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Volumn 60, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1371-1386

Four exceptions in search of a theory: District of Columbia v. Heller and judicial Ipse Dixit

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EID: 70349836011     PISSN: 00178322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (26)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 70349798340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 128 S. Ct.2783, 2821-22(2008)
    • 128 S. Ct.2783, 2821-22(2008).
  • 2
    • 70349816716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2817
    • Id. at 2817.
  • 3
    • 70349835364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2821
    • Id. at 2821.
  • 4
    • 70349813991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2817
    • Id. at 2817.
  • 5
    • 70349816715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 2816-17
    • Id. at 2816-17.
  • 6
    • 70349804480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller and the perils of compromise
    • 420
    • See, e.g., Mark Tushnet, Heller and the Perils of Compromise, 13 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 419, 420 (2009).
    • (2009) Lewis & Clark L. Rev. , vol.13 , pp. 419
    • Tushnet, M.1
  • 7
    • 66249145770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of guns, abortions, and the unraveling of law
    • For other denunciations of the arbitrary nature of these exceptions, 279
    • For other denunciations of the arbitrary nature of these exceptions, see J. Harvie Wilkinson III, Of Guns, Abortions, and the Unraveling of Law, 95 VA. L. REV. 253,279 (2009);
    • (2009) Va. L. Rev. , vol.95 , pp. 253
    • Wilkinson III, J.H.1
  • 8
    • 70349795490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Puzzle About Heller, June 27
    • and A Puzzle About Heller, http://leiterlegalphilosophy.typepad.com/ leiter/2008/06/a-puzzle-about.html (June 27,2008).
    • (2008)
  • 9
    • 70349816699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller, 128 S. Q. at 2870 (Breyer, J., dissenting)
    • Heller, 128 S. Q. at 2870 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
  • 10
    • 70349813987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 2817 n.26 (majority opinion)
    • See id. at 2817 n.26 (majority opinion).
  • 11
    • 41349095913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abortion and original meaning
    • 296-97
    • See Jack Balkin, Abortion and Original Meaning, 24 CONST. COMMENT. 291, 296-97 (2007).
    • (2007) Const. Comment. , vol.24 , pp. 291
    • Balkin, J.1
  • 12
    • 70349792216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2821
    • Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2821.
  • 13
    • 70349801741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 2851 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (stating that the majority approves exceptions "whose constitutionality under a strict scrutiny standard would be far from clear")
    • See id. at 2851 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (stating that the majority approves exceptions "whose constitutionality under a strict scrutiny standard would be far from clear").
  • 14
    • 68149169422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller and originalism
    • 933-34
    • See Lawrence B. Solum, District of Columbia v. Heller and Originalism, 103 Nw. U. L. REV. 932, 933-34(2009).
    • (2009) Nw. U. L. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 932
    • Solum, L.B.1
  • 15
    • 70349832463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 934
    • See id. at 934.
  • 16
    • 70349823192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 969-71
    • Id. at 969-71.
  • 17
    • 70349810868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2821
    • See Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2821.
  • 18
    • 70349792215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balkin, supra note 9
    • See Balkin, supra note 9.
  • 19
    • 70349810865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Originalism on trial the use and abuse of history in District of Columbia v. Heller
    • For a critical evaluation of the Court's use of history in Heller
    • For a critical evaluation of the Court's use of history in Heller, see Saul Cornell, Originalism on Trial The Use and Abuse of History in District of Columbia v. Heller, 69 OHIO ST. L.J. 625 (2008).
    • (2008) Ohio St. L.J. , vol.69 , pp. 625
    • Cornell, S.1
  • 20
    • 0001225204 scopus 로고
    • Handgun prohibition and the original meaning of the second amendment
    • 266
    • Don B. Kates, Jr., Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment, 82 MICH. L. REV. 204, 266 (1983).
