China's shifting attitude towards United Nations peacekeeping operations

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 195, 2008, Pages 631-655

  Stähle, Stefan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; FOREIGN POLICY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATIONAL SECURITY; PEACEKEEPING; UNITED NATIONS;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 51849099444     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741008000805     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. See Alex J. Bellamy, Paul Williams and Stuart Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), p. 26
2. Samuel S. Kim, "China's international organizational behaviour," in Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds.), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 413-14
3. Wang Jianwei, "Managing conflict:CHinese perspectives on multilateral diplomacy and collective security," in Yong Deng and Fei-Ling Wang (eds.), In the Eyes of the Dragon: China Views the World (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), p. 92.
4. See for example Li Yizhong, "Weihe xingdong zhong de zhiduhua queshi wenti jiantan" ("A cursory inquiry of the problem of lacking systematization of UN peacekeeping operations"), Forum of World Economy and Politics, No. 2 (2001), pp. 55-58
5. Xu Weidi, "Yaobai yu panghuang zhong de tansuo: Lianheguo weihe xingdong mianlin de kunnan yu tiaozhan" ("Exploration in vacillation and hesitation: The difficulties and challenges facing UN peacekeeping operations"), World Economics and Politics, No. 5 (2005), pp. 7-13
6. Zhang Jing, "Lianheguo weihe xingdong de lishi yu xianzhuang" ("The history and present state of UN peacekeeping operations"), International Studies, No. 4 (1994), pp. 7-15.
7. For China's role in UN peacekeeping see Jiang Zhenxi, "United Nations peace-keeping operation at the turn of century," International Strategic Studies, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2000), pp. 33-38
8. Jiang Zhenxi, "China's active involvement in UN peacekeeping operations and her propositions," International Strategic Studies, Vol. 69, No. 3 (2003), pp. 63-69
9. Liu Enzhao, Lianheguo weichi heping xingdong (UN Peacekeeping Operations) (Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1999), pp. 251-56.
10. See for example Nie Jun, "Lun lianheguo weihe jizhi de quexian" ("On the flaws of the UN peacekeeping regime"), Journal of Xiangfan University, Vol. 25, No. 6 (2004), pp. 28-32
11. Zhang Lu, "Lun dangdai lianheguo weihe xingdong de yihua: Dui di er dai lianheguo weihe xingdong mianlin wenti de sikao" ("On the differentiation of contemporary UN peacekeeping operations: Pondering about problems facing the second generation of UN peacekeeping operations"), Pacific Journal, No. 2 (2004), pp. 74-75.
12. See Qu Zhiwen and Li Chunzeng, "Lun Zhongguo weihe jingcha peixun yu guoji jiegui de tujing" ("Ways of adapting the training of China's peacekeeping police to international standards"), Journal of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2003), p. 64
13. Zhang Huiyu, "Zhongguo dui lianheguo weihe xingdong de gongxian" ("China's contribution to UN peacekeeping operations"), Journal of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Vol. 20, No. 5 (2004), p. 32
14. Zhao Yu, "Lun Zhongguo minshi jingcha canyu lianheguo weihe xingdong de yiyi" ("On the importance of participating in UN peacekeeping operations for China's civilian police"), Journal of Chinese People's Public Security University, Vol. 109, No. 3 (2004), pp. 149-50.
15. Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 194-241.
16. Byron N. Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," Issues & Studies, Vol. 34, No. 5 (1998), pp. 102-22
17. Yongjin Zhang, "China and UN peacekeeping: From condemnation to participation," International Peacekeeping, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1996), pp. 1-15.
18. Allen Carlson, "Helping to keep the peace (albeit reluctantly): China's recent stance on sovereignty and multilateral intervention," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 1 (2004), pp. 1-27
19. Yuan Jing-dong, "Multilateral intervention and state sovereignty: Chinese views on UN peacekeeping operations," Political Science, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1998), pp. 275-95.
