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Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 437-466

McDonald V. Chicago: Which standard of scrutiny should apply to gun control laws?

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EID: 79958775227     PISSN: 00293571     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (329)
  • 1
    • 79958775611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. 570 (2008).
    • (2008) , pp. 570
  • 2
    • 79958782709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • Id. at 625.
    • (2008) , pp. 625
  • 3
    • 79958798714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • Id. at 628-635.
    • (2008) , pp. 628-635
  • 4
    • 79958780105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct
    • 130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
    • (2010) , pp. 3020
  • 5
    • 79958784868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, (plurality opinion) (relying on the Due Process Clause)
    • Id. at 3050 (plurality opinion) (relying on the Due Process Clause).
    • (2010) , pp. 3050
  • 6
    • 79958789061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (relying on the Privileges or Immunities Clause)
    • id. at 3077-88 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (relying on the Privileges or Immunities Clause).
    • (2010) , pp. 3077-3088
  • 7
    • 70349789414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Second Amendment, So Far
    • For the source of the metaphor, (reviewing DAVID C. WILLIAMS, THE MYTHIC MEANINGS OF THE SECOND AMENDMENT: TAMING POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC (2003
    • For the source of the metaphor. Stuart Banner, The Second Amendment, So Far, 117 HARV. L. REV. 898, 907-908 (2004) (reviewing DAVID C. WILLIAMS, THE MYTHIC MEANINGS OF THE SECOND AMENDMENT: TAMING POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC (2003)).
    • (2004) HARV. L. REV , vol.117 , Issue.898 , pp. 907-908
    • Banner, S.1
  • 8
    • 78650578816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
    • Eugene Volokh, Implementing the Right to Keep and Bear Arms for Self-defense: An Analytical Framework and a Research Agenda, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1443, 1465-1468 (2009).
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1443 , pp. 1465-1468
    • Volokh, E.1
  • 9
    • 79958830848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a helpful discussion of the difficulties in assembling empirical evidence of the efficacy of gun control laws.
  • 11
    • 79958789060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 628-30.
  • 12
    • 79958832179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • Id. at 628 n.27.
    • , Issue.27 , pp. 628
  • 13
    • 79958828074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • Id. at 634-35.
  • 14
    • 79958822850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, (plurality opinion)
    • McDonald V. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3048 (2010) (plurality opinion).
    • (2010) , pp. 3020
    • McDonald, V.1
  • 15
    • 79958818660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Thomas's separate opinion suggests this symmetry as well.
  • 16
    • 79958808343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment), although he left open the question whether non citizens may assert Second Amendment rights against state and local governments
    • id. at 3083 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment), although he left open the question whether non citizens may assert Second Amendment rights against state and local governments.
  • 17
    • 79958823333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To be sure, a majority characterized the right to keep and bear arms as "fundamental,"
    • id. at 3084 n.19. To be sure, a majority characterized the right to keep and bear arms as "fundamental,"
    • , Issue.19 , pp. 3084
  • 18
    • 79958841173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • opinion of the Court), and there is authority suggesting that burdens on rights regarded as fundamental should be subject to strict scrutiny
    • id. at 3041-42 (opinion of the Court), and there is authority suggesting that burdens on rights regarded as fundamental should be subject to strict scrutiny.
    • , Issue.19 , pp. 3041-3042
  • 19
    • 79958841172 scopus 로고
    • 405 U.S
    • Dunn V. Blumstein, 405 U.S. 330, 336 (1972).
    • (1972) , pp. 330
    • Blumstein, D.V.1
  • 21
    • 33846859753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrutinizing the second amendment
    • Adam Winkler, Scrutinizing the Second Amendment, 105 MICH. L. REV. 683, 696-700 (2007).
    • (2007) MICH. L. REV , vol.105 , Issue.683 , pp. 696-700
    • Winkler, A.1
  • 22
    • 79958821526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • More important for present purposes, we will see that the Second Amendment contains a textual basis for regulatory authority that makes strict scrutiny unwarranted.
  • 23
    • 79958778895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See infra Part I.B.
  • 24
    • 79251602885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Ivan E. Bodensteiner, Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review, 41 U. TOL. L. REV. 43, 66-71 (2009) (enhanced rational basis review).
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 66-71
    • Bodensteiner, I.E.1
  • 25
    • 70349836011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four exceptions in search of a theory: District of Columbia V. Heller and judicial ipse Dixit
    • something less than strict scrutiny
    • Carlton F.W. Larson, Four Exceptions in Search of a Theory: District of Columbia v. Heller and Judicial Ipse Dixit, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1371, 1379-80 (2009) (something less than strict scrutiny).
    • (2009) HASTINGS L.J , vol.60 , pp. 1379-1380
    • Larson, C.F.W.1
  • 26
    • 70349820765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second amendment decision rules
    • regulation must be proved by clear and convincing evidence to advance a compelling governmental interest
    • Calvin Massey, Second Amendment Decision Rules, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1431, 1442-43 (2009) (regulation must be proved by clear and convincing evidence to advance a compelling governmental interest).
    • (2009) HASTINGS L.J , vol.60 , Issue.1431 , pp. 1442-1443
    • Massey, C.1
  • 27
    • 70349838499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second amendment plumbing after Heller: Of standards of scrutiny, incorporation, well-regulated militias, and criminal street gangs
    • (undue burden test)
    • Lawrence Rosenthal, Second Amendment Plumbing After Heller: Of Standards of Scrutiny, Incorporation, Well-Regulated Militias, and Criminal Street Gangs, 41 URB. LAW. 1, 79-84 (2009) (undue burden test).
    • (2009) URB. LAW , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-84
    • Rosenthal, L.1
  • 28
    • 79958846951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting gun rights and improving gun control after District of Columbia V. Heller
    • (reasonableness test)
    • Allen Rostron, Protecting Gun Rights and Improving Gun Control After District of Columbia v. Heller, 13 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 383, 407-08 (2009) (reasonableness test).
    • (2009) LEWIS & CLARK L. REV , vol.13 , Issue.383 , pp. 407-408
    • Rostron, A.1
  • 29
    • 79958812991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller and the perils of compromise
    • strict scrutiny
    • Mark Tushnet, District of Columbia v. Heller and the Perils of Compromise, 13 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 419, 423-32 (2009) (strict scrutiny).
    • (2009) LEWIS & CLARK L. REV , vol.13 , Issue.419 , pp. 423-432
    • Tushnet, M.1
  • 30
    • 78650578816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
    • regulations imposing a substantial burden on Second Amendment rights should be evaluated by assessing the "magnitude of the burden" in light of its justification
    • Volokh, supra note 7, at 1454-61 (regulations imposing a substantial burden on Second Amendment rights should be evaluated by assessing the "magnitude of the burden" in light of its justification).
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1443 , pp. 1454-1461
    • Volokh1
  • 31
    • 67650562002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second amendment standards of review: What the supreme court left unanswered in District of Columbia V. Heller
    • intermediate scrutiny
    • Jason T. Anderson, Note, Second Amendment Standards of Review: What the Supreme Court Left Unanswered in District of Columbia v. Heller, 82 S. CAL. L REV. 547, 577-87 (2009) (intermediate scrutiny).
