Alveolar hemorrhage in vasculitis: Primary and secondary

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 310-321

  Cordier, Jean François ^a   Cottin, Vincent ^a  

^a LOUIS PRADEL HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Alveolar hemorrhage; connective tissue disease; drug induced lung disease; vasculitis

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; CARBIMAZOLE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEMOGLOBIN; HYDRALAZINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MYELOPEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; PENICILLAMINE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; PROTEINASE 3 ANTIBODY; RETINOIC ACID; THIAMAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE; DYSPNEA; FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG HEMODYNAMICS; LUNG LAVAGE; MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT HEMORRHAGE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VASCULITIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANEMIA; ANTIBODIES, ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC; ANTITHYROID AGENTS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; BRONCHOSCOPY; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DYSPNEA; HEMOPTYSIS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; PLASMA EXCHANGE; PULMONARY ALVEOLI; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; VASCULITIS;

EID: 79959218199     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279827     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Yousem S A. Immunologic lung disease: immune alveolar hemorrhage and lung allograft rejection. In: Churg A Katzenstein A eds. The Lung: Current Concepts. Philadelphia Williams and Wilkins 1993 93-133
2. Mark E J., Ramirez J F. Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage in patients with systemic vasculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985 109 413-418 (Pubitemid 15052654)
3. Travis W D., Colby T V., Lombard C, Carpenter H A. A clinicopathologic study of 34 cases of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage with lung biopsy confirmation. Am J Surg Pathol 1990 14 1112-1125
4. Golde D W., Drew W L., Klein H Z., Finley T N., Cline M J. Occult pulmonary haemorrhage in leukaemia. BMJ 1975 2 166-168
5. Kahn F W., Jones J M., England D M. Diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in the immunocompromised host. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 136 155-160 (Pubitemid 18026491)
6. De Lassence A, Fleury-Feith J, Escudier E, Beaune J, Bernaudin J F., Cordonnier C. Alveolar hemorrhage: diagnostic criteria and results in 194 immunocompromised hosts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 151 157-163
7. Letulle M. Le poumon. Paris Maloine 1924
8. Grebski E, Hess T, Hold G, Speich R, Russi E. Diagnostic value of hemosiderin-containing macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest 1992 102 1794-1799 (Pubitemid 23001229)
9. Myers J L., Katzenstein A L. Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with massive pulmonary hemorrhage and capillaritis. Am J Surg Pathol 1987 11 895-898 (Pubitemid 18003399)
10. Cordier J F. A lung biopsy is unnecessary in the management of ANCA-positive patients with chest-roentgenographic abnormalities. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1996 13 235-237
11. Myers J L., Katzenstein A L. Microangiitis in lupus-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Am J Clin Pathol 1986 85 (5) 552-556 (Pubitemid 16061121)
12. Hughson M D., He Z, Henegar J, McMurray R. Alveolar hemorrhage and renal microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001 125 475-483
13. Imoto E M., Lombard C M., Sacks D PL. Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage: a clue to the diagnosis of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Chest 1989 96 927-928 (Pubitemid 19256207)
14. Castaner E, Alguersuari A, Gallardo X et al. When to suspect pulmonary vasculitis: radiologic and clinical clues. Radiographics 2010 30 33-53
15. Primack S L., Miller R R., Muller N L. Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage: clinical, pathologic, and imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995 164 295-300
16. Ando Y, Okada F, Matsumoto S, Mori H. Thoracic manifestation of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-related disease. CT findings in 51 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004 28 710-716 (Pubitemid 39195550)
