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See for example: (a) Hung, L. W.; Ciccotosto, G. D.; Giannakis, E.; Tew, D. J.; Perez, K.; Masters, C. L.; Cappai, R.; Wade, J. D.; Barnham, K. J. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 11950;
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79958734112
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C-99 is the C-terminal fragment of APP, which is formed from APP by BACE1 mediated proteolysis.
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See for example: (a) Selkoe, D. J.; Wolfe, M. S. Cell 2007, 131, 215;
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For selected reviews, see: (a) Wu, W.-L.; Zhang, L. Drug Dev. Res. 2009, 70, 94;
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For a recent review on secretase biology and modes of γ-secretase inhibition/modulation, see
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For a recent review on secretase biology and modes of γ-secretase inhibition/modulation, see: De Strooper, B.; Vassar, R.; Golde, T. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2010, 6, 99.
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79958756540
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All GSMs lower Aβ42 selectively over Aβ40, however, some raise the levels of Aβ38 others Aβ37. The consequence of this difference is unknown.
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-
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18
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40349106236
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For selected reviews on GSMs, see: (a)
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For selected reviews on GSMs, see: (a) Peretto, I.; La Porta, E. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 38;
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79958711014
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Flurizan is the COX-inactive (COX1&2) enantiomer of (S)-Flurbiprofen.
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23
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79851473226
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For a recent comprehensive review of the GSM chemical space, see
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For a recent comprehensive review of the GSM chemical space, see: Oehlrich, D.; Berthelot, D. J.-C.; Gijsen, H. J. M. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 669.
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(a) For patents in this area, see: (a) WO2007110667
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(a) For patents in this area, see: (a) Hannam, J. C.; Hartmann, S.; M., Andrew; R., Mark P. WO2007110667.;
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(c) Garcia, Y.; Hannam, J. C.; Harrison, T.; Hamblett, C. L.; Hubbs, J. L.; Kulagowski, J. J.; Madin, A.; Ridgill, M. P.; Seward, E. WO 2007125364.;
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(d) Stanton, M. G.; Munoz, B.; Sloman, D. L.; Hubbs, J. L.; Hamblett, C. L. WO 2008030391.;
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For a key patent, see: WO 2005115990
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For a key patent, see: Kimura, T.; Kawano, K.; Doi, E.; Kitazawa, N.; Shin, K.; Miyagawa, T.; Kaneko, T.; Ito, K.; Takaishi, M.; Sasaki, T.; Hagiwara, H. WO 2005115990.
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(a) Blurton, P.; Fletcher, S.; Teall, M.; Harrison, T.; Munoz, B.; Rivkin, A.; Hamblett, C.; Siliphaivanh, P.; Otte, K. WO 2008099210.;
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(a) Rivkin, A.; Ahearn, S. P.; Chichetti, S. M.; Kim, Y. R.; Li, C.; Rosenau, A.; Kattar, S. D.; Jung, J.; Shah, S.; Hughes, B. L.; Crispino, J. L.; Middleton, R. E.; Szewczak, A. A.; Munoz, B.; Shearman, M. S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 1269;
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more..
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79958711013
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note
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Careful work-up and purification was necessary to remove the unwanted regioisomer. See Ref. 18 for detailed synthetic procedures.
-
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37
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79958693817
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note
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Other analogues were prepared in a similar manner. For detailed synthetic procedures, see Ref. 18.
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-
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38
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20944432999
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50 measurements for Aβ40 and Aβ42 were determined using electrochemiluminescent detection of peptides secreted by SH-SY5Y cells stably overexpressing the β-APP C-terminal fragment SPA4CT. All compounds were tested at least twice in independent experiments. Consistent with the profile of γ-secretase modulators, total Aβ peptide levels were constant; selected GSMs were confirmed in a SELDI experiment confirming the appearance of shorter fragments while Aβ42 formation was suppressed. (a)
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50 measurements for Aβ40 and Aβ42 were determined using electrochemiluminescent detection of peptides secreted by SH-SY5Y cells stably overexpressing the β-APP C-terminal fragment SPA4CT. All compounds were tested at least twice in independent experiments. Consistent with the profile of γ-secretase modulators, total Aβ peptide levels were constant; selected GSMs were confirmed in a SELDI experiment confirming the appearance of shorter fragments while Aβ42 formation was suppressed. (a) Best, J. D.; Jay, M. T.; Otu, F.; Ma, J.; Nadin, A.; Ellis, S.; Lewis, H. D.; Pattison, C.; Reilly, M.; Harrison, T.; Shearman, M. S.; Williamson, T. L.; Atack, J. R. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 313, 902;
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14744281422
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Not all compounds were profiled in our Notch nuclear translocation assay. Most compounds maintain a significant window over Notch. Key compounds were profiled in the following assay: HeLa cells were made to co-express nonfunctional halves of luciferase, one fused to NotchΔE and the other to RBP-Jł. γ-Secretase mediated cleavage of NotchDE results in release of Notch intracellular domain (NICD)/N-terminal luciferase, which translocates to the nucleus and binds the RBP-Jj/C-terminal luciferase to form a functional luciferase enzyme. This split-luciferase complementation system is used to detect NICD levels by measuring total luminescence upon addition of luciferin to lysed cells
-
Not all compounds were profiled in our Notch nuclear translocation assay. Most compounds maintain a significant window over Notch. Key compounds were profiled in the following assay: HeLa cells were made to co-express nonfunctional halves of luciferase, one fused to NotchΔE and the other to RBP-Jł. γ-Secretase mediated cleavage of NotchDE results in release of Notch intracellular domain (NICD)/N-terminal luciferase, which translocates to the nucleus and binds the RBP-Jj/C-terminal luciferase to form a functional luciferase enzyme. This split-luciferase complementation system is used to detect NICD levels by measuring total luminescence upon addition of luciferin to lysed cells. Paulmurugan, R.; Gambhir, S. S. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 1295.
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43
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79958698501
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For a description of the hERG radioligand displacement assay, see: WO 200205860
-
For a description of the hERG radioligand displacement assay, see: Butcher, J. W.; Claremon, D. A.; Connolly, T. M.; Dean, D. C.; Karczewski, J.; Koblan, K. S.; Kostura, M. J.; Liverton, N. J.; Melillo, D. G. WO 200205860.
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Butcher, J.W.1
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44
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79958757137
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note
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A modest PgP susceptibility (rat-mdr1a BA/AB = 7.2) might be partially responsible for the lower brain exposure of compound 47.
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-
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45
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79958708447
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note
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The reduction of Aβ42 in PK/PD experiments was generally greater than the reduction of Aβ40, consistent with in vitro findings.
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