Polyspermy prevention: Facts and artifacts?

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 199-207

  Dale, Brian ^a   Defelice, Louis ^b  

^a Centre for Assisted Fertilization   (Italy)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; SODIUM ION;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; ARTIFACT; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; CELL MIGRATION; CHEMOTAXIS; CYTOPLASM; DILUTION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; FERTILIZATION; GAMETE; GERMINAL VESICLE; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE; OOCYTE MATURATION; POLYSPERMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA URCHIN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPERM; SPERMATOZOON; SPERMATOZOON COUNT;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMANS; MALE; OOCYTES; OVARIAN FOLLICLE; SPERM-OVUM INTERACTIONS; SPERMATOZOA;

ANIMALIA; ECHINOIDEA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 79958272310     PISSN: 10580468     EISSN: 15737330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9513-5     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. K Aketa T Ohta 1977 When do sperm of the sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus, undergo the acrosome reaction at fertilization? Dev Biol 61 366 72 590633 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FmsFSmsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8248688)
2. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2008.
3. Austin CR. Fertilization. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1965.
4. B Baibakov L Gauthier P Talbot T Rankin J Dean 2007 Sperm binding to the zona pellucida is not sufficient to induce acrosome exocytosis Development 134 933 43 17293534 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkt1Ogsb4%3D (Pubitemid 46795684)
5. BS Bonnell DE Chandler 1996 Egg jelly layers of Xenopus Laevis are unique in ultrastructure and sugar distribution Mol Reprod Dev 44 212 20 9115719 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjsVCqtL0%3D (Pubitemid 26171184)
6. H Borei 1948 Respiration of oocytes, unfertilized eggs and fertilized eggs from Psammechinus and Asterias Biol Bull 95 124 50 18874958 1:CAS:528:DyaH1MXhsFOksw%3D%3D
7. T Boveri 1901 Die polaritat von Ovocyte ei und Larvae des Stronglocentrotus lividus Zool Jb Morph 14 630 51
8. AWH Braden CR Austin 1954 The number of sperms about the eggs in mammals and its significance for normal fertilization Aust J Biol Sci 7 543 51 13229850 1:STN:280:DyaG2M%2FktFKrsA%3D%3D
9. C Campanella 1975 The site of spermatozoon entrance in the unfertilized egg of Discoglossus pictus (Anura): An electron microscopy study Biol Reprod 12 439 47
10. EJ Carroll D Epel 1975 Isolation and biological activity of the proteases released by sea urchin eggs following fertilization Dev Biol 44 22 32 1169178 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXksFGjtbc%3D
11. DE Chandler J Heuser 1980 The vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg and its modifiation duringfertilization J Cell Biol 84 618 32 7188942 1:STN:280:DyaL3c7jslOjtQ%3D%3D
12. C Ciccarelli P Russo A De Santis B Dale 1987 - pH in the jelly layer of starfish oocytes Dev Growth Differ 29 257 61
13. SP Cook CJ Brokaw CH Muller DF Babcock 1994 Sperm chemotaxis: Egg peptides control cytosolic calcium to regulate flagellar responses Dev Biol 165 10 9 8088428 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmtVWgsrs%3D (Pubitemid 24306097)
14. P Coy M Avilès 2010 What controls polyspermy in mammals.the oviduct or the oocyte? Biol Revs 85 593 605
15. P Coy S Canovas I Mondejar M Saavedra R Romar I Grullon C Mata M Aviles 2008 Oviduct specific glycoprotein and heparin modulate sperm zona pellucid interaction during fertilization and contribute to the control of polyspermy Proc Natl Acad Sci 105 15809 14 18838686 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1yitrjL
16. Dale B. Fertilization in animals". The Institute of Biology's studies in Biology. 157th ed. London: Edward Arnold; 1983.
17. B Dale 1985 Sperm receptivity in sea urchin oocytes and eggs J Exp Biol 118 85 97 (Pubitemid 16149124)
18. B Dale A De Santis 1981 - The effect of cytochalasin b and d on the fertilization of sea urchins Dev Biol 83 232 7 7195356 1:CAS:528: DyaL3MXhvVyqtLY%3D (Pubitemid 11092435)
19. B Dale A De Santis 1981 - Maturation and fertilization of the sea urchin oocyte: an electrophysiological study Dev Biol 85 474 84 6790323 1:STN:280:DyaL3M3mtFKrsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13142520)
20. B Dale L Santella 1985 Sperm - oocyte interaction in the sea urchin J Cell Sci 74 153 67 4040919 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3ovFGnsg%3D%3D
21. B Dale LJ DeFelice 1984 Sperm activated channels in ascidian oocytes Dev Biol 101 235 9 6319209 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7gvFagsg%3D%3D
22. Dale B, De Felice L. Souble sperm factors, electrical events and egg activation. In: Dale B, editor. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans. Nato ASI Cell Biology Series H, vol. 45. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag; 1990.