    • (1983) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.82 , pp. 204
    • Kates Jr., D.B.1
  • 21
    • 70349804476 scopus 로고
    • The right of the people or the power of the state: Bearing arms, arming militias, and the second amendment
    • 147, 185
    • See, e.g., Stephen P. Halbrook, The Right of the People or the Power of the State: Bearing Arms, Arming Militias, and the Second Amendment, 26 VAL. U. L. REV. 131, 147, 185 (1991);
    • (1991) Val. U. L. Rev. , vol.26 , pp. 131
    • Halbrook, S.P.1
  • 22
    • 70349810848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Emerson, 270 F.3d 203, 261 (5th Cir. 2001) (relying on similar sources for the claim that "felons, infants, and those of unsound mind may be prohibited from possessing firearms")
    • see also United States v. Emerson, 270 F.3d 203, 261 (5th Cir. 2001) (relying on similar sources for the claim that "felons, infants, and those of unsound mind may be prohibited from possessing firearms").
  • 23
    • 70349792214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Halbrook, supra note 19, at 147
    • See, e.g., Halbrook, supra note 19, at 147
  • 24
    • 70349807793 scopus 로고
    • 266 Boston, (Samuel Adams' proposed amendments)
    • (citing DEBATES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS CONVENTION OF 1788, at 86-87, 266 (Boston, 1856)) (Samuel Adams' proposed amendments);
    • (1856) Debates of the Massachusetts Convention of 1788 , pp. 86-87
  • 25
    • 70349823191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222, 267 (same)
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222, 267 (same).
  • 27
    • 61249615980 scopus 로고
    • (defining "peaceable" as "[f]ree from war, free from tumult; quiet, undisturbed; not quarrelsome, not turbulent")
    • Cf. THOMAS SHERIDAN, A COMPLETE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGUSH LANGUAGE (2d ed. 1789) (defining "peaceable" as "[f]ree from war, free from tumult; quiet, undisturbed; not quarrelsome, not turbulent").
    • (1789) A Complete Dictionary of the Engush Language (2d Ed.)
    • Sheridan, T.1
  • 29
    • 70349807794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222.
  • 30
    • 70349840674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Halbrook, supra note 19, at 142
    • See, e.g., Halbrook, supra note 19, at 142;
  • 31
    • 70349792210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222
    • Kates, supra note 18, at 222.
  • 32
    • 70349829198 scopus 로고
    • The Address and Reasons of Dissent of the Minority of the Convention of the State of Pennsylvania to Their Constituents (1787), 665
    • The Address and Reasons of Dissent of the Minority of the Convention of the State of Pennsylvania to Their Constituents (1787), in 2 BERNARD SCHWARTZ, THE BILL OF RIGHTS: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY 662,665 (1971).
    • (1971) The Bill of Rights: A Documentary History , vol.2 , pp. 662
    • Schwartz, B.1
  • 33
    • 70349820201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State constitutional right to keep and bear arms
    • For a useful overview of state constitutional provisions
    • For a useful overview of state constitutional provisions, see generally Eugene Volokh, State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms, 11 TEX. REV. L. A POL. 191 (2006).
    • (2006) Tex. Rev. L. A Pol. , vol.11 , pp. 191
    • Volokh, E.1
  • 34
    • 70049112862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • art. I, § II
    • See IDAHO CONST, art. I, § II.
    • Idaho Const
  • 35
    • 70349789274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 37
    • 70349838271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the New Hampshire act, see Act of May 4,1923, § 3, 1923 N.H. Laws 138
    • For the New Hampshire act, see Act of May 4,1923, § 3, 1923 N.H. Laws 138.
  • 38
    • 70349829211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Act of June 13, 1923, ch. 339, § 2, 1923 Cal. Stat. 696, 696
    • Act of June 13, 1923, ch. 339, § 2, 1923 Cal. Stat. 696, 696.
  • 39
    • 70349792205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Camperlingo, 231 P. 601,603 (Cal. Ct. App. 1924)
    • People v. Camperlingo, 231 P. 601,603 (Cal. Ct. App. 1924).
  • 40
    • 70349832456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 604
    • Id. at 604.
  • 42
  • 43
    • 70349801743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 44
    • 70349823171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. (defining "crime of violence" as "murder, manslaughter, rape, mayhem, assault to do great bodily harm, robbery, burglary [housebreaking, breaking and entering, and larceny]")
    • See id. (defining "crime of violence" as "murder, manslaughter, rape, mayhem, assault to do great bodily harm, robbery, burglary [housebreaking, breaking and entering, and larceny]").
  • 45
    • 70349792190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Act of June 11, 1931,§4, 1931 Pa. Laws 497,498
    • Act of June 11, 1931,§4, 1931 Pa. Laws 497,498.
