-
1
-
-
79958775611
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. 570 (2008).
-
(2008)
, pp. 570
-
-
-
2
-
-
79958782709
-
-
554 U.S
-
Id. at 625.
-
(2008)
, pp. 625
-
-
-
3
-
-
79958798714
-
-
554 U.S
-
Id. at 628-635.
-
(2008)
, pp. 628-635
-
-
-
4
-
-
79958780105
-
-
130 S. Ct
-
130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3020
-
-
-
5
-
-
79958784868
-
-
Id. at, (plurality opinion) (relying on the Due Process Clause)
-
Id. at 3050 (plurality opinion) (relying on the Due Process Clause).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3050
-
-
-
6
-
-
79958789061
-
-
(Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (relying on the Privileges or Immunities Clause)
-
id. at 3077-88 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (relying on the Privileges or Immunities Clause).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3077-3088
-
-
-
7
-
-
70349789414
-
The Second Amendment, So Far
-
For the source of the metaphor, (reviewing DAVID C. WILLIAMS, THE MYTHIC MEANINGS OF THE SECOND AMENDMENT: TAMING POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC (2003
-
For the source of the metaphor. Stuart Banner, The Second Amendment, So Far, 117 HARV. L. REV. 898, 907-908 (2004) (reviewing DAVID C. WILLIAMS, THE MYTHIC MEANINGS OF THE SECOND AMENDMENT: TAMING POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC (2003)).
-
(2004)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.117
, Issue.898
, pp. 907-908
-
-
Banner, S.1
-
8
-
-
78650578816
-
Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
-
Eugene Volokh, Implementing the Right to Keep and Bear Arms for Self-defense: An Analytical Framework and a Research Agenda, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1443, 1465-1468 (2009).
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.1443
, pp. 1465-1468
-
-
Volokh, E.1
-
9
-
-
79958830848
-
-
note
-
For a helpful discussion of the difficulties in assembling empirical evidence of the efficacy of gun control laws.
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
79958789060
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 628-30.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
79958832179
-
-
554 U.S
-
Id. at 628 n.27.
-
, Issue.27
, pp. 628
-
-
-
13
-
-
79958828074
-
-
554 U.S
-
Id. at 634-35.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
79958822850
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, (plurality opinion)
-
McDonald V. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3048 (2010) (plurality opinion).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3020
-
-
McDonald, V.1
-
15
-
-
79958818660
-
-
note
-
Justice Thomas's separate opinion suggests this symmetry as well.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
79958808343
-
-
Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment), although he left open the question whether non citizens may assert Second Amendment rights against state and local governments
-
id. at 3083 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment), although he left open the question whether non citizens may assert Second Amendment rights against state and local governments.
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
79958823333
-
-
To be sure, a majority characterized the right to keep and bear arms as "fundamental,"
-
id. at 3084 n.19. To be sure, a majority characterized the right to keep and bear arms as "fundamental,"
-
, Issue.19
, pp. 3084
-
-
-
18
-
-
79958841173
-
-
opinion of the Court), and there is authority suggesting that burdens on rights regarded as fundamental should be subject to strict scrutiny
-
id. at 3041-42 (opinion of the Court), and there is authority suggesting that burdens on rights regarded as fundamental should be subject to strict scrutiny.
-
, Issue.19
, pp. 3041-3042
-
-
-
19
-
-
79958841172
-
-
405 U.S
-
Dunn V. Blumstein, 405 U.S. 330, 336 (1972).
-
(1972)
, pp. 330
-
-
Blumstein, D.V.1
-
20
-
-
79958840359
-
-
U.S
-
Williams V. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23, 30-31 (1968). This rule, however, is not invariably applied.
-
(1968)
This Rule, However, is Not Invariably Applied
, vol.393
, Issue.23
, pp. 30-31
-
-
Rhodes, W.V.1
-
21
-
-
33846859753
-
Scrutinizing the second amendment
-
Adam Winkler, Scrutinizing the Second Amendment, 105 MICH. L. REV. 683, 696-700 (2007).
-
(2007)
MICH. L. REV
, vol.105
, Issue.683
, pp. 696-700
-
-
Winkler, A.1
-
22
-
-
79958821526
-
-
note
-
More important for present purposes, we will see that the Second Amendment contains a textual basis for regulatory authority that makes strict scrutiny unwarranted.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
79958778895
-
-
note
-
See infra Part I.B.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
79251602885
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Ivan E. Bodensteiner, Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review, 41 U. TOL. L. REV. 43, 66-71 (2009) (enhanced rational basis review).
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 66-71
-
-
Bodensteiner, I.E.1
-
25
-
-
70349836011
-
Four exceptions in search of a theory: District of Columbia V. Heller and judicial ipse Dixit
-
something less than strict scrutiny
-
Carlton F.W. Larson, Four Exceptions in Search of a Theory: District of Columbia v. Heller and Judicial Ipse Dixit, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1371, 1379-80 (2009) (something less than strict scrutiny).
-
(2009)
HASTINGS L.J
, vol.60
, pp. 1379-1380
-
-
Larson, C.F.W.1
-
26
-
-
70349820765
-
Second amendment decision rules
-
regulation must be proved by clear and convincing evidence to advance a compelling governmental interest
-
Calvin Massey, Second Amendment Decision Rules, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1431, 1442-43 (2009) (regulation must be proved by clear and convincing evidence to advance a compelling governmental interest).
-
(2009)
HASTINGS L.J
, vol.60
, Issue.1431
, pp. 1442-1443
-
-
Massey, C.1
-
27
-
-
70349838499
-
Second amendment plumbing after Heller: Of standards of scrutiny, incorporation, well-regulated militias, and criminal street gangs
-
(undue burden test)
-
Lawrence Rosenthal, Second Amendment Plumbing After Heller: Of Standards of Scrutiny, Incorporation, Well-Regulated Militias, and Criminal Street Gangs, 41 URB. LAW. 1, 79-84 (2009) (undue burden test).
-
(2009)
URB. LAW
, vol.41
, Issue.1
, pp. 79-84
-
-
Rosenthal, L.1
-
28
-
-
79958846951
-
Protecting gun rights and improving gun control after District of Columbia V. Heller
-
(reasonableness test)
-
Allen Rostron, Protecting Gun Rights and Improving Gun Control After District of Columbia v. Heller, 13 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 383, 407-08 (2009) (reasonableness test).
-
(2009)
LEWIS & CLARK L. REV
, vol.13
, Issue.383
, pp. 407-408
-
-
Rostron, A.1
-
29
-
-
79958812991
-
District of Columbia v. Heller and the perils of compromise
-
strict scrutiny
-
Mark Tushnet, District of Columbia v. Heller and the Perils of Compromise, 13 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 419, 423-32 (2009) (strict scrutiny).
-
(2009)
LEWIS & CLARK L. REV
, vol.13
, Issue.419
, pp. 423-432
-
-
Tushnet, M.1
-
30
-
-
78650578816
-
Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
-
regulations imposing a substantial burden on Second Amendment rights should be evaluated by assessing the "magnitude of the burden" in light of its justification
-
Volokh, supra note 7, at 1454-61 (regulations imposing a substantial burden on Second Amendment rights should be evaluated by assessing the "magnitude of the burden" in light of its justification).
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.1443
, pp. 1454-1461
-
-
Volokh1
-
31
-
-
67650562002
-
Second amendment standards of review: What the supreme court left unanswered in District of Columbia V. Heller
-
intermediate scrutiny
-
Jason T. Anderson, Note, Second Amendment Standards of Review: What the Supreme Court Left Unanswered in District of Columbia v. Heller, 82 S. CAL. L REV. 547, 577-87 (2009) (intermediate scrutiny).
-
(2009)
S. CAL. L REV
, vol.82
, Issue.547
, pp. 577-587
-
-
Anderson, J.T.1
-
32
-
-
84878579013
-
An opinion without standards: The supreme court's refusal to adopt a standard of constitutional review in District of Columbia v. Heller will likely cause headaches for future judicial review of gun-control regulations
-
(same)
-
Ryan L. Card, Note, An Opinion Without Standards: The Supreme Court's Refusal to Adopt a Standard of Constitutional Review in District of Columbia v. Heller Will Likely Cause Headaches for Future Judicial Review of Gun-Control Regulations, 23 BYU J. PUB. L. 259, 286-87 (2009) (same).