    • (2009) S. CAL. L REV , vol.82 , Issue.547 , pp. 577-587
    • Anderson, J.T.1
  • 32
    • 84878579013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An opinion without standards: The supreme court's refusal to adopt a standard of constitutional review in District of Columbia v. Heller will likely cause headaches for future judicial review of gun-control regulations
    • (same)
    • Ryan L. Card, Note, An Opinion Without Standards: The Supreme Court's Refusal to Adopt a Standard of Constitutional Review in District of Columbia v. Heller Will Likely Cause Headaches for Future Judicial Review of Gun-Control Regulations, 23 BYU J. PUB. L. 259, 286-87 (2009) (same).
    • (2009) BYU J. PUB. L , vol.23 , pp. 286-287
    • Card, R.L.1
  • 33
    • 79958855548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller: Failing to establish a standard for the future
    • note, strict scrutiny
    • Lindsay Goldberg, Note, District of Columbia v. Heller: Failing to Establish a Standard for the Future, 68 MD. L.REV. 889, 904-13 (2009) (strict scrutiny).
    • (2009) MD. L.REV , vol.68 , Issue.889 , pp. 904-913
    • Goldberg, L.1
  • 34
    • 72749118314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment, the hidden second amendment framework within District of Columbia v. Heller
    • a "deferential form of strict scrutiny"
    • Andrew R. Gould, Comment, The Hidden Second Amendment Framework Within District of Columbia v. Heller, 62 VAND. L.REV. 1535, 1570-73 (2009) (a "deferential form of strict scrutiny");
    • (2009) VAND. L.REV , Issue.1535 , pp. 1570-1573
    • Gould, A.R.1
  • 35
    • 79958833907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller: The second amendment shoots one down
    • intermediate scrutiny
    • Sarah Perkins, Note, District of Columbia v. Heller: The Second Amendment Shoots One Down, 70 LA. L REV. 1061, 1079-90 (2010) (intermediate scrutiny).
    • (2010) LA. L REV , vol.70 , Issue.1061 , pp. 1079-1090
    • Perkins, S.1
  • 36
    • 79958828072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What the Hell[er]? The fine print standard of review under Heller
    • undue burden
    • Jason Racine, Note, What the Hell[er]? The Fine Print Standard of Review Under Heller, 29 N. ILL. U. L. REV. 605, 617-20 (2009) (undue burden).
    • (2009) N. ILL. U. L. REV , vol.29 , Issue.605 , pp. 617-620
    • Racine, J.1
  • 37
    • 79958822849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a recent decision usefully summarizing the disarray in the lower courts
  • 38
    • 79958789059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, F. Supp. 2d, D.D.C
    • Heller V. District of Columbia, 698 F. Supp. 2d 179, 184-86 (D.D.C. 2010).
    • (2010) , vol.698 , Issue.179 , pp. 184-186
    • Heller, V.1
  • 39
    • 79958854834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • At the appellate level, there has been something of a trend toward a form of intermediate scrutiny requiring that the challenged regulation be substantially related to an important governmental objective.
  • 40
    • 79958783633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., United States, F.3d, 4th Cir
    • See, e.g., United States v. Chester, 628 F.3d 673, 682-83 (4th Cir. 2010).
    • (2010) , vol.628 , Issue.673 , pp. 682-683
    • Chester, V.1
  • 41
    • 79958824697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, F.3d, 10th Cir
    • United States V. Reese, 627 F.3d 792, 800-04 (10th Cir. 2010).
    • (2010) , vol.627 , Issue.792 , pp. 800-804
    • Reese, V.1
  • 42
    • 79958784867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, F.3d, 7th Cir, en banc
    • United States V. Skoien, 614 F.3d 638, 641-42 (7th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
    • (2010) , vol.614 , Issue.638 , pp. 641-642
    • Skoien, V.1
  • 43
    • 79958828073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, F.3d, 3d Cir
    • United States V. Marzzarella, 614 F.3d 85, 95-98 (3d Cir. 2010).
    • (2010) , vol.614 , Issue.85 , pp. 95-98
    • Marzzarella, V.1
  • 44
    • 79958808342 scopus 로고
    • U.S. CONST. amend. II. 15 554 U.S. at, (citation omitted) (quoting United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716, 731
    • U.S. CONST. amend. II. 15 554 U.S. at 576-77 (citation omitted) (quoting United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716, 731 (1931)).
    • (1931) , pp. 576-577
  • 45
    • 79958806723 scopus 로고
    • quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
    • Id. at 627 (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)).
    • (1939) , pp. 627
  • 46
    • 79958840358 scopus 로고
    • quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
    • Id. at 582.
    • (1939) , pp. 582
  • 47
    • 79958837814 scopus 로고
    • quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
    • Id. at 584.
    • (1939) , pp. 584
  • 50
    • 60950488599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century
    • David B. Kopel, The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century, 1998 BYU L. REV. 1359, 1404-09.
    • (1998) BYU L. REV , vol.1359 , pp. 1404-1409
    • Kopel, D.B.1
  • 51
    • 79958853530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 626.
  • 52
    • 79958781406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • Id. at 612-13.
  • 53
    • 78650578816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
    • Volokh, supra note 7, at 1516-20.
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1443 , pp. 1516-1520
    • Volokh1
  • 54
    • 78650578816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
    • id. at 1521-24.
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1443 , pp. 1521-1524
    • Volokh1
  • 55
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 45-47.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 45-47
    • Rosenthal1
  • 56
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 7-15.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 7-15
    • Rosenthal1
  • 57
    • 79958833908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 592.
  • 58
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 15-20.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 15-20
    • Rosenthal1
  • 59
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 30-35.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 30-35
  • 60
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 37-44.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 37-44
  • 61
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 45-48.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 45-48
  • 62
    • 79958799978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One article questions this conclusion, speculating that police would respond to a constitutional right to carry firearms by utilizing alternate grounds for stop-and-frisk, "such as suspicion of drug crimes or even curfew violations" or relying on an "officer safety justification."
  • 63
    • 72749086714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gun control after Heller: Threats and sideshows from a social welfare perspective
    • Philip J. Cook, Jens Ludwig & Adam M. Samaha, Gun Control After Heller: Threats and Sideshows from a Social Welfare Perspective, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1041, 1080 n.214 (2009).
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.214
    • Cook, P.J.1    Ludwig, J.2    Samaha, A.M.3
  • 64
    • 79958835422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This speculation rests on an assumption that there is some sort of equilibrium of reasonable suspicion such that if one basis for suspicion becomes unavailable to officers, they can always shift to another. The authors offer no support for this as sumption, however, and there is little basis to suppose that when one justification for stop-and-frisk is eliminated, police can always come up with another. Given that police in departments committed to aggressive stop-and-frisk practices already have an incentive to maximize stop-and-frisk rates, it is doubtful that a reduction in stop-and-frisk authority of one type will be offset by increasing stop-and-frisk authority on other grounds.
  • 65
    • 79958809600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The available data, moreover, show that weapons searches are an especially important source of stop-and-frisk authority for departments that use stop-and-frisk tactics aggressively. For example, in New York, in an eighteen-month period studied by the Attorney General during the crime-decline period, stop-and-frisks reflected in mandated reports based on suspected weapons offenses made up 44.6% of all stops, while suspected drug offenses were involved in 8.4% and misdemeanor/quality of life offenses were involved in 7.7%.
