Introduction: China and UN peacekeeping

International Peacekeeping

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 243-256

  Hirono, Miwa ^a   Lanteigne, Marc ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959551115     PISSN: 13533312     EISSN: 1743906X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2011.563070     Document Type: Editorial

References (62)

1. In this article, 'peacekeeping' includes not only traditional peacekeeping, but also transition management, wider peacekeeping, peace enforcement and peace support operations. In the Chinese language, the term weihe is usually used to refer to all of these kinds of operation, unless one is intentionally making a distinction between them. For example, transition management in the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and the UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), wider peacekeeping in the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH), peace enforcement in the UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) and the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) and peace support operation in the UN Organization Mission in the DRC (MONUC) are all called weihe in Chinese policy and media discourse. On the above taxonomy of peacekeeping in the English language see Alex J. Bellamy, Paul Williams and Stuart Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Polity, 2010.
2. 'China Donates 700,000 US Dollars to UN Peacekeeping Missions', Xinhua News Agency (Beijing), 2 Dec. 2009 [trans. BBC Monitoring Service, International Reports].
3. 'China Actively Participates in UN Peacekeeping Operations', Xinhua News Agency, 20 Jan. 2009 [trans. BBC Monitoring Service, International Reports].
4. Philippe D. Rogers, 'China and United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Africa', (US) Naval War College Review, Vol.60, No.2, 2007, p.75.
5. Allen Carlson, 'Helping to Keep the Peace (Albeit Reluctantly): China's Recent Stance on Sovereignty and Multilateral Intervention', Pacific Affairs, Vol.77, No.1, 2004, pp.9-27.
6. Bates Gill and James Reilly, 'Sovereignty, Intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing', Survival, Vol.42, No.3, 2000, pp.41-59.
7. Bates Gill and Chin-hao Huang, 'China's Expanding Role in Peacekeeping: Prospects and Policy Implications', Policy Paper 25, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Nov. 2009 (at: books. sipri. org/files/PP/SIPRIPP25. pdf).
8. Pang Zhongying, 'China's Changing Attitude to UN Peacekeeping', International Peacekeeping, Vol.12, No.1, 2005, pp.87-104.
9. Stefan Stähle, 'China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations', China Quarterly, Vol.195, 2008, pp.631-55.
10. Yin He, 'China's Changing Policy on UN Peacekeeping Operations', Asia Paper, Institute for Security and Development Policy, July 2007 (at: www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/ 2007/YinHe0409073.pdf).
11. International Crisis Group (ICG), 'China's Growing Role in UN Peacekeeping', Asia Report 166, 17 Apr. 2009 (at: www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id= 6062), pp.12-14.
12. International Crisis Group (ICG), 'China's Growing Role in UN Peacekeeping', Asia Report 166, 17 Apr. 2009 (at: www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id= 6062), pp.12-14.
13. For example, see Marc Lanteigne, China and International Institutions: Alternate Paths to Global Power, London: Routledge, 2005.
14. Alastair Iain Johnston, Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
15. On norm-maker and norm-taker, see Amitav Acharya, 'How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism', International Organization, Vol.58, No.2, 2004, pp.239-75.
16. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'Norms, Institutions and National Identity in Contemporary Europe', International Studies Quarterly, Vol.43, No.1, 1999, pp.83-114.
17. Joshua Cooper Ramo, 'The Beijing Consensus', Foreign Policy Centre, 2004.
18. Stefan Halper, The Beijing Consensus: How China's Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty-First Century, New York: Basic Books, 2010.
19. Pang Zhongying, 'China's Changing Attitude to UN Peacekeeping', International Peacekeeping, Vol.12, No.1, 2005, pp.88-9.
20. International Crisis Group (ICG), 'China's Growing Role in UN Peacekeeping', Asia Report 166, 17 Apr. 2009 (at: www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id= 6062), p.29.
21. 'China Ups Lebanon Force to 1,000', BBC News (at: http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5355128.stm).
22. Interview by Hirono with UN staff, New York, 18 Jan. 2009.
23. 'Chinese Combat Troops "Can Be Part of UN Peacekeeping"', People's Daily (Beijing), 7 July 2010 (at: english. peopledaily. com. cn/90001/90776/90883/7055042. html).
24. Shai Oster, 'China Replaces Haiti Peacekeepers', Wall Street Journal Asia, 25 Jan. 2010, p.8.
25. Chinese source.
26. '15,000 Chinese Soldiers Join UN Peacekeeping Missions in Two Decades', Xinhua News Agency, 30 July 2010 (at: www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-07/30/content_11072464.htm).
27. Shai Oster, 'China Replaces Haiti Peacekeepers, Wall Street Journal Asia, 25 Jan. 2010, p.8.
28. We are grateful to Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt for her comments on this point.
29. International Crisis Group (ICG), 'China's Growing Role in UN Peacekeeping', Asia Report 166, 17 Apr. 2009 (at: www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id= 6062), p.18.
30. Linda Mottram, 'Praise for China's Expanding Peacekeeping Role', ABC Radio (Sydney), 23 Nov. 2009 (at: www.radioaustralia.net.au/asiapac/stories/200911/s2751288.htm).