17. Holguin F, Ramadan B, Gal A A., Roman J. Prognostic factors for hospital mortality and ICU admission in patients with ANCA-related pulmonary vasculitis. Am J Med Sci 2008 336 321-326
18. Niles J L., Böttinger E P., Saurina G R. et al. The syndrome of lung hemorrhage and nephritis is usually an ANCA- associated condition. Arch Intern Med 1996 156 440-445
19. Schwarz M I., Zamora M R., Hodges T N., Chan E D., Bowler R P., Tuder R M. Isolated pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in rheumatoid arthritis and mixed connective tissue disease. Chest 1998 113 1609-1615 (Pubitemid 28307167)
20. de Prost P N., Parrot A, Picard C et al. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: factors associated with in-hospital and long-term mortality. Eur Respir J 2010 35 1303-1311
21. Picard C, Cadranel J, Porcher R et al. Alveolar haemorrhage in the immunocompetent host: a scale for early diagnosis of an immune cause. Respiration 2010 80 313-320
22. Rabe C, Appenrodt B, Hoff C et al. Severe respiratory failure due to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: clinical characteristics and outcome of intensive care. J Crit Care 2010 25 230-235
23. Choi H K., Merkel P A., Walker A M., Niles J L. Drug-associated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2000 43 405-413
24. Kudoh Y, Kuroda S, Shimamoto K, Iimura O. Propylthiouracil-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Clin Nephrol 1997 48 41-43 (Pubitemid 27312085)
25. Short A K., Lockwood C M. Antigen specificity in hydralazine associated ANCA positive systemic vasculitis. Q J Med 1995 88 775-783
26. Yazisiz V, Ongt G, Terziolu E, Karayalçin U. Clinical importance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity during propylthiouracil treatment. Int J Clin Pract 2010 64 1 19-24
27. Ye H, Zhao M H., Gao Y, Guo X H., Wang H Y. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies in sera from patients with propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis might recognize restricted epitopes on myeloperoxidase molecule. Clin Exp Immunol 2004 138 1 179-182 (Pubitemid 39279982)
28. Tsai M H., Chang Y L., Wu V C., Chang C C., Huang T S. Methimazole-induced pulmonary hemorrhage associated with antimyeloperoxidase- antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody: a case report. J Formos Med Assoc 2001 100 11 772-775
29. Dobre M, Wish J, Negrea L. Hydralazine-induced ANCA-positive pauci-immune glomerulonephritis: a case report and literature review. Ren Fail 2009 31 8 745-748
30. Marie I, Levesque H, Dominique S et al. Atteintes pulmonaires au cours de la sclérodermie systémique, Partie I: Pneumopathie interstitielle chronique fibrosante. Rev Med Interne 1999 20 1004-1016
31. Dhillon S S., Singh D, Doe N, Qadri A M., Ricciardi S, Schwarz M I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary capillaritis due to propylthiouracil. Chest 1999 116 5 1485-1488 (Pubitemid 29536015)
32. Leelarathna L, Karalliede J, Kosky C, D'cruz D, Carroll P V. Pulmonary haemorrhage and vasculitis in Grave's disease. Breathe 2009 6 169-174
33. Katayama K, Hata C, Kagawa K et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody induced by propylthiouracil therapy. Respiration 2002 69 5 473
34. Romas E, Henderson D R., Kirkham B W. Propylthiouracil therapy: an unusual cause of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated alveolar hemorrhage. J Rheumatol 1995 22 4 803
35. Ohtsuka M, Yamashita Y, Doi M, Hasegawa S. Propylthiouracil-induced alveolar haemorrhage associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Eur Respir J 1997 10 6 1405-1407 (Pubitemid 27278267)
36. Stankus S J., Johnson N T. Propylthiouracil-induced hypersensitivity vasculitis presenting as respiratory failure. Chest 1992 102 5 1595-1596
37. D'Cruz D, Chesser A M., Lightowler C et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with anti-thyroid drug treatment. Br J Rheumatol 1995 34 11 1090-1091 (Pubitemid 26013515)
38. Calañas-Continente A, Espinosa M, Manzano-García G, Santamaría R, Lopez-Rubio F, Aljama P. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage associated with carbimazole therapy. Thyroid 2005 15 3 286-288 (Pubitemid 40418696)
39. Thong H Y., Chu C Y., Chiu H C. Methimazole-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and lupus-like syndrome with a cutaneous feature of vesiculo-bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol 2002 82 3 206-208
