Persistent diarrhea: Still an important challenge for the pediatrician;Diarreia persistente: Ainda um importante desafio para o pediatra

Jornal de Pediatria

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 199-205

  De Andrade, Jacy Alves Braga ^a   Fagundes Neto, Ulysses ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Breastfeeding; Diarrhea; Food hypersensitivity; Malnutrition; Morbidity; Mortality

Indexed keywords

WATER;

ACUTE DIARRHEA; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BREAST FEEDING; ELECTROLYTE INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FLUID THERAPY; HUMAN; INTERNET; INTERVENTION STUDY; MALNUTRITION; MEDLINE; NUTRITIONAL INTOLERANCE; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT SAFETY; PEDIATRICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVENTION STUDY; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; SANITATION; SEWAGE; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIARRHEA; HUMANS; INFANT; PEDIATRICS;

EID: 79958721703     PISSN: 00217557     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2223/JPED.2087     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. World Health Organization. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. Geneva: UNICEF/WHO; 2009.
2. Snyder JD, Merson MH. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60:605-13. (Pubitemid 13200473)
3. Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:710-7.
4. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2006. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
5. Fagundes-Neto U, Scaletsky IC. The gut at war: the consequences of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection as a factor of diarrhea and malnutrition. Sao Paulo Med J. 2000;118:21-9.
6. Strina A, Cairncross S, Prado MS, Teles CA, Barreto ML. Childhood diarrhoea symptoms, management and duration: observations from a longitudinal community study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99:407-16. (Pubitemid 40521338)
7. Matters CD, Bernard C, Iburg KM, Inoue M, Ma Fat D, Shibuya S, et al. Global Burden of Disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results. Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper no. 54 (revised 2004). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
8. Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year. Lancet. 2003;361:2226-34. (Pubitemid 36782560)
9. Guerrant RL, Oriá RB, Moore SR, Oriá MO, Lima AA. Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:487-505.
10. Petri WA Jr, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine MM, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL. Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1277-90. (Pubitemid 351500420)
11. Moore SR, Lima NL, Soares AM, Oriá RB, Pinkerton RC, Barret LJ, et al. Prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea reduce growth and increase risk of persistent diarrhea in children. Gatroenterol. 2010;139:1156-64.
12. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Countdown to 2015: maternal, newborn and child survival. Tracking progress in maternal, neonatal and child survival: the 2008 report. New York, NY: UNICEF; 2008.
13. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: WHO; 2008. http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html.
14. Victora CG. Diarrhea mortality: what can the world learn from Brazil? J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85:3-5.
15. Persistent diarrhoea in children in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66:709-17.
16. Costa SM, Goshima S, Fagundes-Neto U. Etiopatogenia da diarréia persistente. Rev Paul Ped. 1999;17:123-34.
17. Neu J. Perinatal and neonatal manipulation if the intestinal microbiome: a note of caution. Nutr Rev. 2007;65:282-5. (Pubitemid 351804362)
18. Bernstein DI. Rotavirus overview. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:S50-3.
19. O'Ryan M, Prado V, Pickering LK. A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16:125-36.
20. Abba K, Sinfield R, Hart CA, Garner P. Pathogens associated with persistent diarrhea in children in low and middle income countries: systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:88.
21. Baqui AH, Sack RB, Black RE, Haider K, Hossein A, Alim AR, et al. Enterpathogens associated with acute and persistent diarrhea in Bangladeshi children less than 5 years of age. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:792-6.
22. de Boisseau D, Chaussain M, Badoual J, Raymond J, Dupont C. Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in children with chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, or both. J Pediatr. 1996;128:203-7. (Pubitemid 26065943)
23. Bhutta ZA. Persistent diarrhea in developing countries. Ann Nestlé. 2006;64:39-47. (Pubitemid 41411322)
24. Grimwood K, Forbes DA. Acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56:1343-61.