  • 46
    • 70349816678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 33, at 565
    • 1930 HANDBOOK, supra note 33, at 565.
    • 1930 Handbook
  • 47
    • 70349789239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Act of July 20, 1968, ch. 737, §7, 1968 Mass. Acts 623, 626 (codified as amended at MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 140, § 129B (2008)); Act of July 20,1965, ch. 1030, § 400, 1965 N.Y. Laws 2343, 2472 codified at N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00.1 (McKinney 2008)
    • See, e.g., Act of July 20, 1968, ch. 737, §7, 1968 Mass. Acts 623, 626 (codified as amended at MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 140, § 129B (2008)); Act of July 20,1965, ch. 1030, § 400, 1965 N.Y. Laws 2343, 2472 (codified at N.Y. PENAL LAW § 400.00.1 (McKinney 2008)).
  • 51
    • 70349801704 scopus 로고
    • Act of June 13, 1777, Ch. 756, §3, 9 Pa. Laws no, n 2-13. Similar disarmaments of Tories occurred in New Jersey, South Carolina, and Connecticut. 98-99
    • Act of June 13, 1777, Ch. 756, §3, 9 Pa. Laws no, n 2-13. Similar disarmaments of Tories occurred in New Jersey, South Carolina, and Connecticut. STEPHEN P. HALBROOK, A RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS: STATE AND FEDERAL BILLS OF RIGHTS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE 86, 90, 98-99 (1989).
    • (1989) A Right to Bear Arms: State and Federal Bills of Rights and the Constitutional Guarantee , vol.86 , pp. 90
    • Halbrook, S.P.1
  • 52
    • 26044480826 scopus 로고
    • at 678-79 Worthington C Ford ed.
    • 8 JOURNALS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 1774-1789, at 678-79 (Worthington C Ford ed., 1907).
    • (1907) Journals of the Continental Congress , vol.8 , pp. 1774-1789
  • 53
    • 70349826196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 679
    • Id. at 679.
  • 54
    • 70349826197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 55
    • 70349810846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute of Northampton, 2 Edw. Ill, c. 3 (1328)
    • Statute of Northampton, 2 Edw. Ill, c. 3 (1328),
  • 56
    • 84922681415 scopus 로고
    • reprinted Philip B. Kurland & Ralph Lerner eds.
    • reprinted in 5 THE FOUNDERS' CONSTITUTION 209 (Philip B. Kurland & Ralph Lerner eds., 1987)
    • (1987) The Founders' Constitution , vol.5 , pp. 209
  • 57
    • 70349838260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at m John Baker ed.
    • THE REPORTS OF WILLIAM DAUSON 1552-1558, at m (John Baker ed., 2007).
    • (2007) The Reports of William Dauson , pp. 1552-1558
  • 58
    • 70349820072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 59
    • 70349804463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 61
    • 70349823152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Engush statute was not completely unknown, however, as Blackstone approvingly cited the statute's separate prohibition of "riding or going armed, with dangerous or unusual weapons."
    • The Engush statute was not completely unknown, however, as Blackstone approvingly cited the statute's separate prohibition of "riding or going armed, with dangerous or unusual weapons." 4 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, COMMENTARIES 148-49.
    • Commentaries , vol.4 , pp. 148-149
    • Blackstone, W.1
  • 62
    • 70349845474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • discussion infra Part II.C
    • See discussion infra Part II.C.
  • 63
    • 70349826193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Shelby, 2 S.W. 468,469 (Mo. 1886)
    • State v. Shelby, 2 S.W. 468,469 (Mo. 1886).
  • 64
    • 70349810847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 65
    • 70349845472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Act of Feb. 8, 1927, ch. 76, 44 Stat. 1059, 1059-60 (1927)
    • Act of Feb. 8, 1927, ch. 76, 44 Stat. 1059, 1059-60 (1927).
  • 66
    • 70349838259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 26 U.S.C. §§ 5801-5872
    • 26 U.S.C. §§ 5801-5872.
  • 67
    • 70349807780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 U.S.C§§ 921-931
    • 18 U.S.C§§ 921-931.
  • 68
    • 70349813966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal Gun Control Act, Pub. L. No. 90-618, 82 Stat. 1213 (1968) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 26 U.S.C)
    • Federal Gun Control Act, Pub. L. No. 90-618, 82 Stat. 1213 (1968) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 26 U.S.C).