40. Jennette J C., Falk R J. Pathogenesis of the vascular and glomerular damage in ANCA-positive vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998 13 suppl 1 16-20 (Pubitemid 28059574)
41. Nicolls M R., Terada L S., Tuder R M., Prindiville S A., Schwarz M I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with underlying pulmonary capillaritis in the retinoic acid syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 158 4 1302-1305 (Pubitemid 28489037)
42. Savage C O., Winearls C G., Evans D J., Rees A J., Lockwood C M. Microscopic polyarteritis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. Q J Med 1985 56 220 467-483 (Pubitemid 16221674)
43. Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999 42 3 421-430 (Pubitemid 29136088)
44. Haworth S J., Savage C O., Carr D, Hughes J M., Rees A J. Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 290 6484 1775-1778 (Pubitemid 15059207)
45. Takahashi K, Hayashi S, Ushiyama O, Sueoka N, Fukuoka M, Nagasawa K. Development of microscopic polyangiitis in patients with chronic airway disease. Lung 2005 183 4 273-281 (Pubitemid 41428099)
46. Adu D, Howie A J., Scott D GI, Bacon P A., McGonigle R JS, Micheal J. Polyarteritis and the kidney. Q J Med 1987 62 239 221-237 (Pubitemid 17073554)
47. Nachman P H., Hogan S L., Jennette J C., Falk R J. Treatment response and relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 7 1 33-39 (Pubitemid 26067089)
48. Hogan S L., Nachman P H., Wilkman A S., Jennette J C., Falk R J. Prognostic markers in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated microscopic polyangiitis and glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996 7 1 23-32 (Pubitemid 26067088)
49. Casian A L., Berden A, Jayne D RW. Alveolar haemorrhage in ANCA associated vasculitis: a retrospective analysis from the European Vasculitis Study Group. NDT Plus 2010 3 suppl 3 278
50. Villiger P M., Guillevin L. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical presentation. Autoimmun Rev 2010 9 (12) 812-819
51. Chen M, Zhao M H. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage in patients with end-stage renal disease in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Am J Med Sci 2009 337 6 411-414
52. Lauque D, Cadranel J, Lazor R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage: a study of 29 cases and review of the literature. Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines Pulmonaires (GERMOP). Medicine (Baltimore) 2000 79 4 222-233
53. Doebbeling B N., Bonsib S M., Walker W P. Pulmonary-renal syndrome with triad involvement due to small vessel vasculitis. J Rheumatol 1990 17 8 1087-1090 (Pubitemid 20278029)
54. Schwarz M I., Mortenson R L., Colby T V. et al. Pulmonary capillaritis: the association with progressive irreversible airflow limitation and hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993 148 2 507-511 (Pubitemid 23221602)
55. Brugiere O, Raffy O, Sleiman C et al. Progressive obstructive lung disease associated with microscopic polyangiitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 155 2 739-742 (Pubitemid 27085828)
56. Hoffman G S., Kerr G S., Leavitt R Y. et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992 116 6 488-498
57. Cordier J F., Valeyre D, Guillevin L, Loire R, Brechot J M. Pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis: a clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990 97 4 906-912 (Pubitemid 20132316)
58. Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U et al. An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2000 43 5 1021-1032 (Pubitemid 30368179)
59. Lenclud C, De Vuyst P, Dupont E, Depierreux M, Ketelbant P, Goldman M. Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as acute respiratory failure with anti-neutrophil-cytoplasm antibodies. Chest 1989 96 2 345-347 (Pubitemid 19199548)
60. Sanchez-Masiques J, Ettensohn D B. Alveolar hemorrhage in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Med Sci 1989 297 6 390-393
61. Travis W D., Carpenter H A., Lie J T. Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage: an uncommon manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1987 11 9 702-708 (Pubitemid 17148469)
62. Stokes T C., McCann B G., Rees R T., Sims E H., Harrison B DW. Acute fulminating intrapulmonary haemorrhage in Wegener's granulomatosis. Thorax 1982 37 4 315-316 (Pubitemid 12108489)