-
(2009)
BYU J. PUB. L
, vol.23
, pp. 286-287
-
-
Card, R.L.1
-
33
-
-
79958855548
-
District of Columbia v. Heller: Failing to establish a standard for the future
-
note, strict scrutiny
-
Lindsay Goldberg, Note, District of Columbia v. Heller: Failing to Establish a Standard for the Future, 68 MD. L.REV. 889, 904-13 (2009) (strict scrutiny).
-
(2009)
MD. L.REV
, vol.68
, Issue.889
, pp. 904-913
-
-
Goldberg, L.1
-
34
-
-
72749118314
-
Comment, the hidden second amendment framework within District of Columbia v. Heller
-
a "deferential form of strict scrutiny"
-
Andrew R. Gould, Comment, The Hidden Second Amendment Framework Within District of Columbia v. Heller, 62 VAND. L.REV. 1535, 1570-73 (2009) (a "deferential form of strict scrutiny");
-
(2009)
VAND. L.REV
, Issue.1535
, pp. 1570-1573
-
-
Gould, A.R.1
-
35
-
-
79958833907
-
District of Columbia v. Heller: The second amendment shoots one down
-
intermediate scrutiny
-
Sarah Perkins, Note, District of Columbia v. Heller: The Second Amendment Shoots One Down, 70 LA. L REV. 1061, 1079-90 (2010) (intermediate scrutiny).
-
(2010)
LA. L REV
, vol.70
, Issue.1061
, pp. 1079-1090
-
-
Perkins, S.1
-
36
-
-
79958828072
-
What the Hell[er]? The fine print standard of review under Heller
-
undue burden
-
Jason Racine, Note, What the Hell[er]? The Fine Print Standard of Review Under Heller, 29 N. ILL. U. L. REV. 605, 617-20 (2009) (undue burden).
-
(2009)
N. ILL. U. L. REV
, vol.29
, Issue.605
, pp. 617-620
-
-
Racine, J.1
-
37
-
-
79958822849
-
-
note
-
For a recent decision usefully summarizing the disarray in the lower courts
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
79958789059
-
-
District of Columbia, F. Supp. 2d, D.D.C
-
Heller V. District of Columbia, 698 F. Supp. 2d 179, 184-86 (D.D.C. 2010).
-
(2010)
, vol.698
, Issue.179
, pp. 184-186
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
39
-
-
79958854834
-
-
note
-
At the appellate level, there has been something of a trend toward a form of intermediate scrutiny requiring that the challenged regulation be substantially related to an important governmental objective.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
79958783633
-
-
See, e.g., United States, F.3d, 4th Cir
-
See, e.g., United States v. Chester, 628 F.3d 673, 682-83 (4th Cir. 2010).
-
(2010)
, vol.628
, Issue.673
, pp. 682-683
-
-
Chester, V.1
-
41
-
-
79958824697
-
-
United States, F.3d, 10th Cir
-
United States V. Reese, 627 F.3d 792, 800-04 (10th Cir. 2010).
-
(2010)
, vol.627
, Issue.792
, pp. 800-804
-
-
Reese, V.1
-
42
-
-
79958784867
-
-
United States, F.3d, 7th Cir, en banc
-
United States V. Skoien, 614 F.3d 638, 641-42 (7th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
-
(2010)
, vol.614
, Issue.638
, pp. 641-642
-
-
Skoien, V.1
-
43
-
-
79958828073
-
-
United States, F.3d, 3d Cir
-
United States V. Marzzarella, 614 F.3d 85, 95-98 (3d Cir. 2010).
-
(2010)
, vol.614
, Issue.85
, pp. 95-98
-
-
Marzzarella, V.1
-
44
-
-
79958808342
-
-
U.S. CONST. amend. II. 15 554 U.S. at, (citation omitted) (quoting United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716, 731
-
U.S. CONST. amend. II. 15 554 U.S. at 576-77 (citation omitted) (quoting United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716, 731 (1931)).
-
(1931)
, pp. 576-577
-
-
-
45
-
-
79958806723
-
-
quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
-
Id. at 627 (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)).
-
(1939)
, pp. 627
-
-
-
46
-
-
79958840358
-
-
quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
-
Id. at 582.
-
(1939)
, pp. 582
-
-
-
47
-
-
79958837814
-
-
quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179
-
Id. at 584.
-
(1939)
, pp. 584
-
-
-
50
-
-
60950488599
-
The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century
-
David B. Kopel, The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century, 1998 BYU L. REV. 1359, 1404-09.
-
(1998)
BYU L. REV
, vol.1359
, pp. 1404-1409
-
-
Kopel, D.B.1
-
51
-
-
79958853530
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 626.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
79958781406
-
-
554 U.S
-
Id. at 612-13.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
78650578816
-
Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
-
Volokh, supra note 7, at 1516-20.
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.1443
, pp. 1516-1520
-
-
Volokh1
-
54
-
-
78650578816
-
Implementing the Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense: An analytical framework and a research agenda
-
id. at 1521-24.
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.1443
, pp. 1521-1524
-
-
Volokh1
-
55
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 45-47.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 45-47
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
56
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 7-15.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 7-15
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
57
-
-
79958833908
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 592.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 15-20.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 15-20
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
59
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 30-35.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 30-35
-
-
-
60
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 37-44.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 37-44
-
-
-
61
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 45-48.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 45-48
-
-
-
62
-
-
79958799978
-
-
note
-
One article questions this conclusion, speculating that police would respond to a constitutional right to carry firearms by utilizing alternate grounds for stop-and-frisk, "such as suspicion of drug crimes or even curfew violations" or relying on an "officer safety justification."
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
72749086714
-
Gun control after Heller: Threats and sideshows from a social welfare perspective
-
Philip J. Cook, Jens Ludwig & Adam M. Samaha, Gun Control After Heller: Threats and Sideshows from a Social Welfare Perspective, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1041, 1080 n.214 (2009).
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.214
-
-
Cook, P.J.1
Ludwig, J.2
Samaha, A.M.3
-
64
-
-
79958835422
-
-
note
-
This speculation rests on an assumption that there is some sort of equilibrium of reasonable suspicion such that if one basis for suspicion becomes unavailable to officers, they can always shift to another. The authors offer no support for this as sumption, however, and there is little basis to suppose that when one justification for stop-and-frisk is eliminated, police can always come up with another. Given that police in departments committed to aggressive stop-and-frisk practices already have an incentive to maximize stop-and-frisk rates, it is doubtful that a reduction in stop-and-frisk authority of one type will be offset by increasing stop-and-frisk authority on other grounds.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
79958809600
-
-
note
-
The available data, moreover, show that weapons searches are an especially important source of stop-and-frisk authority for departments that use stop-and-frisk tactics aggressively. For example, in New York, in an eighteen-month period studied by the Attorney General during the crime-decline period, stop-and-frisks reflected in mandated reports based on suspected weapons offenses made up 44.6% of all stops, while suspected drug offenses were involved in 8.4% and misdemeanor/quality of life offenses were involved in 7.7%.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
79958821525
-
-
CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GEN. OF THE STATE OF N.Y., THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT'S "STOP AND FRISK" PRACTICES app. tbl.I.A.5, available at
-
CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GEN. OF THE STATE OF N.Y., THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT'S "STOP AND FRISK" PRACTICES app. tbl.I.A.5 (1999), available at http://books.google.com/books?id=fGJTRZgvUBoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0.
-
(1999)
-
-
-
67
-
-
79958861959
-
-
note
-
Reports are mandated "when a suspect is (i) 'stopped' by the use of force; (ii) frisked (i.e., patdown) and/or 'searched' (i.e., searched inside clothing); (iii) arrested; or (iv) 'stopped' and the suspect refused to identify him or herself."
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
79958823332
-
-
emphasis omitted, footnote omitted
-
Id. at 63-64 (emphasis omitted) (footnote omitted).
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
79958789058
-
-
note
-
For all reports, even if not mandated, 19.2% are based on suspicion of violent crime, 34.0% are based on weapons offenses, 15.8% are based on property crime, 8.7% are based on drug offenses, and 10.2% are based on misdemeanor/quality of life offenses.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
79958854832
-
-
tbl.I.A.5
-
Id. at 109-10 & tbl.I.A.5.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
79958791583
-
-
note
-
Moreover, there is no free-floating authority consistent with the Fourth Amendment to stop and frisk an individual based on "officer safety" absent reasonable suspicion that the suspect is engaged in unlawful activity. The rule permitting a stop-and-frisk based on reasonable suspicion permits an officer to approach a suspect "for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior."