  • 66
    • 79958821525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GEN. OF THE STATE OF N.Y., THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT'S "STOP AND FRISK" PRACTICES app. tbl.I.A.5, available at
    • CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GEN. OF THE STATE OF N.Y., THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT'S "STOP AND FRISK" PRACTICES app. tbl.I.A.5 (1999), available at http://books.google.com/books?id=fGJTRZgvUBoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0.
    • (1999)
  • 67
    • 79958861959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Reports are mandated "when a suspect is (i) 'stopped' by the use of force; (ii) frisked (i.e., patdown) and/or 'searched' (i.e., searched inside clothing); (iii) arrested; or (iv) 'stopped' and the suspect refused to identify him or herself."
  • 68
    • 79958823332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • emphasis omitted, footnote omitted
    • Id. at 63-64 (emphasis omitted) (footnote omitted).
  • 69
    • 79958789058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For all reports, even if not mandated, 19.2% are based on suspicion of violent crime, 34.0% are based on weapons offenses, 15.8% are based on property crime, 8.7% are based on drug offenses, and 10.2% are based on misdemeanor/quality of life offenses.
  • 70
    • 79958854832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tbl.I.A.5
    • Id. at 109-10 & tbl.I.A.5.
  • 71
    • 79958791583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Moreover, there is no free-floating authority consistent with the Fourth Amendment to stop and frisk an individual based on "officer safety" absent reasonable suspicion that the suspect is engaged in unlawful activity. The rule permitting a stop-and-frisk based on reasonable suspicion permits an officer to approach a suspect "for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior."
  • 72
    • 79958816633 scopus 로고
    • U.S, This requirement is fully applicable to stop-and-frisks involving suspected firearms
    • Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,22 (1968). This requirement is fully applicable to stop-and-frisks involving suspected firearms.
    • (1968) , vol.392 , Issue.1 , pp. 22
    • Ohio, T.V.1
  • 73
    • 84894796772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g, J.L, ("Our decisions recognize the serious threat that armed criminals pose to public safety; Terry's rule, which permits protective police searches on the basis of reasonable suspicion rather than demanding that officers meet the higher standard of probable cause, responds to this very concern. But an automatic firearm exception to our established reliability analysis would rove too far." (citation omitted)). Thus, Terry requires suspicion of illegality; it follows that when applicable law does not ban carrying a firearm, the Fourth Amendment does not permit a stopand-frisk for firearms because there is no reason to believe that the suspect violated any law
    • See, e.g., Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 272 (2000) ("Our decisions recognize the serious threat that armed criminals pose to public safety; Terry's rule, which permits protective police searches on the basis of reasonable suspicion rather than demanding that officers meet the higher standard of probable cause, responds to this very concern. But an automatic firearm exception to our established reliability analysis would rove too far." (citation omitted)). Thus, Terry requires suspicion of illegality; it follows that when applicable law does not ban carrying a firearm, the Fourth Amendment does not permit a stopand-frisk for firearms because there is no reason to believe that the suspect violated any law.
    • (2000) , vol.529 , pp. 266
    • Florida, V.1
  • 74
    • 79958822848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., United States, 4th Cir
    • See, e.g., United States v. Burton, 228 F.3d 524, 528-30 (4th Cir. 2000).
    • (2000) , vol.228 , Issue.524 , pp. 528-530
    • Burton, V.1
  • 75
    • 79958816632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, 3d Cir
    • United States v. Ubiles, 224 F.3d 213,217-18 (3d Cir. 2000).
    • (2000) , vol.224 , Issue.213 , pp. 217-218
    • Ubiles, V.1
  • 76
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    • United States, A.2d, D.C
    • Gomez v. United States, 597 A.2d 884, 890-91 (D.C. 1991).
    • (1991) , vol.597 , Issue.884 , pp. 890-891
    • Gomez, V.1
  • 77
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    • Commonwealth, N.E.2d, Mass
    • Commonwealth v. Couture, 552 N.E.2d 538, 541 (Mass. 1990).
    • (1990) , vol.552 , Issue.538 , pp. 541
    • Couture, V.1
  • 78
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    • note
    • 4 WAYNE R. LAFAVE, SEARCH AND SEIZURE: A TREATISE ON THE FOURTH AMENDMENT § 9.6(a) (4th ed. 2004). Heller leaves open the possibility of requiring a license to carry firearms.
  • 79
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    • see , U.S. at, but in the context of vehicles, the Court has held that the Fourth Amendment forbids investigative stops to check the license and registration of a vehicle absent some particularized reason to believe that the suspect has violated licensing requirements or another law
    • see 554 U.S. at 631, but in the context of vehicles, the Court has held that the Fourth Amendment forbids investigative stops to check the license and registration of a vehicle absent some particularized reason to believe that the suspect has violated licensing requirements or another law.
    • , vol.554 , pp. 631
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    • See Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 655-63 (1979).
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    • see also City of Indianapolis, U.S, (invalidating roadblocks to check vehicles for guns and drugs in high-crime areas)
    • see also City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 40-48 (2000) (invalidating roadblocks to check vehicles for guns and drugs in high-crime areas).
    • (2000) , vol.531 , Issue.32 , pp. 40-48
    • Edmond, V.1
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    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 11-14, 45-48.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 11-1448
    • Rosenthal1
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    • note
    • Some have argued that the Second Amendment right should be limited to possessing and using firearms within one's home, since privacy interests subside and governmental regulatory interests are greater once firearms are taken outside the home.
  • 84
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    • Does Heller Protect a Right to Carry Guns Outside the Home?
    • Michael C. Dorf, Does Heller Protect a Right to Carry Guns Outside the Home?, 59 SYRACUSE L. REV. 225, 231-33 (2008).
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  • 85
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    • Miller, D.A.H.1
  • 86
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    • note
    • Whatever the merits of this view in terms of policy, however, it is hard to reconcile with Heller's textualism. As we have seen, Heller defined the right to bear arms to include carrying weapons for purposes of confrontation, and it does not seem particularly plausible to understand this analysis of the text as recognizing only a right to "bear" arms from the bedroom to the living room. For additional critical discussion of this understanding of Second Amendment rights.
  • 87
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    • The First and Second Amendments
    • see
    • see Eugene Volokh, The First and Second Amendments, 109 COLUM. L. REV. SIDEBAR 97 (2009), http://www.columbialawreview.org/Sidebar/volume/109/97_Volokh.pdf.
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    • Volokh, E.1
  • 88
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    • note
    • Others have argued that Second Amendment doctrine should adopt the rule found in First Amendment doctrine that permits reasonable regulation of the time, place, and manner of speech and apply it to the right to keep and bear arms.
  • 89
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    • Mind the Gap: The Missing Standard of Review Under the Second Amendment (and Where to Find It)
    • Christopher A. Chrisman, Mind the Gap: The Missing Standard of Review Under the Second Amendment (and Where to Find It), 4 GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 289 (2006).
    • (2006) GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y , vol.4 , pp. 289
    • Chrisman, C.A.1
  • 90
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    • Comment, The Next Step in Second Amendment Analysis: Incorporating the Right to Bear Arms into the Fourteenth Amendment
    • Janice Baker, Comment, The Next Step in Second Amendment Analysis: Incorporating the Right to Bear Arms into the Fourteenth Amendment, 28 U. DAYTON L. REV. 35, 57-60 (2002).