20. Pang Zhongying, "China's changing attitude to UN peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2005), pp. 87-104
21. Tang Yongsheng, "China's participation in UN peacekeeping regime," in Wang Yizhou (ed.), Construction within Contradiction: Multiple Perspective on the Relationship between China and International Organizations (Beijing: China Development Publishing House, 2003), pp. 73-99.
22. M. Taylor Fravel, "China's attitude toward UN peacekeeping operations since 1989," Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 11 (1996), pp. 1102-22.
23. Bates Gill and James Reilly, "Sovereignty, intervention and peacekeeping: The view from Beijing," Survival, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2000), pp. 41-59.
24. Choedon summarizes the findings of Fravel and Gill/Reilly. See Yeshi Choedon, "China's stand on UN peacekeeping operations: Changing priorities of foreign policy," China Report, Vol. 41, No. 1 (2005), pp. 39-57.
25. See for example Yin He, "China's changing policy on UN peacekeeping operations," Asian Paper (2007), http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/2007/ YinHe0409073.pdf, accessed September 2007
26. Gary D. Rawnsley, "May you live in interesting times: China, Japan and peacekeeping," in Rachel E. Utley (ed.), Major Powers and Peacekeeping: Perspectives, Priorities and the Challenges of Military Intervention (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 81-98
27. Drew Thompson, "Beijing's participation in UN peacekeeping operations," Jamestown Foundation China Brief, Vol. 5, No. 11 (2005), pp. 7-10, http://www.jamestown.org/images/pdf/cb_005_011.pdf, accessed September 2007.
28. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, p. 105
29. Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), p. 31.
30. Trevor Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4.
31. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, p. 95.
32. See Trevor Findlay, "The new peacekeeping and the new peacekeepers," in Trevor Findlay (ed.), Challenges for the New Peacekeepers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 12-13
33. John Hillen, Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations, 2nd ed. (Washington: Brassey's, 2000), pp. 22-29
34. Winrich Kühne, "Peace operations and governance: Lessons learned and perspectives," in Thierry Tardy (ed.), Peace Operations after 11 September 2001 (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 102-07
35. John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second generation multinational operations," Washington Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3 (1992), pp. 113-31
36. Steven R. Ratner, The New UN Peacekeeping: Building Peace in Lands of Conflict After the Cold War (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 1-2
37. Oliver P. Richmond, Maintaining Order, Making Peace (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 11-12
38. Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel, "Cascading generations of peacekeeping: Across the Mogadishu Line to Kosovo and Timor," in Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2001), pp. 9-14.
39. See Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, p. 13
40. Paul F. Diehl, Daniel Druckman and James Wall, "International peacekeeping and conflict resolution: A taxonomic analysis with implications," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1998), p. 38.
41. See Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 5-6
42. Diehl, Druckman and Wall, "International peacekeeping and conflict resolution," pp. 39-40
43. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 5-7
44. Marrack Goulding, "The evolution of United Nations peacekeeping," International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 3 (1993), pp. 456-60
45. Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990), pp. 1-8, 14-15.
46. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 95-97, 101.
47. Ibid. pp. 111-12.
48. Ibid. pp. 128-30
49. Hillen, Blue Helmets, pp. 147-48.
50. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 356-58.
51. Donald C. F. Daniel and Bradd C. Hayes, Coercive Inducement and the Containment of International Crises (Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999), pp. 21-24.
52. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 6-7
53. Hillen, Blue Helmets, pp. 29-30.
54. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 165-66, 169.
55. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 47-49.
56. Ibid. pp. 71-81
57. Ratner, The New UN Peacekeeping, pp. 103-05.
58. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 71-73.
59. Findlay, "The new peacekeeping and the new peacekeepers," pp. 2-3, 12-13
60. Thakur and Schnabel, "Cascading generations of peacekeeping," pp. 11-12.
61. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 316-17.
62. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 109-10
63. Daniel and Hayes, Coercive Inducement, pp. 24-25.
64. Daniel and Hayes, Coercive Inducement, p. 25
65. Dominick Donald, "Neutrality, impartiality and UN peacekeeping at the beginning of the 21st century," International Peacekeeping, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2002), pp. 22-23.
66. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 13, 17-19.
67. Since the use of force in self-defence was already implicitly authorized under chapter VI, permitting "all necessary means" under chapter VII seemed superfluous. See Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 8-9.
68. Ibid. pp. 39-44, 211.
69. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, pp. 85-87.
70. Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 326-32
71. Kühne, "Peace operations and governance," pp. 103-04.
72. A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000, paras. 49, 62.
73. A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000, para. 60.
74. See also Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp. 334-35.
75. A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000, para. 61.
76. Ibid. paras. 37-43.
77. Kühne, "Peace operations and governance," pp. 104-05.
78. Ibid. pp. 108-10.
79. Bellamy, Williams and Griffin, Understanding Peacekeeping, p. 211.
80. Yuan Jing-dong, "Multilateral intervention and state sovereignty," p. 276.
81. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order, p. 233
82. Sally Morphet, "China as a permanent member of the Security Council: October 1971-December 1999," Security Dialogue, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2000), p. 158
83. Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," pp. 108-10.
84. See Morphet, "China as a permanent member of the Security Council," pp. 160-61
85. Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," pp. 112-15.
86. Wang Jianwei, "Managing conflict," p. 78.
87. See also Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, p. 129.
88. S/RES/794, 3 December 1992, para. 10; S/RES/814, 26 March 1993, section B, preamble, para. 5.
89. S/PV.3145, 3 December 1992. See also S/PV.3188, 26 March 1993.
90. Fravel, "China's attitude," p. 1113.
91. S/RES/929, 22 June 1994, preamble, paras. 1, 3.
92. S/PV.3392, 22 June 1994. See also Fravel, "China's attitude," p. 1114
93. Yongjin Zhang, "China and UN peacekeeping," p. 11.
94. S/RES/940, 31 July 1994, preamble, paras. 1, 4-5, 8-9.
95. S/PV.3413, 31 July 1994.
96. See S/PV.3496, 30 January 1995; S/PV.3676, 28 June 1996; S/PV.3721, 5 December 1996; S/PV.3806, 30 July 1997; S/PV.3837, 28 November 1997. While China had voted in favour of all successor missions to the UNMission in Haiti, its representative always pointed out that this was only because of the "urgent request" of the Haitian government and the "exceptional case" of Haiti. Wary of the US role in the mission, China did also abstain in the vote when UNMIH took over from the US-led forces in January 1995. See S/RES/975, 30 January 1995, preamble, paras. 2, 5.
97. See Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," p. 117.
98. This important pattern has been overlooked by Fravel. See Fravel, "China's attitude," p. 1111.
99. S/RES/770, 13 August 1992, preamble, para. 2; S/RES/776, 14 September 1992, para. 2; S/RES/781, 9 October 1992, preamble, para. 1; S/RES/816, 31 March 1993, preamble, para. 4. However, China had supported an earlier resolution that did not directly invoke chapter VII but referred to resolution 781, which again referred to resolution 770. See S/RES/ 786, 10 November 1992, preamble, para. 2. But the Chinese delegate emphasized that "the Chinese delegation is not in favour of any use of force on the question of establishing a ban on military flights in the airspace of Bosnia and Herzegovina." See S/PV.3133, 11 November 1992.
100. S/PV.3106, 13 August 1992.
101. See S/PV.3114, 14 September 1992; S/PV.3122, 9 October 1992; S/PV.3191, 31 March 1993.
102. S/RES/836, 4 June 1993, preamble, paras. 5-6; S/RES/871, 4 October 1993, preamble, para. 9; S/RES/908, 31 March 1994, preamble, para. 8. Resolution 863 refers to resolutions 770 and 776.