  • 69
    • 70349792175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2818 n.27 (2008) ("If all that was required to overcome the right to keep and bear arms was a rational basis, the Second Amendment would be redundant with the separate constitutional prohibitions on irrational laws, and would have no effect.")
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2818 n.27 (2008) ("If all that was required to overcome the right to keep and bear arms was a rational basis, the Second Amendment would be redundant with the separate constitutional prohibitions on irrational laws, and would have no effect.").
  • 70
    • 70349801726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 874 (1992)
    • Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 874 (1992).
  • 71
    • 70349795472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 128 S. Ct. at 2820
    • 128 S. Ct. at 2820.
  • 72
    • 70349838499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second amendment plumbing after heller: Of standards of scrutiny, incorporation, well-regulated militias, and criminal street gangs
    • Lawrence Rosenthal, Second Amendment Plumbing After Heller: Of Standards of Scrutiny, Incorporation, Well-Regulated Militias, and Criminal Street Gangs, 41 URB. LAW. I, 82-84 (2009).
    • (2009) Urb. Law. I , vol.41 , pp. 82-84
    • Rosenthal, L.1
  • 73
    • 70349820054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casey, 505 U.S. at 987 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("The ultimately standardless nature of the 'undue-burden' inquiry is a reflection of the underlying fact that the concept has no principled or coherent legal basis.")
    • See, e.g., Casey, 505 U.S. at 987 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("The ultimately standardless nature of the 'undue-burden' inquiry is a reflection of the underlying fact that the concept has no principled or coherent legal basis.").
  • 74
    • 33846859753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrutinizing the second amendment
    • 686-87
    • Adam Winkler, Scrutinizing the Second Amendment, 105 MICH. L. REV. 683, 686-87 (2007).
    • (2007) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.105 , pp. 683
    • Winkler, A.1
  • 75
    • 70349804460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 716-17
    • Id. at 716-17.
  • 76
    • 70349816446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guns, extremists, and the constitution
    • 1137
    • Calvin Massey, Guns, Extremists, and the Constitution, 57 WASH, A LEE L. REV. 1095, 1137 (2000).
    • (2000) Wash, A Lee L. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 1095
    • Massey, C.1
  • 77
    • 70349789259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 270 F.3d 203,261 (5th Cir. 2001)
    • 270 F.3d 203,261 (5th Cir. 2001).
  • 78
    • 70349832439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2851 (2008)
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2851 (2008).
  • 79
    • 70349843240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 26 U.S.C. §7201 (2006)
    • See, e.g., 26 U.S.C. §7201 (2006).
  • 80
    • 70349792186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 U.S.C. §§ 656, 3581
    • See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 656, 3581.
  • 81
    • 70349789257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. §§ 201, 3581
    • See, e.g., id. §§ 201, 3581.
  • 82
    • 70349816674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winkler, supra note 63, at 721
    • Winkler, supra note 63, at 721.
  • 83
    • 70349843223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAL. VEH. CODE §§ 23153, 23566 (West 2000 & Supp. 2009);
    • See, e.g.. CAL. VEH. CODE §§ 23153, 23566 (West 2000 & Supp. 2009);
  • 84
    • 70349804459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAL. PENAL CODE §17 (West 1999)
    • CAL. PENAL CODE §17 (West 1999).
  • 85
    • 70349823169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18 U.S.C. §§ 1465, 3581
    • See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 1465, 3581.
  • 86
    • 70349835317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FLA. STAT. § 790.15 (2008) (defining as a misdemeanor the offense of "knowingly discharg[ing] a firearm in any public place or on the right-of-way of any paved public road, highway, or street")
    • See, e.g., FLA. STAT. § 790.15 (2008) (defining as a misdemeanor the offense of "knowingly discharg[ing] a firearm in any public place or on the right-of-way of any paved public road, highway, or street").
  • 87
    • 70349829170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Courts have upheld tort liability for leaving guns in places easily accessible to children. See, e.g., Kuhns v. Brugger, 135 A.2d 395 (Pa. 1957)
    • Courts have upheld tort liability for leaving guns in places easily accessible to children. See, e.g., Kuhns v. Brugger, 135 A.2d 395 (Pa. 1957).