    • (2002) U. DAYTON L. REV , vol.28 , Issue.35 , pp. 57-60
    • Baker, J.1
  • 91
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    • The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms
    • note
    • Gary E. Barnett, Note, The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, 6 GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 607, 621-28 (2008).
    • (2008) GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y , vol.6 , Issue.607 , pp. 621-628
    • Barnett Gary, E.1
  • 92
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    • note
    • Yet the analogy between First and Second Amendment rights is a difficult one because "the right to arms stems from concerns about self defense and the defense of public liberty.[T]he Second Amendment's right to arms is about capabilities more than expression."
  • 93
    • 70349826093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guns and Gay Sex: Some Notes on Firearms, the Second Amendment, and "Reasonable Regulation
    • footnote omitted
    • Glenn Harlan Reynolds, Guns and Gay Sex: Some Notes on Firearms, the Second Amendment, and "Reasonable Regulation," 75 TENN. L. REV. 137, 147-48 (2007) (footnote omitted).
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    • Reynolds, G.H.1
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    • note
    • Beyond that, First Amendment doctrine treats deferentially laws directed not at the content of speech but rather at some non speech evil, whereas gun control laws are usually directed at the right to keep and bear arms as defined in Heller.
  • 95
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    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • Tushnet, supra note 12, at 429-31.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 429-431
    • Tushnet1
  • 96
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    • U.S, quoting Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 143 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting
    • Heller, 554 U.S. at 584 (quoting Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 143 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)).
    • , vol.554 , pp. 584
    • Heller1
  • 97
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    • 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)
    • 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2006).
    • (2006)
  • 98
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    • U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 628.
  • 99
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    • U.S
    • Id. at 629.
  • 100
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    • U.S
    • Id. at 627 n.26.
    • , Issue.26 , pp. 627
  • 101
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    • U.S
    • Id. at 626.
  • 102
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    • Categoricalism and Balancing in First and Second Amendment Analysis
    • Joseph Blocher, Categoricalism and Balancing in First and Second Amendment Analysis, 84 N.Y.U. L. REV. 375, 404-11 (2009).
    • (2009) N.Y.U. L. REV , vol.84 , Issue.375 , pp. 404-411
    • Blocher, J.1
  • 103
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    • District of Columbia v. Heller and Originalism
    • Lawrence B. Solum, District of Columbia v. Heller and Originalism, 103 NW. U. L. REV. 923, 976-77 (2009).
    • (2009) NW. U. L. REV , vol.103 , Issue.923 , pp. 976-977
    • Solum, L.B.1
  • 104
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    • U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 632-34.
    • , vol.554 , pp. 632-634
  • 106
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    • The Early American Origins of the Modern Gun Control Debate: The Right to Bear Arms, Firearms Regulation, and the Lessons of History
    • Saul Cornell, The Early American Origins of the Modern Gun Control Debate: The Right to Bear Arms, Firearms Regulation, and the Lessons of History, 17 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 571, 582-85 (2006).
    • (2006) STAN. L. & POL'Y REV , vol.17 , Issue.571 , pp. 582-585
    • Cornell, S.1
  • 107
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    • Why Can't Martha Stewart Have a Gun?
    • POL'Y
    • C. Kevin Marshall, Why Can't Martha Stewart Have a Gun?, 32 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 695, 698-728 (2009).
    • (2009) HARV. J.L. & PUB , vol.32 , Issue.695 , pp. 698-728
    • Kevin, M.C.1
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    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • enhanced rational basis review
    • Larson, supra note 12, at 1372-79.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 1372-1379
    • Larson1
  • 109
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    • The Second Amendment, Heller, and Originalist Jurisprudence
    • Nelson Lund, The Second Amendment, Heller, and Originalist Jurisprudence, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1343, 1356-62 (2009).
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1343 , pp. 1356-1362
    • Lund, N.1
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    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 627.
  • 111
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    • note
    • The dissenters added that the first militia act, enacted the same year the Second Amendment was ratified, defined the militia as "every able-bodied white male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45" and required each "to 'provide himself with a good musket or firelock' and other specified weaponry."
  • 112
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    • Stevens, J., dissenting, quoting Act of May 8, 1792, ch. 33, 1 Stat. 271
    • Id. at 672 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting Act of May 8, 1792, ch. 33, 1 Stat. 271).
  • 113
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    • majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939) (internal quotation mark omitted
    • Id. at 595 (majority opinion) (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939) (internal quotation mark omitted)).
  • 114
    • 79958836678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
    • Id. at 596.
  • 115
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    • Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
    • Id. at 597.
  • 116
    • 79958843469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
    • Id. at 577-78.
  • 117
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    • City of Chicago
    • McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3038-42 (2010).
    • (2010) , vol.130 , Issue.3020 , pp. 3038-3042
    • McDonald, V.1
  • 118
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    • note
    • For elaboration on the argument that the Second Amendment's incorporation into the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the Second Amendment be interpreted as it was understood at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption.
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    • A Well Regulated Right: The Early American Origins of Gun Control
    • Saul Cornell & Nathan De Dino, A Well Regulated Right: The Early American Origins of Gun Control, 73 FORDHAM L. REV. 487, 516-17 (2004).
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    • Cornell, S.1    de Dino, N.2
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    • David T. Hardy, Armed Citizens, Citizen Armies: Toward a Jurisprudence of the Second Amendment, 9 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 559, 615-17 (1986).
    • (1986) HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y , vol.9 , Issue.559 , pp. 615-617
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    • Guns, Extremists, and the Constitution
    • Calvin Massey, Guns, Extremists, and the Constitution, 57 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 1095, 1115-18 (2000).
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    • See 554 U.S
    • See 554 U.S. at 626.
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    • note
    • See supra note 43 and accompanying text.
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    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 634-35.
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    • 130 S. Ct
    • 130 S. Ct. at 3050.
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    • Heller's Catch-22
    • See
    • See Adam Winkler, Heller's Catch-22, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1551, 1569-73 (2009).
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    • note
    • One student commentator discounted the possibility that the Court would adopt an undue burden test on the ground that this test has been repudiated by Justices Scalia and Thomas as a matter of due process jurisprudence.
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    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Gould, supra note 12, at 1573-75.
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    • Gould1
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    • note
    • Nevertheless, a majority of the remaining Justices might well unite behind this approach, and even Justices Scalia and Thomas have proved willing to subscribe to this test when it was necessary to assemble a majority behind a result that they otherwise approved.
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    • See, 550 U.S
    • See Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 146, 146-68 (2007).
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    • note
    • For a discussion that considers the appropriate standard of scrutiny for the Second Amendment in light of standards employed for other provisions in the Bill of Rights.
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    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, (plurality opinion)
    • see Winkler, supra note 11, at 693-96.
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    • Winkler1
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    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 584-86, 593-95, 606, 609.
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    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 18-19.
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    • A Clinical Model for the Prevention of Gang Violence and Homicide
    • Richard C. Cervantes ed
    • Armando Morales, A Clinical Model for the Prevention of Gang Violence and Homicide, in SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND GANG VIOLENCE 105, 111-12 (Richard C. Cervantes ed., 1992).