63. Kjellstrand C M., Simmons R L., Uranga V M., Buselmeier T J., Najarian J S. Acute fulminant Wegener granulomatosis: therapy with immunosuppression, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation. Arch Intern Med 1974 134 1 40-43
64. Esposito S, Corona F, Defilippi A et al. Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with life-threatening lung hemorrhage in a 7-year-old child. Rheumatol Int 2010 30 12 1665-1668
65. Lorini R, Alibrandi A, Ravelli A, d'Annunzio G, Castelnuovo P, Martini A. Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage in a boy with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999 22 9 1591-1592 (Pubitemid 29418266)
66. Bosch X, López-Soto A, Mirapeix E, Font J, Ingelmo M, Urbano-Márquez A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated alveolar capillaritis in patients presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 118 5 517-522 (Pubitemid 24176829)
67. Hensley M J., Feldman N T., Lazarus J M., Galvanek E G. Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage and rapidly progressive renal failure: an uncommon presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Med 1979 66 5 894-898 (Pubitemid 9189352)
68. Bosch X. Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis) with late emergence of generalised Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999 58 10 644-647 (Pubitemid 29468034)
69. Lara A R., Schwarz M I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Chest 2010 137 5 1164-1171
70. Jennings C A., King T E. Jr, Tuder R, Cherniack R M., Schwarz M I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with underlying isolated, pauciimmune pulmonary capillaritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 155 3 1101-1109 (Pubitemid 27133431)
71. Seo P. Cases from the medical grand rounds of the Osler Medical Service at Johns Hopkins University. Am J Med 2002 112 9 730-732 (Pubitemid 34655663)
72. Bosch X, Font J, Mirapeix E, Revert L, Ingelmo M, Urbano-Márquez A. Antimyeloperoxidase autoantibody-associated necrotizing alveolar capillaritis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 146 5 Pt 1 1326-1329
73. Barker R A., Knowles G K., Sheppard M N. Breathlessness and profuse haemoptysis. Lancet 1998 351 9096 108 (Pubitemid 28026638)
74. Benson A, Schwarz M. A 26-year-old woman with recurrent hemoptysis and a sleep disturbance. Chest 2008 134 6 1325-1331
75. Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. Churg-Strauss syndrome: evidence for disease subtypes? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010 22 1 21-28
76. Katzenstein A L. Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung: a review. Am J Clin Pathol 2000 114 5 767-772
77. Churg A. Recent advances in the diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Mod Pathol 2001 14 12 1284-1293 (Pubitemid 33151172)
78. Sinico R A., Di Toma L, Maggiore U et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2005 52 9 2926-2935 (Pubitemid 41369124)
79. Sinico R A., Di Toma L, Maggiore U et al. Renal involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2006 47 5 770-779
80. Vaglio A, Martorana D, Maggiore U et al, Secondary and Primary Vasculitis Study Group. HLA-DRB4 as a genetic risk factor for Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2007 56 9 3159-3166 (Pubitemid 47502764)
81. Sablé-Fourtassou R, Cohen P, Mahr A et al, French Vasculitis Study Group. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2005 143 9 632-638 (Pubitemid 41552527)
82. Keogh K A., Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003 115 4 284-290 (Pubitemid 37088190)
83. Solans R, Bosch J A., Pérez-Bocanegra C et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001 40 7 763-771
84. Della Rossa A, Baldini C, Tavoni A et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical and serological features of 19 patients from a single Italian centre. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 41 11 1286-1294 (Pubitemid 35363804)
85. Clutterbuck E J., Pusey C D. Severe alveolar haemorrhage in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Eur J Respir Dis 1987 71 3 158-163 (Pubitemid 17155851)
86. Cileda A, Deniz H, Eleda S et al. An aggressive and lethal course of Churg-Strauss syndrome with alveolar hemorrhage, intestinal perforation, cardiac failure and peripheral neuropathy. Rheumatol Int 2009 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