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
79958816633
-
-
U.S, This requirement is fully applicable to stop-and-frisks involving suspected firearms
-
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,22 (1968). This requirement is fully applicable to stop-and-frisks involving suspected firearms.
-
(1968)
, vol.392
, Issue.1
, pp. 22
-
-
Ohio, T.V.1
-
73
-
-
84894796772
-
-
See, e.g, J.L, ("Our decisions recognize the serious threat that armed criminals pose to public safety; Terry's rule, which permits protective police searches on the basis of reasonable suspicion rather than demanding that officers meet the higher standard of probable cause, responds to this very concern. But an automatic firearm exception to our established reliability analysis would rove too far." (citation omitted)). Thus, Terry requires suspicion of illegality; it follows that when applicable law does not ban carrying a firearm, the Fourth Amendment does not permit a stopand-frisk for firearms because there is no reason to believe that the suspect violated any law
-
See, e.g., Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 272 (2000) ("Our decisions recognize the serious threat that armed criminals pose to public safety; Terry's rule, which permits protective police searches on the basis of reasonable suspicion rather than demanding that officers meet the higher standard of probable cause, responds to this very concern. But an automatic firearm exception to our established reliability analysis would rove too far." (citation omitted)). Thus, Terry requires suspicion of illegality; it follows that when applicable law does not ban carrying a firearm, the Fourth Amendment does not permit a stopand-frisk for firearms because there is no reason to believe that the suspect violated any law.
-
(2000)
, vol.529
, pp. 266
-
-
Florida, V.1
-
74
-
-
79958822848
-
-
See, e.g., United States, 4th Cir
-
See, e.g., United States v. Burton, 228 F.3d 524, 528-30 (4th Cir. 2000).
-
(2000)
, vol.228
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Burton, V.1
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75
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79958816632
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United States, 3d Cir
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United States v. Ubiles, 224 F.3d 213,217-18 (3d Cir. 2000).
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(2000)
, vol.224
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Ubiles, V.1
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76
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79958845642
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United States, A.2d, D.C
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Gomez v. United States, 597 A.2d 884, 890-91 (D.C. 1991).
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(1991)
, vol.597
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Gomez, V.1
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77
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79958832178
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Commonwealth, N.E.2d, Mass
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Commonwealth v. Couture, 552 N.E.2d 538, 541 (Mass. 1990).
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(1990)
, vol.552
, Issue.538
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Couture, V.1
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78
-
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79958837815
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-
note
-
4 WAYNE R. LAFAVE, SEARCH AND SEIZURE: A TREATISE ON THE FOURTH AMENDMENT § 9.6(a) (4th ed. 2004). Heller leaves open the possibility of requiring a license to carry firearms.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
79958789057
-
-
see , U.S. at, but in the context of vehicles, the Court has held that the Fourth Amendment forbids investigative stops to check the license and registration of a vehicle absent some particularized reason to believe that the suspect has violated licensing requirements or another law
-
see 554 U.S. at 631, but in the context of vehicles, the Court has held that the Fourth Amendment forbids investigative stops to check the license and registration of a vehicle absent some particularized reason to believe that the suspect has violated licensing requirements or another law.
-
, vol.554
, pp. 631
-
-
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80
-
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79958839073
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See, U.S
-
See Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 655-63 (1979).
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(1979)
, vol.440
, Issue.648
, pp. 655-663
-
-
Prouse, D.V.1
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81
-
-
79958816631
-
-
see also City of Indianapolis, U.S, (invalidating roadblocks to check vehicles for guns and drugs in high-crime areas)
-
see also City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 40-48 (2000) (invalidating roadblocks to check vehicles for guns and drugs in high-crime areas).
-
(2000)
, vol.531
, Issue.32
, pp. 40-48
-
-
Edmond, V.1
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82
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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enhanced rational basis review
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 11-14, 45-48.
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U. TOL. L. REV
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Rosenthal1
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83
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79958788349
-
-
note
-
Some have argued that the Second Amendment right should be limited to possessing and using firearms within one's home, since privacy interests subside and governmental regulatory interests are greater once firearms are taken outside the home.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
70349838233
-
Does Heller Protect a Right to Carry Guns Outside the Home?
-
Michael C. Dorf, Does Heller Protect a Right to Carry Guns Outside the Home?, 59 SYRACUSE L. REV. 225, 231-33 (2008).
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SYRACUSE L. REV
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Dorf, M.C.1
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85
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77952720086
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Guns as smut: Defending the home-bound second amendment
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Darrell A.H. Miller, Guns as Smut: Defending the Home-Bound Second Amendment, 109 COLUM. L. REV. 1278, 1297-355 (2009).
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COLUM. L. REV
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Miller, D.A.H.1
-
86
-
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79958802651
-
-
note
-
Whatever the merits of this view in terms of policy, however, it is hard to reconcile with Heller's textualism. As we have seen, Heller defined the right to bear arms to include carrying weapons for purposes of confrontation, and it does not seem particularly plausible to understand this analysis of the text as recognizing only a right to "bear" arms from the bedroom to the living room. For additional critical discussion of this understanding of Second Amendment rights.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
79958784865
-
The First and Second Amendments
-
see
-
see Eugene Volokh, The First and Second Amendments, 109 COLUM. L. REV. SIDEBAR 97 (2009), http://www.columbialawreview.org/Sidebar/volume/109/97_Volokh.pdf.
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COLUM. L. REV. SIDEBAR
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Volokh, E.1
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88
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79958802650
-
-
note
-
Others have argued that Second Amendment doctrine should adopt the rule found in First Amendment doctrine that permits reasonable regulation of the time, place, and manner of speech and apply it to the right to keep and bear arms.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
72749083740
-
Mind the Gap: The Missing Standard of Review Under the Second Amendment (and Where to Find It)
-
Christopher A. Chrisman, Mind the Gap: The Missing Standard of Review Under the Second Amendment (and Where to Find It), 4 GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 289 (2006).
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GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
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Chrisman, C.A.1
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90
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72749110833
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Comment, The Next Step in Second Amendment Analysis: Incorporating the Right to Bear Arms into the Fourteenth Amendment
-
Janice Baker, Comment, The Next Step in Second Amendment Analysis: Incorporating the Right to Bear Arms into the Fourteenth Amendment, 28 U. DAYTON L. REV. 35, 57-60 (2002).
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Baker, J.1
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91
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72749093431
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The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms
-
note
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Gary E. Barnett, Note, The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, 6 GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 607, 621-28 (2008).
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GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
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, Issue.607
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Barnett Gary, E.1
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92
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79958803880
-
-
note
-
Yet the analogy between First and Second Amendment rights is a difficult one because "the right to arms stems from concerns about self defense and the defense of public liberty.[T]he Second Amendment's right to arms is about capabilities more than expression."
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
70349826093
-
Guns and Gay Sex: Some Notes on Firearms, the Second Amendment, and "Reasonable Regulation
-
footnote omitted
-
Glenn Harlan Reynolds, Guns and Gay Sex: Some Notes on Firearms, the Second Amendment, and "Reasonable Regulation," 75 TENN. L. REV. 137, 147-48 (2007) (footnote omitted).
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Reynolds, G.H.1
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94
-
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79958784866
-
-
note
-
Beyond that, First Amendment doctrine treats deferentially laws directed not at the content of speech but rather at some non speech evil, whereas gun control laws are usually directed at the right to keep and bear arms as defined in Heller.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
79958803879
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
enhanced rational basis review
-
Tushnet, supra note 12, at 429-31.
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U. TOL. L. REV
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-
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Tushnet1
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96
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-
84878065404
-
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U.S, quoting Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 143 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting
-
Heller, 554 U.S. at 584 (quoting Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 143 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting)).
-
, vol.554
, pp. 584
-
-
Heller1
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97
-
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79958820188
-
-
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)
-
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2006).
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(2006)
-
-
-
98
-
-
79958841171
-
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U.S
-
554 U.S. at 628.
-
-
-
-
99
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-
79958774292
-
-
U.S
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Id. at 629.
-
-
-
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100
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79958825903
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-
U.S
-
Id. at 627 n.26.
-
, Issue.26
, pp. 627
-
-
-
101
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79958860269
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U.S
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Id. at 626.
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
67949101940
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Categoricalism and Balancing in First and Second Amendment Analysis
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Joseph Blocher, Categoricalism and Balancing in First and Second Amendment Analysis, 84 N.Y.U. L. REV. 375, 404-11 (2009).