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    • The Financial Activity of a Modern American Street Gang
    • See, Finn-Aage Esbensen et al. eds
    • See Sudhir Venkatesh, The Financial Activity of a Modern American Street Gang, in AMERICAN YOUTH GANGS AT THE MILLENNIUM 239, 242 (Finn-Aage Esbensen et al. eds., 2004).
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    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 19-20.
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    • Rosenthal1
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    • Guns, Youth Violence, and Social Identity in Inner Cities
    • Michael Tonry & Mark H. Moore eds
    • Jeffrey Fagan & Deanna L. Wilkinson, Guns, Youth Violence, and Social Identity in Inner Cities, in 24 CRIME & JUSTICE: YOUTH VIOLENCE 105, 137-75 (Michael Tonry & Mark H. Moore eds., 1998).
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    • Communities, Street Guns and Homicide Trajectories in Chicago, 1980-1995: Merging Methods for Examining Homicide Trends Across Space and Time
    • For a similar finding about Chicago, see
    • For a similar finding about Chicago, see Elizabeth Griffiths & Jorge M. Chavez, Communities, Street Guns and Homicide Trajectories in Chicago, 1980-1995: Merging Methods for Examining Homicide Trends Across Space and Time, 42 CRIMINOLOGY 941, 965-69 (2004).
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    • SNote
    • Some have claimed that laws entitling individuals to carry concealed firearms have produced reductions in crime.
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    • This conclusion, however, has been subject to fierce criticism. See, e.g
    • This conclusion, however, has been subject to fierce criticism. See, e.g., DAVID HEMENWAY, PRIVATE GUNS, PUBLIC HEALTH 100-04 (2004)
    • (2004) PRIVATE GUNS, PUBLIC HEALTH , pp. 100-104
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    • TUSHNET, supra note 7, at 85-95.
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    • Tushnet1
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    • Ian Ayres & John J. Donohue III, Yet Another Refutation of the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis-With Some Help from Moody and Marvell, 6 ECON J. WATCH 35 (2009).
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    • note
    • In any event, even the advocates of this view make no claim that it applies in high-crime, urban neighborhoods. Another argument used by firearms proponents-although not linked to declining crime rates-is that firearms are used for defensive purposes at very high rates.
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    • Kleck, G.1    Gertz, M.2
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    • HEMENWAY, supra, at 66-69, 239-40.
    • Hemenway1
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    • Deanna L. Wilkinson & Jeffrey Fagan, The Role of Firearms in Violence "Scripts": The Dynamics of Gun Events Among Adolescent Males, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 55, 70 (1996).
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    • Drive-By Shootings by Violent Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A Five-Year Review from 1989 to 1993
    • See
    • See H. Range Hutson et al., Drive-By Shootings by Violent Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A Five-Year Review from 1989 to 1993, 3 ACAD. EMERGENCY MED. 300, 302 (1996).
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    • Adolescents and Children Injured or Killed in Drive-by Shootings in Los Angeles
    • In 1991, there were more than 1500 gang-related drive-by shootings in Los Angeles
    • In 1991, there were more than 1500 gang-related drive-by shootings in Los Angeles. H. Range Hutson et al., Adolescents and Children Injured or Killed in Drive-by Shootings in Los Angeles, 330 NEW ENG. J. MED. 324, 324 (1994).
    • (1994) NEW ENG. J. MED , vol.330 , pp. 324
    • Range, H.H.1
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    • note
    • See supra notes 61-69 and accompanying text.
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    • note
    • In New York, state law prohibits possession of a handgun without a license and generally requires that handguns be kept within the licensee's home or place of business unless the licensee is engaged in law enforcement.
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    • See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00(2), McKinney
    • See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00(2) (McKinney 2008).
    • (2008)
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    • note
    • In New York City, an additional permit must be obtained to possess or carry a handgun.
  • 171
    • 79958845641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. § 400.00(6).
  • 172
    • 79958809599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The issuance of these permits is highly discretionary and generally requires an applicant to demonstrate some extraordinary danger.
  • 173
    • 79958830847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See N.Y.C., N.Y., COMP. R. CITY tit. 38, §§ 5-01 to -04
    • N.Y.C., N.Y., COMP. R. CITY tit. 38, §§ 5-01 to -04 (2007).
    • (2007)
  • 174
    • 79958825901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As I have demonstrated elsewhere, there is considerable evidence that New York's restrictive permit system has been an important part of its ability to drive violent crime down after the crime-spike period.
  • 175
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 39-40.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 39-40
    • Rosenthal1
  • 176
    • 79958828071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. District of Columbia, 554 U.S, "The very enumeration of the right takes out of the hands of government-even the Third Branch of Government-the power to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the right is really worth insisting upon."
    • Cf. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 634 (2008) ("The very enumeration of the right takes out of the hands of government-even the Third Branch of Government-the power to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the right is really worth insisting upon.").
    • (2008) , vol.570 , pp. 634
    • Heller, V.1
  • 177
    • 79958784864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct. 3020
    • 130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
    • (2010)
  • 178
    • 79958861957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 595.
  • 179
    • 79958814069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct
    • 130 S. Ct. at 3050.
  • 180
    • 79958806722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct
    • Id. at 3036.
  • 181
    • 79958839071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Alito was joined in the opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Scalia.
  • 182
    • 79958793190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3026.
  • 183
    • 79958775607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Scalia also authored a separate concurring opinion.
  • 184
    • 79958784863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3050.
  • 185
    • 79958839070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Thomas concurred in part and concurred in the judgment but wrote a separate opinion.
  • 186
    • 79958843467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3020.
  • 187
    • 79958842432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, id, Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
    • See id. at 3088 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
  • 188
    • 79958856803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, id, (Stevens, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer also dissented, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor
    • See id. at 3091-104, 3109-10 (Stevens, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer also dissented, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor.
  • 189
    • 79958806721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Petitioners' Brief
    • See Petitioners' Brief at 9-65.
  • 190
    • 79958855547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521)
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521).
    • McDonald1
  • 191
    • 79958837812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3030-31 (opinion of the Court).
    • McDonald1
  • 192
    • 79958822847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
    • Id. at 3031.
  • 193
    • 79958861955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
    • Id. at 3030.
  • 194
    • 79958793189 scopus 로고
    • quoting Synder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105, internal quotation marks omitted
    • Id. at 3032 (quoting Synder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
    • (1934) , pp. 3032
  • 195
    • 79958777609 scopus 로고
    • quoting Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 10-11
    • Id. at 3035 (quoting Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 10-11 (1964)).
    • (1964) , pp. 3035
  • 196
    • 79958864008 scopus 로고
    • quoting Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149 n.14
    • Id. at 3034 (quoting Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149 n.14 (1968)).
    • (1968) , pp. 3034
  • 197
    • 79958858954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Many American rights such as the separation of church and state, the prohibition against double jeopardy, and the latitude permitted in freedom of speech are distinct from rights recognized in other Western countries.
  • 198
    • 79958825899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
    • Id. at 3059 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
  • 199
    • 79958835420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3062.
  • 200
    • 79958850651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, opinion of the Court
    • See id. at 3030 (opinion of the Court).
  • 201
    • 79958841170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721
    • Id. at 3061-62 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721 (1997)).
    • (1997) , pp. 3061-3062
  • 202
    • 79958809598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721
    • Id. at 3088.