23. Dale B, Wilding M. Ionic Events at Fertilization. In Tosti E, Boni R (Eds) Oocyte maturation and Fertilization: a long history for a short event. Bentham e book series, (in press); 2010.
24. B Dale LJ De Felice V Taglietti 1978 - Membrane Noise and conductance increase during single spermatozoon-egg interactions Nat Lond 275 217 9 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FhtVKisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9008031)
25. B Dale M Dan-Sohkawa A De Santis M Hoshi 1981 Fertilization of the starfish Astropecten aurantiacus Exp Cell Res 132 505 10 7194189 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7msVOltA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11070863)
26. B Dale V Monfrecola A Fortunato E Tosti 1996 A soluble sperm factor gates calcium activated K+ channels in human oocytes J Assist Reprod Genet 13 573 7 8844315 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FgtFehsQ%3D%3D
27. Dale B, Di Matteo L, Marino M, Russo G, Wilding M. Soluble sperm activating factors. In The Male Gamete: From Basic Knowledge to Clinical Applications. Il: Cache River Press; 1999.
28. B Dale M Wilding GF Coppola E Tosti 2010 How do spermatozoa activate oocytes RBMonline 21 1 3
29. A Darszon P Labarca T Nishigaki F Espinosa 1999 Ion channels in sperm physiology Physiol Rev 79 481 510 10221988 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXivFektbw%3D (Pubitemid 29210929)
30. GL Decker DB Joseph WJ Lennarz 1976 A study of factors involved in the acrosomal reaction in sperm of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata Dev Biol 53 115 25 10216 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XlsVSiurk%3D
31. LJ De Felice B Dale 1979 Voltage response to fertilization and polyspermy in sea urchin eggs and oocytes Dev Biol 72 327 41 (Pubitemid 10158774)
32. LJ DeFelice B Dale R Talevi 1986 Distribution of fertilization channels in ascidian oocyte membranes Proc R Soc Lond B 229 209 14 2433696 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7hvVaktg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17182386)
33. Y Delage 1901 Etudes experimentales chez les Echinodermes Arch Zool Exp Gen 9 285 326
34. RL Doak A Hall HE Dale 1967 Longevity of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the bitch J Reprod Fertil 13 51 8 6066781 1:STN:280: DyaF2s%2FoslWrsg%3D%3D
35. T Ducibella 1996 The cortical reaction and development of activation competence in mammalian oocytes Hum Reprod Update 2 29 42 9079401 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3jtlaisA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26135090)
36. D Epel 1978 Mechanisms of activation of sperm and egg during fertilization of sea urchin gametes Curr Top Develop Biol 12 185 286 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXltVCisr0%3D
37. JE Flechon RHF Hunter 1981 Distribution of spermatozoa in the utero- tubal junction and isthmus of pigs and there relationship with the luminal epithelium after mating Tissue Cell 13 127 39 7194520 1:STN:280: DyaL3M7nslynsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11118932)
38. G Gahlay L Gauthier B Baibakov O Epifano J Dean 2010 Gamete recognition in mice depends on the cleavage status of an egg's zona pellucida protein Science 329 216 9 20616279 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosVWgurc%3D
39. AJ Gardner JP Evans 2006 Mammalian membrane block to polyspermy:new insights into how mammalian eggs prevent fertilization by multiple sperm Reprod Fertil Develop 18 53 61 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlanu7vI (Pubitemid 41831075)
40. H Ghazarian C Coyle Thomson W Dalrymple V Hutchins-Carroll S Metzenberg Z Razinia EJ Carroll SB Oppenheimer 2010 Exogenous hyaline and sea urchin gastrulation. Part IV: a direct adhesion assay- progress in identifying hyalins active sites Zygote 18 17 26 19500445 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFKjurY%3D
41. L Gianaroli E Tosti C Magli M Iaccarino A Ferraretti B Dale 1994 The Fertilization Current in the Human Oocyte Molec Reprod Develop 38 209 14 1:STN:280:DyaK2czmtFyhug%3D%3D
42. G Goudet S Mugnier I Callebaut P Monget 2008 Phylogenetic analysis and identification of pseudogenes reveal a progressive loss of zona pellucid genes during evolution of vertebrates Biol Reprod 78 796 806 18046012 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltVOgu7s%3D (Pubitemid 351657371)
43. RD Grey MJ Bastiani DJ Webb ER Schertel 1982 An electrical block is required to prevent polyspermy in eggs fertilized by natural mating of Xenopus laevis Dev Biol 89 475 84 7056442 1:STN:280:DyaL387hslymtA%3D%3D
44. R Gualtieri V Mollo V Barbato R Talevi 2010 Ability of sulfate glycoconjugates and disulfide-reductants to release bovine epididymal sperm bound to the oviductal epithelium in vitro Theriogenology 73 1037 43 20129657 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktlClu7w%3D