87. Sugino K, Kikuchi N, Muramatsu Y et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome presenting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Intern Med 2009 48 20 1807-1811
88. Takigawa N, Kawata N, Shibayama T et al. Successful treatment of a patient with severe Churg-Strauss syndrome by a combination of pulse corticosteroids, pulse cyclophosphamide, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. J Asthma 2005 42 8 639-641 (Pubitemid 41609529)
89. Olson J C., Kelly K J., Pan C G., Wortmann D W. Pulmonary disease with hemorrhage in Henoch-Schöenlein purpura. Pediatrics 1992 89 6 Pt 2 1177-1181
90. Vats K R., Vats A, Kim Y, Dassenko D, Sinaiko A R. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pulmonary hemorrhage: a report and literature review. Pediatr Nephrol 1999 13 6 530-534 (Pubitemid 29348711)
91. Markus H S., Clark J V. Pulmonary haemorrhage in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Thorax 1989 44 6 525-526
92. Shichiri M, Tsutsumi K, Yamamoto I, Ida T, Iwamoto H. Diffuse intrapulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure in adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Am J Nephrol 1987 7 2 140-142 (Pubitemid 17094648)
93. Kathuria S, Cheifec G. Fatal pulmonary Henöch-Schonlein syndrome. Chest 1982 82 5 654-656
94. Yokose T, Aida J, Ito Y, Ogura M, Nakagawa S, Nagai T. A case of pulmonary hemorrhage in Henoch-Schönlein purpura accompanied by polyarteritis nodosa in an elderly man. Respiration 1993 60 5 307-310 (Pubitemid 23332472)
95. Barile L A., Jara L J., Medina-Rodriguez F, García-Figueroa J L., Miranda-Limón J M. Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1997 6 5 445-448 (Pubitemid 27395382)
96. Schwab E P., Schumacher H R. Jr, Freundlich B, Callegari P E. Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993 23 1 8-15 (Pubitemid 23270889)
97. Zamora M R., Warner M L., Tuder R, Schwarz M I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentation, histology, survival, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997 76 3 192-202 (Pubitemid 27255822)
98. Santos-Ocampo A S., Mandell B F., Fessler B J. Alveolar hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus: presentation and management. Chest 2000 118 4 1083-1090
99. Miller L R., Greenberg S D., McLarty J W. Lupus lung. Chest 1985 88 2 265-269 (Pubitemid 15004998)
100. Eagen J W., Memoli V A., Roberts J L., Matthew G R., Schwartz M M., Lewis E J. Pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978 57 6 545-560 (Pubitemid 9024034)
101. Verzegnassi F, Marchetti F, Zennaro F, Saccari A, Ventura A, Lepore L. Prompt efficacy of plasmapheresis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010 28 3 445-446
102. Gertner E. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in the antiphospholipid syndrome: spectrum of disease and treatment. J Rheumatol 1999 26 4 805-807 (Pubitemid 29195666)
103. Gertner E, Lie J T. Pulmonary capillaritis, alveolar hemorrhage, and recurrent microvascular thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993 20 7 1224-1228 (Pubitemid 23278183)
104. Naniwa T, Banno S, Sugiura Y et al. Pulmonary-renal syndrome in systemic sclerosis: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Mod Rheumatol 2007 17 1 37-44 (Pubitemid 46758768)
105. Griffin M T., Robb J D., Martin J R. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Thorax 1990 45 11 903-904 (Pubitemid 20386963)
106. Bar J, Ehrenfeld M, Rozenman J, Perelman M, Sidi Y, Gur H. Pulmonary-renal syndrome in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001 30 6 403-410 (Pubitemid 32565326)
107. Vázquez-Del Mercado M, Mendoza-Topete A, Best-Aguilera C R., Garcia-De La Torre I. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis with positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. J Rheumatol 1996 23 10 1821-1823 (Pubitemid 26342462)
108. Endo H, Hosono T, Kondo H. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in 6 patients with renal failure and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1994 21 5 864-870 (Pubitemid 24168670)
109. Casari S, Haeney M, Farrand S, Herrick A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies a red flag in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2002 29 12 2666-2667 (Pubitemid 35416986)