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N.Y.U. L. REV
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Blocher, J.1
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103
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68149169422
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District of Columbia v. Heller and Originalism
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Lawrence B. Solum, District of Columbia v. Heller and Originalism, 103 NW. U. L. REV. 923, 976-77 (2009).
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NW. U. L. REV
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Solum, L.B.1
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104
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79958850653
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U.S
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554 U.S. at 632-34.
-
, vol.554
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-
-
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106
-
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70349816809
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The Early American Origins of the Modern Gun Control Debate: The Right to Bear Arms, Firearms Regulation, and the Lessons of History
-
Saul Cornell, The Early American Origins of the Modern Gun Control Debate: The Right to Bear Arms, Firearms Regulation, and the Lessons of History, 17 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 571, 582-85 (2006).
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STAN. L. & POL'Y REV
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Cornell, S.1
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107
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68949190631
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Why Can't Martha Stewart Have a Gun?
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POL'Y
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C. Kevin Marshall, Why Can't Martha Stewart Have a Gun?, 32 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 695, 698-728 (2009).
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HARV. J.L. & PUB
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Kevin, M.C.1
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108
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79958796813
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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enhanced rational basis review
-
Larson, supra note 12, at 1372-79.
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U. TOL. L. REV
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-
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Larson1
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109
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70349840610
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The Second Amendment, Heller, and Originalist Jurisprudence
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Nelson Lund, The Second Amendment, Heller, and Originalist Jurisprudence, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1343, 1356-62 (2009).
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Lund, N.1
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110
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79958850652
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 627.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
79958782708
-
-
note
-
The dissenters added that the first militia act, enacted the same year the Second Amendment was ratified, defined the militia as "every able-bodied white male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45" and required each "to 'provide himself with a good musket or firelock' and other specified weaponry."
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
79958842433
-
-
Stevens, J., dissenting, quoting Act of May 8, 1792, ch. 33, 1 Stat. 271
-
Id. at 672 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting Act of May 8, 1792, ch. 33, 1 Stat. 271).
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
79958835421
-
-
majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939) (internal quotation mark omitted
-
Id. at 595 (majority opinion) (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939) (internal quotation mark omitted)).
-
-
-
-
114
-
-
79958836678
-
-
Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
-
Id. at 596.
-
-
-
-
115
-
-
79958808341
-
-
Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
-
Id. at 597.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
79958843469
-
-
Majority opinion, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939), internal quotation mark omitted
-
Id. at 577-78.
-
-
-
-
117
-
-
79958812990
-
-
City of Chicago
-
McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3038-42 (2010).
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(2010)
, vol.130
, Issue.3020
, pp. 3038-3042
-
-
McDonald, V.1
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118
-
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79958853529
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note
-
For elaboration on the argument that the Second Amendment's incorporation into the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the Second Amendment be interpreted as it was understood at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption.
-
-
-
-
122
-
-
70349807735
-
A Well Regulated Right: The Early American Origins of Gun Control
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Saul Cornell & Nathan De Dino, A Well Regulated Right: The Early American Origins of Gun Control, 73 FORDHAM L. REV. 487, 516-17 (2004).
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FORDHAM L. REV
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Cornell, S.1
de Dino, N.2
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123
-
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70349810807
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Armed Citizens, Citizen Armies: Toward a Jurisprudence of the Second Amendment
-
David T. Hardy, Armed Citizens, Citizen Armies: Toward a Jurisprudence of the Second Amendment, 9 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 559, 615-17 (1986).
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HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
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, Issue.559
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Hardy, D.T.1
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125
-
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70349816446
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Guns, Extremists, and the Constitution
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Calvin Massey, Guns, Extremists, and the Constitution, 57 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 1095, 1115-18 (2000).
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WASH. & LEE L. REV
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Massey, C.1
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126
-
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79958825902
-
-
See 554 U.S
-
See 554 U.S. at 626.
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
79958796814
-
-
note
-
See supra note 43 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
-
128
-
-
79958836679
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 634-35.
-
-
-
-
129
-
-
79958844741
-
-
130 S. Ct
-
130 S. Ct. at 3050.
-
-
-
-
130
-
-
70349813735
-
Heller's Catch-22
-
See
-
See Adam Winkler, Heller's Catch-22, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1551, 1569-73 (2009).
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Winkler, A.1
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131
-
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79958842434
-
-
note
-
One student commentator discounted the possibility that the Court would adopt an undue burden test on the ground that this test has been repudiated by Justices Scalia and Thomas as a matter of due process jurisprudence.
-
-
-
-
132
-
-
79958799977
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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Enhanced rational basis review
-
See Gould, supra note 12, at 1573-75.
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U. TOL. L. REV
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Gould1
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133
-
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79958824696
-
-
note
-
Nevertheless, a majority of the remaining Justices might well unite behind this approach, and even Justices Scalia and Thomas have proved willing to subscribe to this test when it was necessary to assemble a majority behind a result that they otherwise approved.
-
-
-
-
134
-
-
79958839072
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-
See, 550 U.S
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See Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 146, 146-68 (2007).
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(2007)
, vol.124
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Carhart, G.V.1
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135
-
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79958811686
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note
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For a discussion that considers the appropriate standard of scrutiny for the Second Amendment in light of standards employed for other provisions in the Bill of Rights.
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
79958861958
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, (plurality opinion)
-
see Winkler, supra note 11, at 693-96.
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(2010)
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Winkler1
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137
-
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79958814070
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554 U.S
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554 U.S. at 584-86, 593-95, 606, 609.
-
-
-
-
138
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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Enhanced rational basis review
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See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 18-19.
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Rosenthal1
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139
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70349838420
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A Clinical Model for the Prevention of Gang Violence and Homicide
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Richard C. Cervantes ed
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Armando Morales, A Clinical Model for the Prevention of Gang Violence and Homicide, in SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND GANG VIOLENCE 105, 111-12 (Richard C. Cervantes ed., 1992).
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Morales, A.1
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141
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The Financial Activity of a Modern American Street Gang
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See, Finn-Aage Esbensen et al. eds
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See Sudhir Venkatesh, The Financial Activity of a Modern American Street Gang, in AMERICAN YOUTH GANGS AT THE MILLENNIUM 239, 242 (Finn-Aage Esbensen et al. eds., 2004).
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American Youth Gangs at The Millennium
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Venkatesh, S.1
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142
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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Enhanced rational basis review
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 19-20.
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Rosenthal1
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143
-
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0001022586
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Guns, Youth Violence, and Social Identity in Inner Cities
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Michael Tonry & Mark H. Moore eds
-
Jeffrey Fagan & Deanna L. Wilkinson, Guns, Youth Violence, and Social Identity in Inner Cities, in 24 CRIME & JUSTICE: YOUTH VIOLENCE 105, 137-75 (Michael Tonry & Mark H. Moore eds., 1998).
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Fagan, J.1
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144
-
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77951040848
-
-
For similar accounts, see, for example
-
For similar accounts, see, for example, MARK R. POGREBIN, PAUL B. STRETESKY & N. PRABHA UNNITHAN, GUNS, VIOLENCE & CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: THE OFFENDER'S PERSPECTIVE 69-71 (2009).
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Pogrebin, M.P.1
Stretesky, P.B.2
Unnithan, N.P.3
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145
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84937279864
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Gun carrying among adolescents
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David Hemenway et al., Gun Carrying Among Adolescents, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 39, 44-47 (1996).
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Hemenway, D.1
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Diffusion in homicide: Exploring a general method for detecting spatial diffusion processes
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Jacqueline Cohen & George Tita, Diffusion in Homicide: Exploring a General Method for Detecting Spatial Diffusion Processes, 15 J. QUANTITATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 451, 490-91 (1999).
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0000956122
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The Role of Drug Markets and Gangs in Local Homicide Rates
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Jacqueline Cohen et al., The Role of Drug Markets and Gangs in Local Homicide Rates, 2 HOMICIDE STUD. 241, 257-58 (1998).
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Social contagion of violence
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Daniel J. Flannery et al. eds
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Jeffrey Fagan, Deanna L. Wilkinson & Garth Davies, Social Contagion of Violence, in THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR AND AGGRESSION 688, 701-10 (Daniel J. Flannery et al. eds., 2007).