  • 88
    • 70349846122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The constitutionalization of seif-defense in tort and criminal law, grammaticallycorrect originalism, and other second amendment musings
    • On Heller's implications for such tort lawsuits
    • On Heller's implications for such tort lawsuits, see Alan Brownstein, The Constitutionalization of SeIf-Defense in Tort and Criminal Law, GrammaticallyCorrect Originalism, and Other Second Amendment Musings, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1205 (2009).
    • (2009) Hastings L.J. , vol.60 , pp. 1205
    • Brownstein, A.1
  • 89
    • 70349804458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 316 U.S. 535.535 (1942)
    • 316 U.S. 535.535 (1942).
  • 90
    • 70349807776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. CONST, amend. XIV, § 2
    • See U.S. CONST, amend. XIV, § 2.
  • 91
    • 70349789240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2791-94 (2008)
    • District of Columbia v. Heller, 128 S. Ct. 2783, 2791-94 (2008).
  • 92
    • 70349835318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (DSMIV) 13-26 (41th ed. 2000)
    • AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (DSMIV) 13-26 (41th ed. 2000).
  • 93
    • 70349813963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2817
    • See Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2817.
  • 94
    • 70349792174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coates v. Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611, 614-16 (1971) (invalidating a Cincinnati ordinance that used the term "annoying")
    • See, e.g., Coates v. Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611, 614-16 (1971) (invalidating a Cincinnati ordinance that used the term "annoying").
  • 95
    • 70349840632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2817
    • See Heller, 128 S. Ct. at 2817.
  • 96
    • 70349807766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • id. at 2793
    • See id. at 2793
  • 97
    • 70349835319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • & n.X (Kermit L. Hall & Mark David Hall eds., 2007) (reference to the natural right of defense of "one's person or house"). Wilson, incidentally, was the one Framer who appears to have actually used firearms in defense of his house
    • (citing 2 COLLECTED WORKS OF JAMES WILSON 1142 & n.X (Kermit L. Hall & Mark David Hall eds., 2007) (reference to the natural right of defense of "one's person or house")). Wilson, incidentally, was the one Framer who appears to have actually used firearms in defense of his house.
    • Collected Works of James Wilson , vol.2 , pp. 1142
  • 98
    • 70349835316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revolutionary american jury: A case study of the 1778-1770 Philadelphia treason trials
    • 1506-08 (discussing the 1779 attack on Wilson's house by members of the Philadelphia militia)
    • See Carlton F.W. Larson, The Revolutionary American Jury: A Case Study of the 1778-1770 Philadelphia Treason Trials, 61 SMU L. REV. 1441, 1506-08 (2008) (discussing the 1779 attack on Wilson's house by members of the Philadelphia militia).
    • (2008) Smu L. Rev. , vol.61 , pp. 1441
    • Larson, C.F.W.1
  • 99
    • 70349838233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does heller protect a right to carry guns outside the home?
    • On the applicability of Heller outside the home, see generally
    • On the applicability of Heller outside the home, see generally Michael C. Dorf, Does Heller Protect a Right to Carry Guns Outside the Home?, 59 SYRACUSE L. REV. 225 (2008).
    • (2008) Syracuse L. Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 225
    • Dorf, M.C.1
  • 100
    • 70349804440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Int'l Soc'y for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672, 680-82 (1992) (holding that airports are nonpublic forums for First Amendment purposes and noting that the security perimeter distinguished airports from bus and train stations)
    • Int'l Soc'y for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672, 680-82 (1992) (holding that airports are nonpublic forums for First Amendment purposes and noting that the security perimeter distinguished airports from bus and train stations).
  • 101
    • 70349840630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Carolene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938)
    • See, e.g., United States v. Carolene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938).
  • 102
    • 70349804443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carey v. Population Servs. Int'l, 431 U.S. 678, 689 (1977) (invalidating New York law forbidding anyone other than a licensed pharmacist from selling nonprescription contraceptives)
    • See Carey v. Population Servs. Int'l, 431 U.S. 678, 689 (1977) (invalidating New York law forbidding anyone other than a licensed pharmacist from selling nonprescription contraceptives).
  • 103
    • 70349820765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second amendment decision rules
    • See, e.g., Calvin Massey, Second Amendment Decision Rules, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 1431 (2009).
    • (2009) Hastings L.J. , vol.60 , pp. 1431
    • Massey, C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.