31. Hu Yumin, 'China Plays Its Peacekeeping Role', China Daily, 29 June 2009 (at: www.chinadaily. com.cn/cndy/2009-06/29/content_8331296.htm).
32. Bonnie S. Glaser and Evan S. Medeiros, 'The Changing Ecology of Foreign Policy-Making in China: The Ascension and Demise of the Theory of "Peaceful Rise"', China Quarterly, Vol.190, 2007, pp.291-310.
33. Shaun Breslin, 'Understanding China's Regional Rise: Interpretations, Identities and Implications', International Affairs, Vol.85, No.4, 2009, p.819.
34. Bates Gill, Chin-hao Huang and Stephen Morrison, 'Assessing China's Growing Role in Africa', China Security, Vol.3, No.3, 2007, pp.3-21.
35. Ren Xiao, 'The International Relations Theoretical Discourse in China: One World, Different Explanations', Journal of Chinese Political Science, No.15, 2009, pp.110-13.
36. Chinese Government, 'China's African Policy', 20 Sep. 2006 (at: www.gov.cn/misc/2006-01/12/ content_156490.htm).
37. On China's identity as a developing country see Nick Knight, 'Thinking about Globalisation, Thinking about Japan: Dichotomies in China's Construction of the Modern World', in Michael Heazle and Nick Knight (eds), China-Japan Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Creating a Future Past?, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2007, pp.54-73.
38. The diplomatic 'package' includes aid, loans and grants, debt relief, personnel training, student scholarship grants for the military, assistance and training in energy development, infrastructure, agriculture and manufacturing, and arms sales. See Joshua Eisenman, 'China's Post-Cold War Strategy in Africa: Examining Beijing's Methods and Objectives', in Joshua Eisenman, Eric Heginbotham and Derek Mitchell (eds), China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-First Century, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2007, p.37.
39. See Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
40. Ian Taylor, China's New Role in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009, pp.1-33.
41. They are, in descending order, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Nigeria, Egypt, Nepal, Ghana, Rwanda, Jordan, Uruguay, Ethiopia, Brazil, Senegal, South Africa and China. UN, 'Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations', 30 June 2010 (at: www.un.org/en/ peacekeeping/contributors/2010/june10_2.pdf).
42. Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 'China's National Defence in 2008', 20 Jan. 2009 (at: www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7060059. htm).
43. Eduard Jordaan, 'The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers', Politikon, Vol.30, No.2, 2003, p.167.
44. See Adam Chapnick, 'The Middle Power', Canadian Foreign Policy, Vol.7 No.2, 1999, pp.73-82.
45. 'Middle Power', David Capie and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2nd edn, 2007, pp.155-8.
46. James Mulvenon, 'Chairman Hu and the PLA's "New Historic Missions"', China Leadership Monitor [Stanford, CA], No.27, pp.1-11.
47. Michael S. Chase and Kristen Gunness, 'The PLA's Multiple Military Tasks: Prioritizing Combat Operations and Developing MOOTW Capabilities', China Brief, Vol.10, No. 2, pp.5-7.
48. Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic, 'China's National Defence in 2008' (at: www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7060059.htm).
49. Andrew Higgins, 'China Showcasing Its Softer Side: Growing Role in U.N. Peacekeeping Signals Desire to Project Image of Benign Power', Washington Post, 2 Dec. 2009 (at: www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/01/AR2009120104060.html).
50. M. Taylor Fravel, 'China's Attitude towards UN Peacekeeping Operations since 1989', Asian Survey, Vol.36, No.11, 1996, pp.1110-15.
51. Stefan Stähle, 'China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations', China Quarterly, Vol.195, 2008, pp.631-55.
52. Examples include the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) (UN doc., S/RES/1509, 19 Sep. 2003), the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (UN Doc., S/RES/1542, 30 Apr. 2004) and the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) (UN Doc., S/RES/1590, 24 Mar. 2005).
53. Stefan Stähle, 'China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations', China Quarterly, Vol.195, 2008, pp.640-2.
54. Stefan Stähle, 'China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations', China Quarterly, Vol.195, 2008, pp.631-55.
55. 'China's Position Paper on UN Reforms', China Daily, 8 Jun. 2005 (at: www.chinadaily.com.cn/ china/2005-06/08/content_536124.htm).
56. Zhang Yan, 'Military Ties to Help China Develop', China Daily, 22 May 2010, p.1.
57. We are grateful to Stefan Wolff for his comments on this point.
58. For example, see Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams, 'The West and Contemporary Peace Operations', Journal of Peace Research, Vol.46, No.1, 2009, pp.39-57.
59. See Ellen L. Frost, 'China's Commercial Diplomacy in Asia: Promise or Threat?', in William W. Keller and Thomas G. Rawski (eds), China's Rise and the Balance of Influence in Asia, Pittsburgh, IL: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007, pp.96-7.
60. On the 'charm offensive', see Joshua Kurlanzick, Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power Is Transforming the World, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
61. 'China's Military Will Not Pose Threat to Other Nations-Ministry', Zhongguo Xinwenshe (Beijing), 31 July 2010 [trans. BBC Monitoring Service, International Report].
62. Interview by Hirono with UN staff, New York, 18 Jan. 2009.