25. Pawlowski SW, Warren CA, Guerrant R. Diagnosis and treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:1874-86.
26. García AL, Lourdes A, Martínez JD, Callejas NP, Herrera, VC, Delgado Quintero MD. Persistent diarrhea: bibliographical review. Mediciego. 2006;12.
27. Bhutta ZA, Ghishan F, Lindley K, Memon IA, Mittal S, Rhoads M; Commonwealth Association of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Persistent and chronic diarrhea and malabsorption: Working Group report of the second World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39 Suppl 2:S711-6.
28. Binder HJ. Causes of chronic diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:236-9.
29. Fagundes-Neto U, De Martini-Costa S, Pedroso MZ, Scaletsky IC. Studies of the small bowel surface by scanning electronic microscopy in infants with persistent diarrhea. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33:1437-42. (Pubitemid 33621499)
30. Islam D, Bandholtz L, Nilsson J, Wigzell H, Christensson B, Agerberth B, et al. Downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial DNA as a potential regulator. Nat Med. 2001;7:180-5. (Pubitemid 32148484)
31. Mor SM, Tumwine JK, Naumova EM, Ndeezi G, Tzipori S. Microsporidiosis and malnutrition in children with persistent diarrhea, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:49-52.
32. Eisenmann A, Amann A, Said M, Datta B, Ledochowski M. Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests. J Breath Res. 2008;046002:1-9.
33. Schiller LR. Chronic diarrhea. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2005;8:259-66. (Pubitemid 40873157)
34. Serra S, Jani PA. An approach to duodenal biopsies. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:1133-50. (Pubitemid 44787133)
35. da Silva JG, De Brito T, Cintra Damião AO, Laudanna AA, Sipahi AM. Histologic study of colonic mucosa in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopic findings. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:44-8. (Pubitemid 44378076)
36. Lins MG, Motta ME, da Silva GA. Fatores de risco para diárreia persistente em lactentes. Arq. Gastroenterol. 2003;40:239-46.
37. Grimwood K, Forbes DA. Acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56:1343-61.
38. Abba K, Sinfield R, Hart CA, Garner P. Antimicrobial drugs for persistent diarrhea of unknown or non-specific cause in children under six in low and middle income countries: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:24.
39. World Health Organization. Handbook IMCI: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Geneva: WHO/UNICEF; 2006. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2005/9241546441.pdf.
40. Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, Watuka A, Sianongo S, Ayoub A, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1375-80. (Pubitemid 35341302)
41. Adagu IS, Nolder D, Warhurst DC, Rossignol JF. In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:103-11.
42. Khin Htwe K, Yee KS, Tin M, Vandenplas Y. Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in Myanmar children: a randomized controlled study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:214-6. (Pubitemid 351844552)
43. Salazar-Lindo E, Santisteban-Ponce J, Chea-Woo E, Gutierrez M. Racecadotril in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in children. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:463-7. (Pubitemid 30646485)
44. Dupont C, Foo JL, Garnier P, Moore N, Mathiex-Fortunet H, Salazar-Lindo; Peru and Malaysia Diosmectite Study Groups. Oral diosmectite reduces stool output and diarrhea duration in children with acute watery diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:456-62.
45. Oliva CA, Palma D. Suporte nutricional nas diarréias aguda e persistente In: Barbieri D, Palma D. Gastroenterologia e nutrição. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2001. p. 259-69.
46. Rocha IF, Speridião PG, Morais MB. Efeito do zinco e da vitamina A na diarréia aguda e persistente: metanálise dos dados. Eletron J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr Liver Dis. 2009;13.
47. Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A meta-analysis of the effects of oral zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatr. 2008;121:326-36. (Pubitemid 351198455)
48. Guerrant RL, Oriá RB, Moore SR, Oriá MO, Lima AA. Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:487-505.
49. Moore SR, Lima NL, Soares AM, Oriá RB, Pinkerton RC, Barret LJ, et al. Prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea reduce growth and increase risk of persistent diarrhea in children. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1156-64.
50. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Countdown to 2015: maternal, newborn and child survival. Tracking progress in maternal neonatal and child survival: the 2008 report. New York, NY: UNICEF; 2008.