  • 203
    • 79958837813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stevens, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 3098 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 204
    • 78650585430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Supreme Court and the Uses of History: District of Columbia v. Heller
    • See
    • See Joyce Lee Malcolm, The Supreme Court and the Uses of History: District of Columbia v. Heller, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1377, 1378-79 (2009).
    • (2009) UCLA L. REV , vol.56 , Issue.1377 , pp. 1378-1379
    • Malcolm, J.L.1
  • 205
    • 79958820186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3098 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • McDonald1
  • 206
    • 79958829322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 3098-99.
  • 207
    • 79958811685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 3051-52.
  • 208
    • 79958795506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • (Scalia, J., concurring) ("The subjective nature of Justice Stevens' standard is also apparent from his claim that it is the courts' prerogative-indeed their duty-to update the Due Process Clause so that it encompasses new freedoms the Framers were too narrow-minded to imagine. Courts, he proclaims, must 'do justice to [the Clause's] urgent call and its open texture' by exercising the 'interpretive discretion the latter embodies'. And it would be 'judicial abdication' for a judge to. 'outsourc[e]' the job to 'historical sentiment."' (citations omitted)). Justice Scalia's opinion is primarily devoted to refuting Justice Stevens's novel approach to Fourteenth Amendment incorporation rather than to Justice Stevens's treatment of the Second Amendment.
  • 209
    • 79958858955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3051-56.
  • 210
    • 79958787046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stevens, J., dissenting
    • See id. at 3090-101 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 211
    • 79958861954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stevens, J., dissenting
    • See id. at 3103.
  • 212
    • 79958812989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stevens, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 3093.
  • 213
    • 79958823331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting NRA v. City of Chicago, 567 F.3d 856, 860, 7th Cir
    • Id. (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting NRA v. City of Chicago, 567 F.3d 856, 860 (7th Cir. 2009)).
    • (2009)
  • 214
    • 79958803878 scopus 로고
    • Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
    • Id. at 3100 (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597 (1977)).
    • (1977) , pp. 3100
  • 215
    • 79958819918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
    • See id. at 3096.
  • 216
    • 79958775606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
    • Id. at 3090.
  • 217
    • 79958851993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It seems surprising that a case about the meaning of one amendment should be regarded as remiss for not shedding light on another. Justice Stevens found no need for what he characterized as "jot-for-jot incorporation" of an amendment.
  • 218
    • 79958791582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 3095.
  • 219
    • 79958865287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3111.
  • 220
    • 79958802649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3112-13 & nn.41-42
    • See id. at 3107 n.33, 3112-13 & nn.41-42.
    • , Issue.33 , pp. 3107
  • 221
    • 79958845640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at 3124 (Breyer, J., dissenting). A "popular" consensus carries the implication of a current, even ephemeral, view.
  • 222
    • 79958846950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Majority opinion
    • Id. at 3049 (majority opinion).
  • 223
    • 79958819917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scalia, J., concurring) (citations omitted) (quoting id. at 3119 (Stevens, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 3058 (Scalia, J., concurring) (citations omitted) (quoting id. at 3119 (Stevens, J., dissenting)).
  • 224
    • 79958853527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g, Christian Legal Soc'y, 130 S. Ct, citing Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 270, 276 (1981), applying strict scrutiny in the context of regulating religious speech
    • See, e.g., Christian Legal Soc'y v. Martinez, 130 S. Ct. 2971, 2987-88 (2010) (citing Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 270, 276 (1981)) (applying strict scrutiny in the context of regulating religious speech).
    • (2010) , pp. 2971-2988
    • Martinez, V.1
  • 225
    • 79958822846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct, (applying strict scrutiny to assess laws burdening political speech). Not all restrictions on speech are reviewed under a strict scrutiny standard
    • Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct. 876, 898 (2010) (applying strict scrutiny to assess laws burdening political speech). Not all restrictions on speech are reviewed under a strict scrutiny standard.
    • (2010) , pp. 876
  • 226
    • 79958784861 scopus 로고
    • See, R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S, holding that strict scrutiny should not be applied to challenge regulation of obscene or defamatory speech
    • See R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 382-84 (1992) (holding that strict scrutiny should not be applied to challenge regulation of obscene or defamatory speech).
    • (1992) , pp. 377-384
  • 227
    • 79958827210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See District of Columbia, 554 U.S
    • See District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 626-27 (2008).
    • (2008) , pp. 570-627
    • Heller, V.1
  • 228
    • 79958829321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening); cf. Heller, 554 U.S, discussing the portion of the Second Amendment that establishes that the right shall not be infringed but declining to analyze the word "infringed"
    • See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening); cf. Heller, 554 U.S. at 592-95 (discussing the portion of the Second Amendment that establishes that the right shall not be infringed but declining to analyze the word "infringed").
  • 229
    • 79958802648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 554 U.S
    • See 554 U.S. at 636.
  • 230
    • 79958782707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id. (emphasis added).
  • 231
    • 79958808340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Washington Gun Rules Shift Constitutional Debate
    • For a description of the new regulations, see, May 17, available at
    • For a description of the new regulations, see Gary Fields, New Washington Gun Rules Shift Constitutional Debate, WALL ST. J., May 17, 2010, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704093204575216680860962548.html.
    • (2010) WALL ST. J
    • Fields, G.1
  • 232
    • 79958803876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, CHICAGO BREAKING NEWS.COM, July 12
    • See Chicago's New Gun Law Goes into Effect Today, CHICAGO BREAKING NEWS.COM, July 12, 2010, http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2010/07/chicagos-new-gun-law-goes-into-effect-today.html.
    • (2010) Chicago's New Gun Law Goes in to Effect Today
  • 234
    • 79958851992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 235
    • 79958795505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 236
    • 79958798712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 237
    • 79958787045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct
    • See McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3026 (2010).
    • (2010) , pp. 3020
    • McDonald, V.1
  • 238
    • 79958806720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct
    • Id. at 3049.
  • 239
    • 79958855544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in their homes for protection
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 700-02 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in theirhomes for protection.
    • (2008) , vol.570 , pp. 700-702
    • Heller, V.1
  • 240
    • 79958861953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in their homes for protection
    • Id. at 702.
    • (2008) , vol.570 , pp. 702
    • Heller, V.1
  • 241
    • 79958837811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in theirhomes for protection
    • See id. at 703-04.
  • 242
    • 79958815329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the impact on crime of permitting law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms
    • For the impact on crime of permitting law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms, see LOTT, supra note 69.
    • Lott1
  • 243
    • 79958829320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOS. GLOBE, Dec. 20, available at
    • Peter Schworm & Matt Carroll, Gun Permits Surge in State, BOS. GLOBE, Dec. 20, 2009, at A1, available at http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/12/20/gun_permits_surge_in_state.
    • (2009) Gun Permits Surge in State
    • Schworm, P.1    Carroll, M.2
  • 245
    • 79958830846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US crime rate is down: Six key reasons
    • May 24, available at
    • Husna Haq, US Crime Rate Is Down: Six Key Reasons, CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR, May 24, 2010, at 5, available at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0524/US-crime-rate-is-down-six-keyreasons.
    • (2010) CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR , pp. 5
    • Haq, H.1
  • 246
    • 79958864006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See LOTT, supra note 69, at 56-99.
    • Lott1
  • 247
    • 79958830846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Crime Rate is Down: Six Key Reasons
    • May 24, available at
    • See Haq, supra note 142.