110. Wutzl A L., Foley R N., O'Driscoll B R., Reeve R S., Chisholm R, Herrick A L. Microscopic polyangiitis presenting as pulmonary-renal syndrome in a patient with long-standing diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis and antibodies to myeloperoxidase. Arthritis Rheum 2001 45 6 533-536 (Pubitemid 33140589)
111. Schwarz M I., Sutarik J M., Nick J A., Leff J A., Emlen J W., Tuder R M. Pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a primary manifestation of polymyositis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 151 6 2037-2040
112. Genta M S., Genta R M., Gabay C. Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: a review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006 36 2 88-98 (Pubitemid 44470788)
113. Verburgh C A., Bruijn J A., Daha M R., van Es L A. Sequential development of anti-GBM nephritis and ANCA-associated Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999 34 2 344-348 (Pubitemid 29362103)
114. Beechler C R., Enquist R W., Hunt K K., Ward G W., Knieser M R. Immunofluorescence of transbronchial biopsies in Goodpasture's syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980 121 5 869-872 (Pubitemid 10096720)
115. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: case 521993: a 17-year-old girl with massive hemoptysis and acute oliguric renal failure. N Engl J Med 1993 329 2019-2026
116. García-Rostan y Pérez G M., García Bragado F, Puras Gil A M. Pulmonary hemorrhage and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis after exposure to smoked cocaine (crack): a case report and review of the literature. Pathol Int 1997 47 10 692-697 (Pubitemid 27460758)
117. Lazor R, Bigay-Gamé L, Cottin V et al, Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines Pulmonaires (GERMOP) Swiss Group for Interstitial and Orphan Lung Diseases (SIOLD). Alveolar hemorrhage in anti-basement membrane antibody disease: a series of 28 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007 86 3 181-193 (Pubitemid 46787972)
118. Lombard C M., Colby T V., Elliott C G. Surgical pathology of the lung in anti-basement membrane antibody-associated Goodpasture's syndrome. Hum Pathol 1989 20 5 445-451 (Pubitemid 19134348)
119. Lai F M., Li E K., Suen M W., Lui S F., Li P K., Lai K N. Pulmonary hemorrhage: a fatal manifestation in IgA nephropathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 118 5 542-546 (Pubitemid 24176833)
120. Badesch D B., Zamora M, Fullerton D et al. Pulmonary capillaritis: a possible histologic form of acute pulmonary allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998 17 4 415-422 (Pubitemid 28196961)
121. Magro C M., Klinger D M., Adams P W. et al. Evidence that humoral allograft rejection in lung transplant patients is not histocompatibility antigen-related. Am J Transplant 2003 3 10 1264-1272 (Pubitemid 37214623)
122. Magro C M., Deng A, Pope-Harman A et al. Humorally mediated posttransplantation septal capillary injury syndrome as a common form of pulmonary allograft rejection: a hypothesis. Transplantation 2002 74 9 1273-1280 (Pubitemid 35402597)
123. Gómez-Tello V, Oñoro-Cañaveral J J., de la Casa Monje R M. et al. Diffuse recidivant alveolar hemorrhage in a patient with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Intensive Care Med 1999 25 3 319-322 (Pubitemid 29137620)
124. Kramer J, Hennig H, Lensing C et al. Multi-organ affecting CMV-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Clin Nephrol 2006 66 4 284-290 (Pubitemid 44541216)
125. Khan S A., Subla M R., Behl D, Specks U, Afessa B. Outcome of patients with small-vessel vasculitis admitted to a medical ICU. Chest 2007 131 4 972-976 (Pubitemid 46608694)
126. Seror R, Pagnoux C, Ruivard M et al, French Vasculitis Study Group. Treatment strategies and outcome of induction-refractory Wegener's granulomatosis or microscopic polyangiitis: analysis of 32 patients with first-line induction-refractory disease in the WEGENT trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 69 12 2125-2130
127. Casian A, Jayne D. Plasma exchange in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and renal limited vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011 23 1 12-17
128. Gómez-Puerta J A., Hernández-Rodríguez J, López-Soto A, Bosch X. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and respiratory disease. Chest 2009 136 4 1101-1111
129. Betensley A D., Yankaskas J R. Factor VIIA for alveolar hemorrhage in microscopic polyangiitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 166 9 1291-1292 (Pubitemid 35222610)