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-
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Fagan, J.1
Wilkinson, D.L.2
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149
-
-
11144261700
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Communities, Street Guns and Homicide Trajectories in Chicago, 1980-1995: Merging Methods for Examining Homicide Trends Across Space and Time
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For a similar finding about Chicago, see
-
For a similar finding about Chicago, see Elizabeth Griffiths & Jorge M. Chavez, Communities, Street Guns and Homicide Trajectories in Chicago, 1980-1995: Merging Methods for Examining Homicide Trends Across Space and Time, 42 CRIMINOLOGY 941, 965-69 (2004).
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Griffiths, E.1
Chavez, J.M.2
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150
-
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79958848563
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SNote
-
Some have claimed that laws entitling individuals to carry concealed firearms have produced reductions in crime.
-
-
-
-
152
-
-
19944415667
-
-
This conclusion, however, has been subject to fierce criticism. See, e.g
-
This conclusion, however, has been subject to fierce criticism. See, e.g., DAVID HEMENWAY, PRIVATE GUNS, PUBLIC HEALTH 100-04 (2004)
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Hemenway, D.1
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TUSHNET, supra note 7, at 85-95.
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67049126623
-
Yet Another Refutation of the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis-With Some Help from Moody and Marvell
-
Ian Ayres & John J. Donohue III, Yet Another Refutation of the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis-With Some Help from Moody and Marvell, 6 ECON J. WATCH 35 (2009).
-
(2009)
ECON J. WATCH
, vol.6
, pp. 35
-
-
Ayres, I.1
Donohue III., J.J.2
-
156
-
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79958788348
-
-
note
-
In any event, even the advocates of this view make no claim that it applies in high-crime, urban neighborhoods. Another argument used by firearms proponents-although not linked to declining crime rates-is that firearms are used for defensive purposes at very high rates.
-
-
-
-
157
-
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0009676959
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Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-defense with a Gun
-
Gary Kleck & Marc Gertz, Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-defense with a Gun, 86 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 150 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY
, vol.86
, pp. 150
-
-
Kleck, G.1
Gertz, M.2
-
159
-
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79958827211
-
-
HEMENWAY, supra, at 66-69, 239-40.
-
-
-
Hemenway1
-
161
-
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84937278470
-
The Role of Firearms in Violence "Scripts": The Dynamics of Gun Events Among Adolescent Males
-
Deanna L. Wilkinson & Jeffrey Fagan, The Role of Firearms in Violence "Scripts": The Dynamics of Gun Events Among Adolescent Males, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 55, 70 (1996).
-
(1996)
LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS
, vol.59
, Issue.55
, pp. 70
-
-
Wilkinson, D.L.1
Fagan, J.2
-
162
-
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0030009061
-
Drive-By Shootings by Violent Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A Five-Year Review from 1989 to 1993
-
See
-
See H. Range Hutson et al., Drive-By Shootings by Violent Street Gangs in Los Angeles: A Five-Year Review from 1989 to 1993, 3 ACAD. EMERGENCY MED. 300, 302 (1996).
-
(1996)
ACAD. EMERGENCY MED
, vol.3
, pp. 300
-
-
Range, H.H.1
-
163
-
-
0028157102
-
Adolescents and Children Injured or Killed in Drive-by Shootings in Los Angeles
-
In 1991, there were more than 1500 gang-related drive-by shootings in Los Angeles
-
In 1991, there were more than 1500 gang-related drive-by shootings in Los Angeles. H. Range Hutson et al., Adolescents and Children Injured or Killed in Drive-by Shootings in Los Angeles, 330 NEW ENG. J. MED. 324, 324 (1994).
-
(1994)
NEW ENG. J. MED
, vol.330
, pp. 324
-
-
Range, H.H.1
-
164
-
-
79958829323
-
-
note
-
See supra notes 61-69 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
-
168
-
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79958796812
-
-
note
-
In New York, state law prohibits possession of a handgun without a license and generally requires that handguns be kept within the licensee's home or place of business unless the licensee is engaged in law enforcement.
-
-
-
-
169
-
-
79958861956
-
-
See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00(2), McKinney
-
See N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00(2) (McKinney 2008).
-
(2008)
-
-
-
170
-
-
79958843468
-
-
note
-
In New York City, an additional permit must be obtained to possess or carry a handgun.
-
-
-
-
171
-
-
79958845641
-
-
note
-
See id. § 400.00(6).
-
-
-
-
172
-
-
79958809599
-
-
note
-
The issuance of these permits is highly discretionary and generally requires an applicant to demonstrate some extraordinary danger.
-
-
-
-
173
-
-
79958830847
-
-
See N.Y.C., N.Y., COMP. R. CITY tit. 38, §§ 5-01 to -04
-
N.Y.C., N.Y., COMP. R. CITY tit. 38, §§ 5-01 to -04 (2007).
-
(2007)
-
-
-
174
-
-
79958825901
-
-
note
-
As I have demonstrated elsewhere, there is considerable evidence that New York's restrictive permit system has been an important part of its ability to drive violent crime down after the crime-spike period.
-
-
-
-
175
-
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79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 39-40.
-
(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 39-40
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
176
-
-
79958828071
-
-
Cf. District of Columbia, 554 U.S, "The very enumeration of the right takes out of the hands of government-even the Third Branch of Government-the power to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the right is really worth insisting upon."
-
Cf. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 634 (2008) ("The very enumeration of the right takes out of the hands of government-even the Third Branch of Government-the power to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the right is really worth insisting upon.").
-
(2008)
, vol.570
, pp. 634
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
177
-
-
79958784864
-
-
130 S. Ct. 3020
-
130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
-
(2010)
-
-
-
178
-
-
79958861957
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 595.
-
-
-
-
179
-
-
79958814069
-
-
130 S. Ct
-
130 S. Ct. at 3050.
-
-
-
-
180
-
-
79958806722
-
-
130 S. Ct
-
Id. at 3036.
-
-
-
-
181
-
-
79958839071
-
-
note
-
Justice Alito was joined in the opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Scalia.
-
-
-
-
182
-
-
79958793190
-
-
Id. at 3026.
-
-
-
-
183
-
-
79958775607
-
-
note
-
Justice Scalia also authored a separate concurring opinion.
-
-
-
-
184
-
-
79958784863
-
-
Id. at 3050.
-
-
-
-
185
-
-
79958839070
-
-
note
-
Justice Thomas concurred in part and concurred in the judgment but wrote a separate opinion.
-
-
-
-
186
-
-
79958843467
-
-
Id. at 3020.
-
-
-
-
187
-
-
79958842432
-
-
See, id, Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
-
See id. at 3088 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
-
-
-
-
188
-
-
79958856803
-
-
See, id, (Stevens, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer also dissented, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor
-
See id. at 3091-104, 3109-10 (Stevens, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer also dissented, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor.
-
-
-
-
189
-
-
79958806721
-
-
See Petitioners' Brief
-
See Petitioners' Brief at 9-65.
-
-
-
-
190
-
-
79958855547
-
-
130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521)
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521).
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
191
-
-
79958837812
-
-
130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3030-31 (opinion of the Court).
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
192
-
-
79958822847
-
-
130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
-
Id. at 3031.
-
-
-
-
193
-
-
79958861955
-
-
130 S. Ct, opinion of the Court
-
Id. at 3030.
-
-
-
-
194
-
-
79958793189
-
-
quoting Synder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105, internal quotation marks omitted
-
Id. at 3032 (quoting Synder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
-
(1934)
, pp. 3032
-
-
-
195
-
-
79958777609
-
-
quoting Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 10-11
-
Id. at 3035 (quoting Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 10-11 (1964)).
-
(1964)
, pp. 3035
-
-
-
196
-
-
79958864008
-
-
quoting Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149 n.14
-
Id. at 3034 (quoting Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149 n.14 (1968)).
-
(1968)
, pp. 3034
-
-
-
197
-
-
79958858954
-
-
note
-
Many American rights such as the separation of church and state, the prohibition against double jeopardy, and the latitude permitted in freedom of speech are distinct from rights recognized in other Western countries.
-
-
-
-
198
-
-
79958825899
-
-
Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
-
Id. at 3059 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
-
-
-
-
199
-
-
79958835420
-
-
Id. at 3062.
-
-
-
-
200
-
-
79958850651
-
-
See, opinion of the Court
-
See id. at 3030 (opinion of the Court).
-
-
-
-
201
-
-
79958841170
-
-
(Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721
-
Id. at 3061-62 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721 (1997)).
-
(1997)
, pp. 3061-3062
-
-
-
202
-
-
79958809598
-
-
(Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citation omitted) (second and third quotations quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721
-
Id. at 3088.