    • (2010) CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR , pp. 5
    • Haq1
  • 248
    • 79958789056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra text accompanying note 49 (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 249
    • 79958855546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra text accompanying note 49 (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 251
    • 79958842431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 252
    • 79958803877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 253
    • 79958843465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 254
    • 0040642168 scopus 로고
    • See, Professor Allan, Professor of Public Law and Jurisprudence at Cambridge University, is paraphrasing Lord Justice Browne-Wilkinson's dissent in Wheeler v. Leicester County, [1985] All E.R. 151 (A.C.) at 155-59 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, L.J., dissenting) (Eng.), rev'd, [1985] A.C. 1054 (H.L.)
    • See T.R.S. ALLAN, LAW, LIBERTY, AND JUSTICE: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF BRITISH CONSTITUTIONALISM 140 (1993). Professor Allan, Professor of Public Law and Jurisprudence at Cambridge University, is paraphrasing Lord Justice Browne-Wilkinson's dissent in Wheeler v. Leicester County, [1985] All E.R. 151 (A.C.) at 155-59 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, L.J., dissenting) (Eng.), rev'd, [1985] A.C. 1054 (H.L.).
    • (1993) LAW, LIBERTY, and JUSTICE: The LEGAL FOUNDATIONS of BRITISH CONSTITUTIONALISM , pp. 140
    • Allan, T.R.S.1
  • 255
    • 79958832177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct
    • 130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
    • (2010) , pp. 3020
  • 256
    • 79958787044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.A (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 257
    • 79958817383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.A (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 258
    • 79958794456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted)
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3063 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted).
    • McDonald1
  • 259
    • 79958828070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted)
    • Id. at 3077.
    • McDonald1
  • 260
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 48-78.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 48-78
    • Rosenthal1
  • 261
    • 79951805588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
    • Lawrence Rosenthal, The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 361, 365-400 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Contemp. Legal Issues , vol.18
    • Rosenthal, L.1
  • 262
    • 0002167283 scopus 로고
    • Does the fourteenth amendment incorporate the bill of rights? The original understanding
    • See
    • See Charles Fairman, Does the Fourteenth Amendment Incorporate the Bill of Rights? The Original Understanding, 2 STAN. L. REV. 5, 82-84 (1949).
    • (1949) STAN. L. REV , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 82-84
    • Fairman, C.1
  • 263
    • 84962071813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, and the (First) Criminal Procedure Revolution
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Donald A. Dripps, The Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, and the (First) Criminal Procedure Revolution, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 469, 478-90 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Contemp. Legal Issues , vol.18 , Issue.469 , pp. 478-490
    • Dripps, D.A.1
  • 264
    • 70349938564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The riddle of the fourteenth amendment: A response to professor Wildenthal
    • George C. Thomas III, The Riddle of the Fourteenth Amendment: A Response to Professor Wildenthal, 68 OHIO ST. L.J. 1627, 1633, 1654-55 (2007).
    • (2007) OHIO ST. L.J , vol.68 , Issue.1627
    • Thomas III., G.C.1
  • 265
    • 79958780104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3076 & n.14.
    • , Issue.14 , pp. 3076
    • McDonald1
  • 266
    • 79951805588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 395-400.
    • (2009) J. Contemp. Legal Issues , vol.18 , pp. 395-400
    • Rosenthal1
  • 267
    • 79951805588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
    • See id. at 399-400.
    • (2009) J. Contemp. Legal Issues , vol.18 , pp. 399-400
  • 268
    • 79958791581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, (citing United States v. Hall, 26 F. Cas. 79, 82 (C.C.S.D. Ala. 1871) (No. 15,282) (Woods, J.))
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3076 (citing United States v. Hall, 26 F. Cas. 79, 82 (C.C.S.D. Ala. 1871) (No. 15,282) (Woods, J.)).
    • McDonald1
  • 269
    • 79958844740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See United States, 25 F. Cas, (C.C.D.S.C. 1871) (No. 14,893)
    • See United States v. Crosby, 25 F. Cas. 701, 704 (C.C.D.S.C. 1871) (No. 14,893).
    • Crosby, V.1
  • 270
    • 79958799976 scopus 로고
    • Rowan v. State, 30 Wis
    • Rowan v. State, 30 Wis. 129, 148-50 (1872).
    • (1872) , vol.129 , pp. 148-150
  • 271
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 68-72.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 68-72
    • Rosenthal1
  • 272
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 391-95.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 391-395
    • Rosenthal1
  • 273
    • 79958805458 scopus 로고
    • 92 U.S
    • 92 U.S. 542 (1876).
    • (1876) , pp. 542
  • 274
    • 79958844739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
    • Id. at 548 (quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141).
  • 275
    • 79958780103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
    • Id. at 553.
  • 276
    • 79958795504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
    • Id. at 555.
  • 277
    • 79958802647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
    • McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3084-86 (2010) (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
    • (2010) , vol.3020 , pp. 3084-3086
    • McDonald, V.1
  • 278
    • 79958864005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The only members of the Court who asserted that the Amendment was framed with incorporation in mind were Justice Bradley and Justice Swayne in the former's dissenting opinion in the Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36, 112-19 (1872). Yet by the time of Cruikshank, even these Justices had abandoned incorporation. In his opinion, Justice Thomas suggested that the Court's holding in Cruik shank undermined the efforts of the Reconstruction-era Congress to protect the newly freed slaves from violence.
  • 279
    • 79958840356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see, Ct, but hostility to the objectives of Reconstruction seems an unlikely explanation for the Court's approach to the Fourteenth Amendment since by the time of Cruikshank, eight of the nine Justices had been appointed by Presidents Lincoln or Grant
    • see McDonald, S. Ct. at 3086-88, but hostility to the objectives of Reconstruction seems an unlikely explanation for the Court's approach to the Fourteenth Amendment since by the time of Cruikshank, eight of the nine Justices had been appointed by Presidents Lincoln or Grant.
    • McDonald, S.1
  • 280
    • 79958816630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, 12 tbl.1.2, Moreover, within a few years, the Court held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment
    • See DONALD GRIER STEPHENSON, JR., THE WAITE COURT: JUSTICES, RULINGS, AND LEGACY 12 tbl.1.2 (2003). Moreover, within a few years, the Court held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
    • (2003) The Waite Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy
    • Donald Jr., G.S.1
  • 281
    • 79958812988 scopus 로고
    • West Virginia, 100 U.S, This holding was not a foregone conclusion; in the parlance of the day, jury service was considered a political and not a civil right, and many understood the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee equality only with respect to the latter
    • Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1879). This holding was not a foregone conclusion; in the parlance of the day, jury service was considered a political and not a civil right, and many understood the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee equality only with respect to the latter.
    • (1879) , pp. 303
    • Strauder, V.1
  • 282
    • 79959208898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nationalizing the Bill of Rights: Scholarship and Commentary on the Fourteenth Amendment in 1867-1873
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Bryan H. Wildenthal, Nationalizing the Bill of Rights: Scholarship and Commentary on the Fourteenth Amendment in 1867-1873, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 153, 266-67 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Contemp. Legal Issues , vol.18 , Issue.153 , pp. 266-267
    • Wildenthal, B.H.1
  • 283
    • 79958860267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, 529 U.S
    • United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 622 (2000).