103. S/PV.3228, 4 June 1993; S/PV.3286, 4 October 1993; S/PV.3356, 31 March 1994.
104. S/PV.3356, 31 March 1994.
105. S/RES/998, 16 June 1995, preamble, paras. 1, 9-10.
106. S/PV.3543, 16 June 1995.
107. S/RES/1031, 15 December 1995, preamble, paras. 14-17, 36.
108. S/PV.3607, 15 December 1995.
109. Ibid.
110. S/RES/1088, 12 December 1996, preamble, paras. 8, 18-21, 27.
111. S/PV.3723, 12 December 1996.
112. In March 1995, the concept of traditional peacekeeping was for the last time propagated by a Chinese diplomat in the UN Security Council. See S/ PV.3512, 31 March 1995.
113. S/RES/1244, 10 June 1999, preamble, paras. 7, 10.
114. S/PV.4043, 11 September 1999.
115. S/RES/1264, 15 September 1999, preamble, para. 3. See also Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, p. 288.
116. S/RES/1272, 25 October 1999, preamble, paras. 1, 4.
117. Gill and Reilly, "Sovereignty, intervention and peacekeeping," p. 48.
118. See also Michael C. Davis, "The reluctant intervener: The UN Security Council, China's worldview, and humanitarian intervention," in Michael C. Davis et al. (eds.), International Intervention in the Post-Cold War World: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 247.
119. S/RES/1270, 22 October 1999, paras. 8, 14.
120. S/PV.4054, 22 October 1999.
121. S/RES/1289, 7 February 2000, para. 10; S/RES/1299, 19 May 2000, para. 1.
122. S/RES/1291, 24 February 2000, preamble, para. 8; S/RES/1509, 19 September 2003, preamble, para. 3 j; S/RES/1528, 27 February 2004, preamble, paras. 6 i, 8; S/RES/1542, 30 April 2004, preamble, para. 7 e, f; S/RES/1545, 21 May 2004, preamble, para. 5; S/RES/1590, 24 March 2005, para. 16 i.
123. S/RES/1464, 4 February 2003, para. 9; S/RES/1497, 1 August 2003, preamble, paras. 1, 5; S/RES/1529, 29 February 2004, preamble, paras. 2, 6.
124. S/RES/1528, 27 February 2004, preamble, paras. 1, 6, 8, 16.
125. S/PV.3492, 18 January 1995.
126. See also Gill and Reilly, "Sovereignty, intervention and peacekeeping," p. 50.
127. The only exception to this regularity was China's abstention in the votes on UNMIK and KFOR, which could not be supported due to Beijing's previous opposition to the intervention in the Kosovo conflict.
128. S/PV.4054, 22 October 1999.
129. S/PV.4057, 25 October 1999.
130. A/C.4/57/SR.13, 27 November 2002, para. 18.
131. A/C.4/58/SR.11, 14 November 2003, para. 31.
132. Ibid. para. 33.
133. S/PV.5041, 22 September 2004.
134. A/C.4/51/SR.15, 18 November 1996, para. 36; A/C.4/52/SR.14, 16 February 1998, para. 60; A/C.4/53/SR.14, 6 January 1999, para. 31; A/C.4/54/ SR.11, 30 November 1999, para. 24; A/C.4/55/SR.20, 5 April 2001, para 29.
135. A/C.4/58/SR.11, 14 November 2003, para. 33.
136. See also A/C.4/59/SR.17, 31 December 2004, para. 24.
137. See A/55/PV.35, 17 October 2000; A/C.4/55/SR.20, 5 April 2001, para. 31.
138. See also Pang Zhongying, "China's changing attitude," p. 82.
139. See Wang Jianwei, "China's multilateral diplomacy in the new millennium," in Yong Deng and Fei-Ling Wang (eds.), China Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), p. 166, 192 (n. 44).
140. S/PV.3449, 4 November 1994; S/PV.3492, 18 January 1995; S/PV.3611, 20 December 1995; A/C.4/52/SR.14, 16 February 1998, para. 64, 66; A/C.4/53/ SR.14, 6 January 1999, para. 35.
