther C, Laske J, Frind A, Julius U, Pfeiffer C. Successful therapy of pemphigus vulgaris with immunoadsorption using the TheraSorb adsorber. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008;6:661-3.
72. Marker M, Derfler K, Monshi B, Rappersberger K. Successful immunoapheresis of bullous autoimmune diseases: pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigoid gestationis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011;9:27-31.
73. Frost N, Messer G, Fierlbeck G, Risler T, Lytton SD. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with protein A immunoadsorption: case report of long-term history showing favorable outcome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1051:591-6. (Pubitemid 41362786)
74. Kaiser J, Kaatz M, Eisner P, Ziemer M. Complete remission of drug-resistant Pemphigus vegetans treated by extracorporeal photopheresis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:843-4. (Pubitemid 46939073)
75. Wollina U, Lange D, Looks A. Short-time extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of drug-resistant autoimmune bullous diseases. Dermatology 1999;198:140-4. (Pubitemid 29204596)
76. Perotti C, Torretta L, Viarengo G, Roveda L, Bernuzzi S, Carbone S et al. Feasibility and safety of a new technique of extracorporeal photochemotherapy: experience of 240 procedures. Haematologica 1999;84:237-41. (Pubitemid 29476928)
77. Saraceno R, Ruzzetti M, Lanti A, Marinacci M, Chimenti S. Therapeutic options in an immunocompromised patient with pemphigus vulgaris: potential interest of plasmapheresis and extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:354-6. (Pubitemid 351821256)
78. Gollnick HP, Owsianowski M, Taube KM, Orfanos CE. Unresponsive severe generalized pemphigus vulgaris successfully controlled by extracorporeal photopheresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:122-4. (Pubitemid 23019586)
79. Liang G, Nahass G, Kerdel FA. Pemphigus vulgaris treated with photopheresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:779-80.
80. Rook AH, Jegasothy BV, Heald P, Nahass GT, Ditre C, Witmer WK et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:303-5. (Pubitemid 20055357)
81. Azana JM, de Misa RF, Harto A, Ledo A, Espana A. Severe pemphigus foliaceus treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:287-9. (Pubitemid 27142317)
82. Owsianowski M, Garbe C, Ramaker J, Orfanos CE, Gollnick H. [Therapeutic experiences with extracorporeal photopheresis. Technical procedure, follow-up and clinical outcome in 31 skin diseases]. Hautarzt 1996;47:114-23.
83. Iraji F, Yoosefi A. Healing effect of Pilocarpine gel 4% on skin lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:743-6. (Pubitemid 44056680)
84. Nguyen VT, Arredondo J, Chernyavsky AI, Pittelkow MR, Kitajima Y, Grando SA. Pemphigus vulgaris acantholysis ameliorated by cholinergic agonists. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:327-34. (Pubitemid 38332484)
85. Iraji F, Banan L. The efficacy of nicotinamide gel 4% as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cutaneous erosions of pemphigus vulgaris. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:308-11.
86. Tabrizi MN, Chams-Davatchi C, Esmaeeli N, Noormohammadpoor P, Safar F, Etemadzadeh H et al. Accelerating effects of epidermal growth factor on skin lesions of pemphigus vulgaris: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:79-84. (Pubitemid 44942328)
87. Iraji F, Asilian A, Siadat AH. Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of cutaneous lesions of pemphigus vulgaris: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Drugs Dermatol 2010;9:684-6.
88. Cassano N, Coviello C, Scoppio BM, Miracapillo A, Vena GA. Recalcitrant lesions of pemphigus foliaceous at a surgical site: successful treatment with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16:443-4. (Pubitemid 44328992)
89. Termeer CC, Technau K, Augustin M, Simon JC. Topical tacrolimus (protopic) for the treatment of a localized pemphigus foliaceus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:636-7. (Pubitemid 39255767)
90. Gach JE, Ilchyshyn A. Beneficial effects of topical tacrolimus on recalcitrant erosions of pemphigus vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:271-2. (Pubitemid 38658469)
91. Hall VC, Liesegang TJ, Kostick DA, Lookingbill DP. Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid and ocular pemphigus vulgaris treated topically with tacrolimus ointment. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1083-4.
92. Hodgson TA, Malik F, Hegarty AM, Porter SR. Topical tacrolimus: a novel therapeutic intervention for recalcitrant labial pemphigus vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13:142-4. (Pubitemid 36428358)
93. Busing V, Kern JS, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Hofmann SC. Recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris responding to systemic tacrolimus. Dermatology 2010;221:122-6.
94. Vanikar AV, Modi PR, Patel RD, Kanodia KV, Shah VR, Trivedi VB et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases: the Ahmedabad experience. Transplant Proc 2007;39:703-8. (Pubitemid 46584717)
95. Oyama Y, Parker ER, Brieva J, Guitart J, Statkute L, Verda L et al. High-dose immune suppression and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory pemphigus foliaceus. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;34:1097-8. (Pubitemid 40028845)
96. Suslova IM, Theodoropoulos DS, Cullen NA, Tetarnikova MK, Tetarnikov AS, Kolchak NA. Pemphigus vulgaris treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following non-myeloablative conditioning. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14:785-8.