-
-
-
-
203
-
-
79958837813
-
-
Stevens, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 3098 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
204
-
-
78650585430
-
The Supreme Court and the Uses of History: District of Columbia v. Heller
-
See
-
See Joyce Lee Malcolm, The Supreme Court and the Uses of History: District of Columbia v. Heller, 56 UCLA L. REV. 1377, 1378-79 (2009).
-
(2009)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.56
, Issue.1377
, pp. 1378-1379
-
-
Malcolm, J.L.1
-
205
-
-
79958820186
-
-
130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3098 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
206
-
-
79958829322
-
-
130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 3098-99.
-
-
-
-
207
-
-
79958811685
-
-
130 S. Ct, Stevens, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 3051-52.
-
-
-
-
208
-
-
79958795506
-
-
note
-
(Scalia, J., concurring) ("The subjective nature of Justice Stevens' standard is also apparent from his claim that it is the courts' prerogative-indeed their duty-to update the Due Process Clause so that it encompasses new freedoms the Framers were too narrow-minded to imagine. Courts, he proclaims, must 'do justice to [the Clause's] urgent call and its open texture' by exercising the 'interpretive discretion the latter embodies'. And it would be 'judicial abdication' for a judge to. 'outsourc[e]' the job to 'historical sentiment."' (citations omitted)). Justice Scalia's opinion is primarily devoted to refuting Justice Stevens's novel approach to Fourteenth Amendment incorporation rather than to Justice Stevens's treatment of the Second Amendment.
-
-
-
-
209
-
-
79958858955
-
-
Id. at 3051-56.
-
-
-
-
210
-
-
79958787046
-
-
Stevens, J., dissenting
-
See id. at 3090-101 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
211
-
-
79958861954
-
-
Stevens, J., dissenting
-
See id. at 3103.
-
-
-
-
212
-
-
79958812989
-
-
Stevens, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 3093.
-
-
-
-
213
-
-
79958823331
-
-
(internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting NRA v. City of Chicago, 567 F.3d 856, 860, 7th Cir
-
Id. (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting NRA v. City of Chicago, 567 F.3d 856, 860 (7th Cir. 2009)).
-
(2009)
-
-
-
214
-
-
79958803878
-
-
Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
-
Id. at 3100 (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597 (1977)).
-
(1977)
, pp. 3100
-
-
-
215
-
-
79958819918
-
-
Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
-
See id. at 3096.
-
-
-
-
216
-
-
79958775606
-
-
Internal quotation mark omitted, quoting Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 597
-
Id. at 3090.
-
-
-
-
217
-
-
79958851993
-
-
note
-
It seems surprising that a case about the meaning of one amendment should be regarded as remiss for not shedding light on another. Justice Stevens found no need for what he characterized as "jot-for-jot incorporation" of an amendment.
-
-
-
-
218
-
-
79958791582
-
-
See id. at 3095.
-
-
-
-
219
-
-
79958865287
-
-
Id. at 3111.
-
-
-
-
220
-
-
79958802649
-
-
3112-13 & nn.41-42
-
See id. at 3107 n.33, 3112-13 & nn.41-42.
-
, Issue.33
, pp. 3107
-
-
-
221
-
-
79958845640
-
-
note
-
See id. at 3124 (Breyer, J., dissenting). A "popular" consensus carries the implication of a current, even ephemeral, view.
-
-
-
-
222
-
-
79958846950
-
-
Majority opinion
-
Id. at 3049 (majority opinion).
-
-
-
-
223
-
-
79958819917
-
-
Scalia, J., concurring) (citations omitted) (quoting id. at 3119 (Stevens, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 3058 (Scalia, J., concurring) (citations omitted) (quoting id. at 3119 (Stevens, J., dissenting)).
-
-
-
-
224
-
-
79958853527
-
-
See, e.g, Christian Legal Soc'y, 130 S. Ct, citing Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 270, 276 (1981), applying strict scrutiny in the context of regulating religious speech
-
See, e.g., Christian Legal Soc'y v. Martinez, 130 S. Ct. 2971, 2987-88 (2010) (citing Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 270, 276 (1981)) (applying strict scrutiny in the context of regulating religious speech).
-
(2010)
, pp. 2971-2988
-
-
Martinez, V.1
-
225
-
-
79958822846
-
-
Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct, (applying strict scrutiny to assess laws burdening political speech). Not all restrictions on speech are reviewed under a strict scrutiny standard
-
Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct. 876, 898 (2010) (applying strict scrutiny to assess laws burdening political speech). Not all restrictions on speech are reviewed under a strict scrutiny standard.
-
(2010)
, pp. 876
-
-
-
226
-
-
79958784861
-
-
See, R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S, holding that strict scrutiny should not be applied to challenge regulation of obscene or defamatory speech
-
See R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 382-84 (1992) (holding that strict scrutiny should not be applied to challenge regulation of obscene or defamatory speech).
-
(1992)
, pp. 377-384
-
-
-
227
-
-
79958827210
-
-
See District of Columbia, 554 U.S
-
See District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 626-27 (2008).
-
(2008)
, pp. 570-627
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
228
-
-
79958829321
-
-
See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening); cf. Heller, 554 U.S, discussing the portion of the Second Amendment that establishes that the right shall not be infringed but declining to analyze the word "infringed"
-
See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening); cf. Heller, 554 U.S. at 592-95 (discussing the portion of the Second Amendment that establishes that the right shall not be infringed but declining to analyze the word "infringed").
-
-
-
-
229
-
-
79958802648
-
-
See 554 U.S
-
See 554 U.S. at 636.
-
-
-
-
230
-
-
79958782707
-
-
note
-
Id. (emphasis added).
-
-
-
-
231
-
-
79958808340
-
New Washington Gun Rules Shift Constitutional Debate
-
For a description of the new regulations, see, May 17, available at
-
For a description of the new regulations, see Gary Fields, New Washington Gun Rules Shift Constitutional Debate, WALL ST. J., May 17, 2010, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704093204575216680860962548.html.
-
(2010)
WALL ST. J
-
-
Fields, G.1
-
232
-
-
79958803876
-
-
See, CHICAGO BREAKING NEWS.COM, July 12
-
See Chicago's New Gun Law Goes into Effect Today, CHICAGO BREAKING NEWS.COM, July 12, 2010, http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2010/07/chicagos-new-gun-law-goes-into-effect-today.html.
-
(2010)
Chicago's New Gun Law Goes in to Effect Today
-
-
-
234
-
-
79958851992
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
235
-
-
79958795505
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
236
-
-
79958798712
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
237
-
-
79958787045
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct
-
See McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3026 (2010).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3020
-
-
McDonald, V.1
-
238
-
-
79958806720
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct
-
Id. at 3049.
-
-
-
-
239
-
-
79958855544
-
-
District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in their homes for protection
-
District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 700-02 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in theirhomes for protection.
-
(2008)
, vol.570
, pp. 700-702
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
240
-
-
79958861953
-
-
District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in their homes for protection
-
Id. at 702.
-
(2008)
, vol.570
, pp. 702
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
241
-
-
79958837811
-
-
District of Columbia, 554 U.S, (Breyer, J., dissenting). Justice Breyer included this information in his dissent, nevertheless insisting that, although the gun ban had left city residents even more at risk, that did not mean they should have the right to guns in theirhomes for protection
-
See id. at 703-04.
-
-
-
-
242
-
-
79958815329
-
-
For the impact on crime of permitting law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms
-
For the impact on crime of permitting law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms, see LOTT, supra note 69.
-
-
-
Lott1
-
243
-
-
79958829320
-
-
BOS. GLOBE, Dec. 20, available at
-
Peter Schworm & Matt Carroll, Gun Permits Surge in State, BOS. GLOBE, Dec. 20, 2009, at A1, available at http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/12/20/gun_permits_surge_in_state.
-
(2009)
Gun Permits Surge in State
-
-
Schworm, P.1
Carroll, M.2
-
245
-
-
79958830846
-
US crime rate is down: Six key reasons
-
May 24, available at
-
Husna Haq, US Crime Rate Is Down: Six Key Reasons, CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR, May 24, 2010, at 5, available at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0524/US-crime-rate-is-down-six-keyreasons.
-
(2010)
CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR
, pp. 5
-
-
Haq, H.1
-
246
-
-
79958864006
-
-
See LOTT, supra note 69, at 56-99.