    • (2000) , Issue.598 , pp. 622
    • Morrison, V.1
  • 284
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 75-78.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 75-78
    • Rosenthal1
  • 285
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 401-08.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 401-408
    • Rosenthal1
  • 286
    • 37949000852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clio and the Court: An Illicit Love Affair
    • Alfred H. Kelly, Clio and the Court: An Illicit Love Affair, 1965 SUP. CT. REV. 119,155-58.
    • SUP. CT. REV , vol.1965 , Issue.119 , pp. 155-158
    • Kelly, A.H.1
  • 287
    • 2142740442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Lawyers Do History
    • Larry D. Kramer, When Lawyers Do History, 72 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 387, 402-07 (2003).
    • (2003) GEO. WASH. L. REV , vol.72 , Issue.387 , pp. 402-407
    • Kramer, L.D.1
  • 288
    • 0002167906 scopus 로고
    • Law and History
    • John Philip Reid, Law and History, 27 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 193, 197-204 (1993).
    • (1993) LOY. L.A. L. REV , vol.27 , Issue.193 , pp. 197-204
    • Reid, J.P.1
  • 289
    • 79958782706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra Part II.B (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 290
    • 79958787043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.C and note 140 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 291
    • 79958853525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.C and note 144 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 292
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 7-20.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 7-20
    • Rosenthal1
  • 293
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 7.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 7
    • Rosenthal1
  • 294
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 23
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 23
    • Rosenthal1
  • 295
    • 79958850650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra note 140 and accompanying text (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 296
    • 79958853526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra note 69 (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 297
    • 79958864004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LOTT, supra note 69, at 253-305.
    • Lott1
  • 298
    • 79958815328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra notes 61-64 and accompanying text (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 299
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 25-26.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 25-26
    • Rosenthal1
  • 300
    • 79958775609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
    • Enhanced rational basis review
    • id. at 26-44.
    • (2009) U. TOL. L. REV , vol.41 , Issue.43 , pp. 26-44
    • Rosenthal1
  • 301
    • 79958825898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Although she does not comment on New York, Professor Malcolm points to high crime rates in the District of Columbia and Chicago to suggest that handgun bans are ineffective.
  • 302
    • 79958819916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra notes 136-38 and accompanying text (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 303
    • 79958811684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Aside from ignoring the fact that the manner in which a handgun ban is enforced is surely more important than the fact that it is on the books, the evidence on the efficacy of handgun bans is actually mixed, as Justice Breyer has observed.
  • 304
    • 79958842430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, Breyer, J., dissenting
    • McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3127 (2010) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • (2010) , vol.3020 , pp. 3127
    • McDonald, V.1
  • 305
    • 79958803875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, 554 U.S
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 699-704 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • (2008) , vol.570 , pp. 699-704
    • Heller, V.1
  • 306
    • 79958791580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a quite different assessment than that of Professor Malcolm of the evidence relating to Chicago, offered by professional criminologists, see Brief and Appendix of Professors of Criminal Justice as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents.
  • 307
    • 79958827209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct, No. 08-1521
    • McDonald, 130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521).
    • , vol.3020
    • McDonald1
  • 308
    • 70349807929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gun Control: Targeting Rationality in a Loaded Debate
    • Jesse Matthew Ruhl, Arthur L. Rizer III & Mikel J. Wier, Gun Control: Targeting Rationality in a Loaded Debate, 13 KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 413, 449-50 (2004).
    • (2004) KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y , vol.13 , Issue.413 , pp. 449-450
    • Ruhl, J.M.1    Rizer III., A.L.2    Wier, M.J.3
  • 309
    • 79958796810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In fairness, it should be noted that a report of New York's Attorney General, based on a review of forms officers must file when conducting forcible stops, expresses some skepticism about the New York Police Department's compliance with the Fourth Amendment, concluding through the use of a sampling procedure that 15.4% of all forms failed to articulate facts sufficient to justify the stop and that 23.5% of all forms did not provide sufficient information to make a determination about whether the stop was justified.
  • 310
    • 79958812987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU
    • See CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, supra note 31, at 161-64.
  • 311
    • 79958809597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The sampling procedure also found that forms that articulated facts amounting to reasonable suspicion were four times more likely to result in an arrest.
  • 312
    • 79958806719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 164.
  • 313
    • 79958815327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It is difficult to know what to make of this point; it may well be that officers were less thorough in filling out forms when they knew there would be no criminal case arising from the encounter. Reliance on these reports to assess compliance with the Fourth Amendment is perilous since the reports are not made for that purpose but rather are intended as a source of investigative leads.
  • 314
    • 85055404758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stops, frisks, searches, and the constitution
    • James J. Fyfe, Stops, Frisks, Searches, and the Constitution, 3 CRIMINOLOGY & PUB. POL'Y 376, 392-94 (2004).
    • (2004) CRIMINOLOGY & PUB. POL'Y , vol.3 , Issue.376 , pp. 392-394
    • Fyfe, J.J.1
  • 315
    • 79958805456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In any event, these data do not endeavor to establish that police reports involving arrests based on probable cause were any more likely to fail to articulate sufficient facts to support the arrest than were reports involving stops. At most, the data may reflect no more than the risk of error inherent in all police activity. 190 The basis for Professor Malcolm's view seems to be that "fundamental rights are not to be separated into first- and second-class status," and therefore "the strict scrutiny applied to the First Amendment freedom of the press and freedom of speech should also be applied to Second Amendment rights."
  • 316
    • 79958782705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.B (Malcolm Rebuttal). Yet, as Professor Malcolm acknowledges, in many contexts, First Amendment jurisprudence does not require strict scrutiny.
  • 317
    • 79958830845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra note 114 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 318
    • 33846859753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrutinizing the second amendment
    • Adam Winkler, Scrutinizing the Second Amendment, 105 MICH. L. REV. 683, 695 (2007).
    • (2007) MICH. L. REV , vol.105
    • Winkler, A.1
  • 319
    • 59349096810 scopus 로고
    • For a particularly clear example, see, 491 U.S
    • For a particularly clear example, see Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 798-800 & n.6 (1989).
    • (1989) Rock Against Racism , vol.781 , Issue.6 , pp. 798-800
    • Ward, V.1
  • 320
    • 79958806718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Professor Malcolm offers no explanation as to why strict scrutiny should be invariably applied in Second Amendment jurisprudence when that is not the case in First Amendment jurisprudence. Beyond that, as I explained in Part I, there are important differences between First and Second Amendment rights that bear on the appropriate standard of scrutiny.
  • 321
    • 79958805457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra note 33 (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 322
    • 79958793188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 627 n.26.
    • , Issue.26 , pp. 627
  • 323
    • 79958839069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supra Part II.D (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 324
    • 79958801291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
  • 325
    • 79958777608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra Part II.C (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 326
    • 79958780102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 554 U.S
    • 554 U.S. at 632-34
  • 327
    • 79958828069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • supra Part II.C (Malcolm Rebuttal).
  • 328
    • 79958861952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct
    • Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct. 876, 908-11 (2010).
    • (2010) , vol.876 , pp. 908-911
  • 329
    • 79958789054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia, 554 U.S, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. at 595, 597 (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)).
    • Heller, V.1


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