141. See S/PV.3473, 30 November 1994; S/PV.3707, 22 October 1996; S/PV.3795, 30 June 1997; S/PV.3842, 18 December 1997; S/PV.3984, 26 February 1999.
142. S/PV.3492, 18 January 1995.
143. A/C.4/51/SR.15, 18 November 1996, para. 37.
144. A/C.4/56/SR.20, 4 December 2001, para. 45.
145. A/C.4/55/SR.20, 5 April 2001, paras. 28-29.
146. S/PV.5261, 14 September 2005.
147. S/PV.5225, 12 July 2005.
148. See also Davis et al., International Intervention, p. 244
149. Gill and Reilly, "Sovereignty, intervention and peacekeeping," pp. 44, 46
150. Samuel S. Kim, "China's path to great power status in the globalization era," Asian Perspective, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2003), p. 70.
151. S/RES/1493, 28 July 2003, preamble, paras. 25-26.
152. S/RES/1706, 31 August 2006, paras. 1, 5-6, 8-9, 12 a.
153. S/PV.5519, 31 August 2006.
154. S/RES/1556, 30 July 2004, preamble, paras. 1-2, 7-8; S/RES/1564, 18 September 2004, preamble, para. 12. See S/PV.5040, 18 September 2004.
155. S/RES/1679, 16 May 2006, paras. 3, 5. See S/PV.5439, 16 May 2006.
156. S/RES/1769, 31 July 2007, preamble, paras. 1, 15.
157. S/PV.5727, 31 July 2007.
158. Pang Zhongying, "China's changing attitude," p. 84
159. Rawnsley, "May you live in interesting times," p. 87
160. Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," p. 122
161. Wang Jianwei, "Managing conflict," pp. 80, 81.
162. See also Chris Alden, "China in Africa," Survival, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2005), pp. 151, 153
163. Ian Taylor, "China's foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s," Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3 (1998), pp. 456-59
164. Ian Taylor, "Taiwan's foreign policy and Africa: The limitations of dollar diplomacy," Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 11, No. 30 (2002), pp. 125-26
165. Drew Thompson, "China's emerging interests in Africa: Opportunities and challenges for Africa and the United States," African Renaissance Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2005), pp. 23-24
166. Thompson, "Beijing's participation in UN peacekeeping operations," p. 8.
167. S/PV.3730, 10 January 1997. See also Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," p. 120
168. Wang Jianwei, "Managing conflict," p. 81.
169. See S/PV.3982, 25 February 1999.
170. In January 1996, China had threatened to use its veto against a further extension of the mandate of the UN Mission in Haiti, but eventually agreed to a final extension while reducing the number of UN peacekeepers from 1,900 to 1,200. See Barbara Crossette, "UN mission to Haiti is reprieved," New York Times, 1 March 1996, p. A8
171. Barbara Crossette, "China takes a slap at Haiti," New York Times 3 March 1996, p. 4/2
172. Tzou, "The PRC's policy toward UN peacekeeping operations," p. 119
173. Wang Jianwei, "Managing conflict," p. 81.
174. "Haiti gets caught up in China-Taiwan standoff," Agence France Presse, 29 May 2005.
175. See for example "China in firm support of UN peacekeeping missions," Beijing Xinhua in English, 13 December 2005, FBIS, 13 December 2005
176. Kenneth Allen, "China's foreign military relations: 2003-2004," Chinese Military Update, Vol. 2, No. 5 (2005), pp. 4, 6
177. Banning Garrett and Jonathan Adams, "US-China cooperation on the problem of failing states and transnational threats," United States Institute of Peace Special Report, No. 126 (2004), http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr126.pdf, accessed September 2007, p. 1
178. Yin He, "China's changing policy on UN peacekeeping operations," pp. 43-55
179. Tang Yongsheng, "China's participation in UN peacekeeping regime," p. 85
180. Thompson, "Beijing's participation in UN peacekeeping operations," p. 8
181. Zhang Huiyu, "China's contribution to UN peacekeeping operations," p. 32.