-
-
-
Lott1
-
247
-
-
79958830846
-
US Crime Rate is Down: Six Key Reasons
-
May 24, available at
-
See Haq, supra note 142.
-
(2010)
CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR
, pp. 5
-
-
Haq1
-
248
-
-
79958789056
-
-
note
-
See supra text accompanying note 49 (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
249
-
-
79958855546
-
-
note
-
See supra text accompanying note 49 (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
251
-
-
79958842431
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
252
-
-
79958803877
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
253
-
-
79958843465
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.B (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
254
-
-
0040642168
-
-
See, Professor Allan, Professor of Public Law and Jurisprudence at Cambridge University, is paraphrasing Lord Justice Browne-Wilkinson's dissent in Wheeler v. Leicester County, [1985] All E.R. 151 (A.C.) at 155-59 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, L.J., dissenting) (Eng.), rev'd, [1985] A.C. 1054 (H.L.)
-
See T.R.S. ALLAN, LAW, LIBERTY, AND JUSTICE: THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF BRITISH CONSTITUTIONALISM 140 (1993). Professor Allan, Professor of Public Law and Jurisprudence at Cambridge University, is paraphrasing Lord Justice Browne-Wilkinson's dissent in Wheeler v. Leicester County, [1985] All E.R. 151 (A.C.) at 155-59 (Lord Browne-Wilkinson, L.J., dissenting) (Eng.), rev'd, [1985] A.C. 1054 (H.L.).
-
(1993)
LAW, LIBERTY, and JUSTICE: The LEGAL FOUNDATIONS of BRITISH CONSTITUTIONALISM
, pp. 140
-
-
Allan, T.R.S.1
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255
-
-
79958832177
-
-
130 S. Ct
-
130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010).
-
(2010)
, pp. 3020
-
-
-
256
-
-
79958787044
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.A (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
257
-
-
79958817383
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.A (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
258
-
-
79958794456
-
-
130 S. Ct, (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted)
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3063 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted).
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
259
-
-
79958828070
-
-
130 S. Ct, (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment) (citations omitted) (quoting District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 576 (2008)) (some internal quotation marks omitted)
-
Id. at 3077.
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
260
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 48-78.
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U. TOL. L. REV
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Rosenthal1
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261
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79951805588
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The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
-
Lawrence Rosenthal, The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 361, 365-400 (2009).
-
(2009)
J. Contemp. Legal Issues
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Rosenthal, L.1
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262
-
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0002167283
-
Does the fourteenth amendment incorporate the bill of rights? The original understanding
-
See
-
See Charles Fairman, Does the Fourteenth Amendment Incorporate the Bill of Rights? The Original Understanding, 2 STAN. L. REV. 5, 82-84 (1949).
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(1949)
STAN. L. REV
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, Issue.5
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Fairman, C.1
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263
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84962071813
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The Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, and the (First) Criminal Procedure Revolution
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See, e.g
-
See, e.g., Donald A. Dripps, The Fourteenth Amendment, the Bill of Rights, and the (First) Criminal Procedure Revolution, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 469, 478-90 (2009).
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(2009)
J. Contemp. Legal Issues
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, Issue.469
, pp. 478-490
-
-
Dripps, D.A.1
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264
-
-
70349938564
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The riddle of the fourteenth amendment: A response to professor Wildenthal
-
George C. Thomas III, The Riddle of the Fourteenth Amendment: A Response to Professor Wildenthal, 68 OHIO ST. L.J. 1627, 1633, 1654-55 (2007).
-
(2007)
OHIO ST. L.J
, vol.68
, Issue.1627
-
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Thomas III., G.C.1
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265
-
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79958780104
-
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130 S. Ct
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3076 & n.14.
-
, Issue.14
, pp. 3076
-
-
McDonald1
-
266
-
-
79951805588
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The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 395-400.
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J. Contemp. Legal Issues
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, pp. 395-400
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Rosenthal1
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267
-
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79951805588
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The New Originalism Meets the Fourteenth Amendment: Original Public Meaning and the Problem of Incorporation
-
See id. at 399-400.
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(2009)
J. Contemp. Legal Issues
, vol.18
, pp. 399-400
-
-
-
268
-
-
79958791581
-
-
130 S. Ct, (citing United States v. Hall, 26 F. Cas. 79, 82 (C.C.S.D. Ala. 1871) (No. 15,282) (Woods, J.))
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. at 3076 (citing United States v. Hall, 26 F. Cas. 79, 82 (C.C.S.D. Ala. 1871) (No. 15,282) (Woods, J.)).
-
-
-
McDonald1
-
269
-
-
79958844740
-
-
See United States, 25 F. Cas, (C.C.D.S.C. 1871) (No. 14,893)
-
See United States v. Crosby, 25 F. Cas. 701, 704 (C.C.D.S.C. 1871) (No. 14,893).
-
-
-
Crosby, V.1
-
270
-
-
79958799976
-
-
Rowan v. State, 30 Wis
-
Rowan v. State, 30 Wis. 129, 148-50 (1872).
-
(1872)
, vol.129
, pp. 148-150
-
-
-
271
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
See Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 68-72.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, pp. 68-72
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Rosenthal1
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272
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 391-95.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, Issue.43
, pp. 391-395
-
-
Rosenthal1
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273
-
-
79958805458
-
-
92 U.S
-
92 U.S. 542 (1876).
-
(1876)
, pp. 542
-
-
-
274
-
-
79958844739
-
-
(quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
-
Id. at 548 (quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141).
-
-
-
-
275
-
-
79958780103
-
-
(quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
-
Id. at 553.
-
-
-
-
276
-
-
79958795504
-
-
(quoting Enforcement Act of 1870, ch. 114, § 6, 16 Stat. 141)
-
Id. at 555.
-
-
-
-
277
-
-
79958802647
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment
-
McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3084-86 (2010) (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
-
(2010)
, vol.3020
, pp. 3084-3086
-
-
McDonald, V.1
-
278
-
-
79958864005
-
-
note
-
The only members of the Court who asserted that the Amendment was framed with incorporation in mind were Justice Bradley and Justice Swayne in the former's dissenting opinion in the Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36, 112-19 (1872). Yet by the time of Cruikshank, even these Justices had abandoned incorporation. In his opinion, Justice Thomas suggested that the Court's holding in Cruik shank undermined the efforts of the Reconstruction-era Congress to protect the newly freed slaves from violence.
-
-
-
-
279
-
-
79958840356
-
-
see, Ct, but hostility to the objectives of Reconstruction seems an unlikely explanation for the Court's approach to the Fourteenth Amendment since by the time of Cruikshank, eight of the nine Justices had been appointed by Presidents Lincoln or Grant
-
see McDonald, S. Ct. at 3086-88, but hostility to the objectives of Reconstruction seems an unlikely explanation for the Court's approach to the Fourteenth Amendment since by the time of Cruikshank, eight of the nine Justices had been appointed by Presidents Lincoln or Grant.
-
-
-
McDonald, S.1
-
280
-
-
79958816630
-
-
See, 12 tbl.1.2, Moreover, within a few years, the Court held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment
-
See DONALD GRIER STEPHENSON, JR., THE WAITE COURT: JUSTICES, RULINGS, AND LEGACY 12 tbl.1.2 (2003). Moreover, within a few years, the Court held that the exclusion of African-Americans from juries violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
(2003)
The Waite Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy
-
-
Donald Jr., G.S.1
-
281
-
-
79958812988
-
-
West Virginia, 100 U.S, This holding was not a foregone conclusion; in the parlance of the day, jury service was considered a political and not a civil right, and many understood the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee equality only with respect to the latter
-
Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1879). This holding was not a foregone conclusion; in the parlance of the day, jury service was considered a political and not a civil right, and many understood the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee equality only with respect to the latter.
-
(1879)
, pp. 303
-
-
Strauder, V.1
-
282
-
-
79959208898
-
Nationalizing the Bill of Rights: Scholarship and Commentary on the Fourteenth Amendment in 1867-1873
-
See, e.g
-
See, e.g., Bryan H. Wildenthal, Nationalizing the Bill of Rights: Scholarship and Commentary on the Fourteenth Amendment in 1867-1873, 18 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 153, 266-67 (2009).
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(2009)
J. Contemp. Legal Issues
, vol.18
, Issue.153
, pp. 266-267
-
-
Wildenthal, B.H.1
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283
-
-
79958860267
-
-
United States, 529 U.S
-
United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 622 (2000).
