Acid-base chemistry of plasma: Consolidation of the traditional and modern approaches from a mathematical and clinical perspective

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-70

  Matousek, S ^a   Handy, J ^b,c   Rees, S E ^d  

^a CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^b CHELSEA AND WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

acid base; base excess; electrolytes; mathematical modeling; strong ion gap

Indexed keywords

ACID BASE; ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY; ACID-BASE STATUS; BASE EXCESS; CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; MATHEMATICAL BASIS; MATHEMATICAL MODELING; STRONG ION GAP;

MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

IONS;

ACID BASE BALANCE; BLOOD CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONFERENCE PAPER; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MATHEMATICAL PARAMETERS; MATHEMATICS; MEDICAL INFORMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM; ACID-BASE IMBALANCE; ALGORITHMS; BICARBONATES; BUFFERS; HUMANS; IONS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; PLASMA; SOFTWARE;

EID: 79958768860     PISSN: 13871307     EISSN: 15732614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-010-9250-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (39)

1. Siggaard-Andersen O. The acid - base status of the blood. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1974:25-51.
2. Siggaard-Andersen O. The Van Slyke equation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1977; 37(S146): 15-20. (Pubitemid 8387863)
3. Siggaard-Andersen O, Wimberly PD, Fogh-Andersen N, Gøthgen I. Measured and derived quantities with modern pH and blood gas equipment: calculation algorithms with 54 equations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988; 48(S189): 7-15.
4. Schwartz WB, Relman AS. A critique of the parameters used in the evaluation of acid-base disorders "whole-blood buffer base" and "standard bicarbonate" compared with blood pH and plasma bicarbonate concentration. N Engl J Med 1963; 268: 1382-1388.
5. Stewart PA. Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983; 61: 1444-1461. (Pubitemid 14190843)
6. Figge J, Mydosh T, Fencl V. Serum proteins and acid-base equilibria: a follow-up. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120: 713-719.
7. Constable PD. A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 297-311. (Pubitemid 27304762)
8. Watson PD. Modeling the effects of proteins on pH in plasma. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86(4): 1421-1427. (Pubitemid 29172180)
9. Wooten EW. Analytic calculation of physiological acid-base parameters in plasma. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86(1): 326-334. (Pubitemid 29046974)
10. Wooten EW. Calculation of physiological acid-base parameters in multicompartment systems with application to human blood. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 2333-2344. (Pubitemid 37444976)
11. Rees SE, Andreassen S. Mathematical models of oxygen and carbon dioxide storage and transport: the acid-base chemistry of blood. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2005; 33(3): 209-264. (Pubitemid 40780914)
12. ABL800 Flex Specifications, Radiometer Medical A/S 2004. http://www.radiometer.com/abl800-specifications.
13. Constable PD. Hyperchloremic acidosis: the classic example of strong ion acidosis. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 919-922. (Pubitemid 36359016)
14. Balasubramanyan N, Havens PL, Hoffman GM. Unmeasured anions identified by the Fencl-Stewart method predict mortality better than base excess, anion gap, and lactate in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999; 28(7): 1577-1581. (Pubitemid 29406950)
15. Kaplan LJ, Kellum JA. Comparison of acid-base models for prediction of hospital mortality after trauma. Shock 2008; 29: 662-666. (Pubitemid 351769926)
16. Funk GC, Doberer D, Sterz F, Richling N, Kneidinger N, Lindner G, Schneeweiss B, Eisenburger P. The strong ion gap and outcome after cardiac arrest in patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia: a retrospective study. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 232-239.
17. Honore PM, Joannes-Boyau O, Boer W. Strong ion gap and outcome after cardiac arrest: another nail in the coffin of traditional acid-base quantification. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 189-191.
18. Kellum JA. Acid-base physiology in the post-Copernican era. Curr Opin Crit Care 1999; 5: 429-435.
19. Kellum JA. Clinical review: reunification of acid-base physiology. Crit Care 2005; 9: 500-507. (Pubitemid 41498547)
20. Constable PD. Total weak acid concentration and effective dissociation constrant of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 1364-1371. (Pubitemid 32803934)
21. Siggaard-Andersen O, Engel K. A new acid - base nomogram-an improved method for the calculation of the relevant blood acid - base data. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1960; 12: 177-186.
22. Siggaard-Andersen O. The pH - log PCO2 blood acid - base nomogram revised. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1962; 14: 598-604.
23. Figge J, Jabor A, Kazda A, Fencl V. Anion gap and hypoalbuminemia. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1807-1810. (Pubitemid 28527690)
24. a of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 620-630.
25. Fencl V, Jabor A, Kazda A, Figge J. Diagnosis of metabolic acid - base disturbances in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 2246-2251. (Pubitemid 32051696)
26. Siggaard-Andersen O, Fogh-Andersen N. Base excess or buffer base (strong ion difference) as a measure of a non-respiratory acid-base disturbance. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39((S107)): 123-128.
27. Emmet M, Narins RG. Clinical use of anion gap. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977; 56: 38-54.
28. Yahwak JA, Riker RR, Fraser GL, Subak-Sharpe S. Determination of a lorazepam dose threshold for using the osmol gap to monitor for propylene glycol toxicity. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28: 984-991.
29. Goldberg M, Green SB, Moss ML, Marbach CB, Garfinkel D. Computerised instruction and diagnosis of acid - base disorders. J Am Med Assoc 1973; 223: 269-275.
30. Siggaard-Andersen O. An acid-base chart for arterial blood with normal and pathophysiological reference areas. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1974; 27: 239-245.
31. Kofranek J, Matousek S, Andrlik M. Border flux balance approach towards modelling acid-base chemistry and blood gases transport. In: Zupanic B, Karba R, Blazic S, editors. In: Proceedings of the 6th EUROSIM congress on modelling and simulation. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana; 2007. pp. 1-9.
32. Singer RB, Hastings AB. An improved clinical method for the estimation of disturbances of the acid-base balance of human blood. Medicine 1948; 27: 223-242.
33. Rees SE, Klæstrup E, Handy J, Andreassen S, Kristensen SR. Mathematical modelling of the acid-base chemistry and oxygenation of blood: a mass balance, mass action approach including plasma and red blood cells. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108(3): 483-494.
34. Siggaard-Andersen O, Rorth M, Strickland DAP. The buffer value of plasma, erythrocyte fluid and whole blood. In: Workshop on pH and Blood Gases. Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards; 1977:11-19.
35. Lloyd P. Strong ion calculator - a practical bedside application of modern quantitative acid-base physiology. Crit Care Resusc 2004; 6: 285-294.
36. Moviat M, Terpstra AM, Ruitenbeek W, Kluijtmans LA, Pickkers P, van der Hoeven JG. Contribution of various metabolites to the "unmeasured" anions in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 752-758.
37. Figge J, Rossing TH, Fencl VJ. The role of serum proteins in acid - base equilibria. J Lab Clin Med 1991; 117: 453-467.
38. Winter SD, Pearson JR, Gabow PA, Schultz AL, Lepoff RB. The fall of the serum anion gap. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 311-313.
39. Van Leeuven AM. Net cation equivalency (base binding power) of the plasma proteins. Acta Med Scand 1964; S422: 1-212.