-
(2000)
, Issue.598
, pp. 622
-
-
Morrison, V.1
-
284
-
-
79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 75-78.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, pp. 75-78
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Rosenthal1
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285
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 157, at 401-08.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, Issue.43
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Rosenthal1
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286
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37949000852
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Clio and the Court: An Illicit Love Affair
-
Alfred H. Kelly, Clio and the Court: An Illicit Love Affair, 1965 SUP. CT. REV. 119,155-58.
-
SUP. CT. REV
, vol.1965
, Issue.119
, pp. 155-158
-
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Kelly, A.H.1
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287
-
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2142740442
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When Lawyers Do History
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Larry D. Kramer, When Lawyers Do History, 72 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 387, 402-07 (2003).
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(2003)
GEO. WASH. L. REV
, vol.72
, Issue.387
, pp. 402-407
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Kramer, L.D.1
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288
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0002167906
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Law and History
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John Philip Reid, Law and History, 27 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 193, 197-204 (1993).
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LOY. L.A. L. REV
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, Issue.193
, pp. 197-204
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Reid, J.P.1
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289
-
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79958782706
-
-
note
-
supra Part II.B (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
290
-
-
79958787043
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.C and note 140 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
291
-
-
79958853525
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.C and note 144 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
292
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 7-20.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, pp. 7-20
-
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Rosenthal1
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293
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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Enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 7.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 7
-
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Rosenthal1
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294
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
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Enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 23
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, Issue.43
, pp. 23
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
295
-
-
79958850650
-
-
note
-
supra note 140 and accompanying text (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
296
-
-
79958853526
-
-
note
-
supra note 69 (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
297
-
-
79958864004
-
-
LOTT, supra note 69, at 253-305.
-
-
-
Lott1
-
298
-
-
79958815328
-
-
note
-
supra notes 61-64 and accompanying text (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
299
-
-
79958775609
-
Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
Rosenthal, supra note 12, at 25-26.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
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, pp. 25-26
-
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Rosenthal1
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300
-
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79958775609
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Scope of the Second Amendment Right-Post-Heller Standard of Review
-
Enhanced rational basis review
-
id. at 26-44.
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(2009)
U. TOL. L. REV
, vol.41
, Issue.43
, pp. 26-44
-
-
Rosenthal1
-
301
-
-
79958825898
-
-
note
-
Although she does not comment on New York, Professor Malcolm points to high crime rates in the District of Columbia and Chicago to suggest that handgun bans are ineffective.
-
-
-
-
302
-
-
79958819916
-
-
note
-
supra notes 136-38 and accompanying text (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
303
-
-
79958811684
-
-
note
-
Aside from ignoring the fact that the manner in which a handgun ban is enforced is surely more important than the fact that it is on the books, the evidence on the efficacy of handgun bans is actually mixed, as Justice Breyer has observed.
-
-
-
-
304
-
-
79958842430
-
-
City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct, Breyer, J., dissenting
-
McDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020, 3127 (2010) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
-
(2010)
, vol.3020
, pp. 3127
-
-
McDonald, V.1
-
305
-
-
79958803875
-
-
District of Columbia, 554 U.S
-
District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 699-704 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
-
(2008)
, vol.570
, pp. 699-704
-
-
Heller, V.1
-
306
-
-
79958791580
-
-
note
-
For a quite different assessment than that of Professor Malcolm of the evidence relating to Chicago, offered by professional criminologists, see Brief and Appendix of Professors of Criminal Justice as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents.
-
-
-
-
307
-
-
79958827209
-
-
130 S. Ct, No. 08-1521
-
McDonald, 130 S. Ct. 3020 (No. 08-1521).
-
, vol.3020
-
-
McDonald1
-
308
-
-
70349807929
-
Gun Control: Targeting Rationality in a Loaded Debate
-
Jesse Matthew Ruhl, Arthur L. Rizer III & Mikel J. Wier, Gun Control: Targeting Rationality in a Loaded Debate, 13 KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 413, 449-50 (2004).
-
(2004)
KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
, vol.13
, Issue.413
, pp. 449-450
-
-
Ruhl, J.M.1
Rizer III., A.L.2
Wier, M.J.3
-
309
-
-
79958796810
-
-
note
-
In fairness, it should be noted that a report of New York's Attorney General, based on a review of forms officers must file when conducting forcible stops, expresses some skepticism about the New York Police Department's compliance with the Fourth Amendment, concluding through the use of a sampling procedure that 15.4% of all forms failed to articulate facts sufficient to justify the stop and that 23.5% of all forms did not provide sufficient information to make a determination about whether the stop was justified.
-
-
-
-
310
-
-
79958812987
-
-
See CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU
-
See CIVIL RIGHTS BUREAU, supra note 31, at 161-64.
-
-
-
-
311
-
-
79958809597
-
-
note
-
The sampling procedure also found that forms that articulated facts amounting to reasonable suspicion were four times more likely to result in an arrest.
-
-
-
-
312
-
-
79958806719
-
-
See id. at 164.
-
-
-
-
313
-
-
79958815327
-
-
note
-
It is difficult to know what to make of this point; it may well be that officers were less thorough in filling out forms when they knew there would be no criminal case arising from the encounter. Reliance on these reports to assess compliance with the Fourth Amendment is perilous since the reports are not made for that purpose but rather are intended as a source of investigative leads.
-
-
-
-
314
-
-
85055404758
-
Stops, frisks, searches, and the constitution
-
James J. Fyfe, Stops, Frisks, Searches, and the Constitution, 3 CRIMINOLOGY & PUB. POL'Y 376, 392-94 (2004).
-
(2004)
CRIMINOLOGY & PUB. POL'Y
, vol.3
, Issue.376
, pp. 392-394
-
-
Fyfe, J.J.1
-
315
-
-
79958805456
-
-
note
-
In any event, these data do not endeavor to establish that police reports involving arrests based on probable cause were any more likely to fail to articulate sufficient facts to support the arrest than were reports involving stops. At most, the data may reflect no more than the risk of error inherent in all police activity. 190 The basis for Professor Malcolm's view seems to be that "fundamental rights are not to be separated into first- and second-class status," and therefore "the strict scrutiny applied to the First Amendment freedom of the press and freedom of speech should also be applied to Second Amendment rights."
-
-
-
-
316
-
-
79958782705
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.B (Malcolm Rebuttal). Yet, as Professor Malcolm acknowledges, in many contexts, First Amendment jurisprudence does not require strict scrutiny.
-
-
-
-
317
-
-
79958830845
-
-
note
-
See supra note 114 (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
318
-
-
33846859753
-
Scrutinizing the second amendment
-
Adam Winkler, Scrutinizing the Second Amendment, 105 MICH. L. REV. 683, 695 (2007).
-
(2007)
MICH. L. REV
, vol.105
-
-
Winkler, A.1
-
319
-
-
59349096810
-
-
For a particularly clear example, see, 491 U.S
-
For a particularly clear example, see Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 798-800 & n.6 (1989).
-
(1989)
Rock Against Racism
, vol.781
, Issue.6
, pp. 798-800
-
-
Ward, V.1
-
320
-
-
79958806718
-
-
note
-
Professor Malcolm offers no explanation as to why strict scrutiny should be invariably applied in Second Amendment jurisprudence when that is not the case in First Amendment jurisprudence. Beyond that, as I explained in Part I, there are important differences between First and Second Amendment rights that bear on the appropriate standard of scrutiny.
-
-
-
-
321
-
-
79958805457
-
-
note
-
Supra note 33 (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
322
-
-
79958793188
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 627 n.26.
-
, Issue.26
, pp. 627
-
-
-
323
-
-
79958839069
-
-
note
-
Supra Part II.D (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
324
-
-
79958801291
-
-
note
-
supra Part I.A (Rosenthal Opening).
-
-
-
-
325
-
-
79958777608
-
-
note
-
supra Part II.C (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
326
-
-
79958780102
-
-
554 U.S
-
554 U.S. at 632-34
-
-
-
-
327
-
-
79958828069
-
-
note
-
supra Part II.C (Malcolm Rebuttal).
-
-
-
-
328
-
-
79958861952
-
-
Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct
-
Citizens United v. FEC, 130 S. Ct. 876, 908-11 (2010).
-
(2010)
, vol.876
, pp. 908-911
-
-
-
329
-
-
79958789054
-
-
District of Columbia, 554 U.S, quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)
-
District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. at 595, 597 (quoting United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939)).
-
-
-
Heller, V.1
|