45. Gwatkin RBL. Fertilization Mechanisms in Man and Mammals. New York: Plenum Press; 1977.
46. B Hagstrom 1959 Further experiments on jelly-free sea urchin eggs Exp Cell Res 17 256 61 13663878 1:STN:280:DyaG1M%2FptlKjsA%3D%3D
47. BW Hanson JW Overstreet 1981 The ineraction of human spermatozoa with cervical mucus in vivo Am J Obstet Gynaecol 140 173 8 1:STN:280: DyaL3M3gsVGiuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11070482)
48. Harvey EB. The American Arbacia and Other Sea Urchins. Princeton: Princeton Univ Press; 1956.
49. L He L-G Wu 2007 The debate on the kiss-and-run fusion at synapses Trends Neurosci 30 447 55 17765328 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVClsrrI (Pubitemid 47376946)
50. RE Hinkley BD Wright JW Lynn 1986 Rapid visualization of sperm-egg fusion using the DNA specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 Dev Biol 118 148 54 3770295 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xmt1ajsLs%3D (Pubitemid 17179021)
51. RHF Hunter 1967 The effects of delayed insemination on fertilisation and early cleavage in the pig J Reprod Fertil 13 133 47 6066768 1:STN:280: DyaF2s%2FoslWltQ%3D%3D
52. Hunter RHF. Physiology and Technology of Reproduction in Female Domestic Animals. New York: Academic; 1980.
53. Hunter RHF. The Fallopian Tubes. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1988.
54. RHF Hunter 1996 Ovarian control of very low sperm:egg ratios of the commencement of mammalian fertilisation to avoid polyspermy Molec Reprod Dev 44 417 22 8858611 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvFGls7k%3D (Pubitemid 26262064)
55. Hyman LH. The Invertebrates. Echinodermata, Vol IV. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1955.
56. KH Iwasa G Ehrenstein LJ DeFelice JT Russell 1990 High concentrations of Inositol 1, 4, 5 Triphosphate in sea urchin sperm Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172 932 8 2241981 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXjs12q (Pubitemid 20384513)
57. MJ Izquierdo-Rico M Jimenez-Movilla E LLop AR Perez-Oliva J Ballesta R Gutierrez-Gallego C Jimenez-Cervantes M Aviles 2009 Hamster zona pellucida is formed by four glycoproteins ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4 J Proteome Res 8 926 41 19159282 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpt1akug%3D%3D
58. LA Jaffe 1976 Fast block to polyspermy in sea urchin eggs is electrically mediated Nature 261 68 71 944858 1:STN:280:DyaE287ps1antQ%3D%3D
59. M Johnson M Edidin 1978 Lateral diffusion in plasma membrane of mouse egg is restricted after fertilization Nature 272 448 50 345127 1:STN:280: DyaE1c7jsFCltA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8307584)
60. M Johnson D Eager A Muggleton-Harris 1975 Mosaicism in organization of concanavalin A receptors on surface membrane of mouse eggs Nature 257 321 2 1172195 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FhtVyitA%3D%3D
61. U Kaupp N Kashikar I Weyand 2008 Mechansism of sperm chemotaxis Ann Rev Physiol 70 93 117 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkt1eqsbc%3D
62. P Kidd 1978 The jelly and vitelline coats of the sea urchin egg: New ultrastructure features J Ultrastr Res 64 204 15 1:STN:280: DyaE1M%2FltVKlsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9031410)
63. T Kolbe W Holtz 2005 Differences in proteinase digestibility of the zona pellucida of in vivo and in vitro derived porcine oocytes and embryos Theriogenology 63 1695 705 15763112 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitF2js78%3D (Pubitemid 40323592)
64. F Lillie 1913 Studies on fertilization V. The behavior of the spermatozoa of Nereis and Arbacia with special reference to egg extracts J Exp Biol 14 515 74 1:CAS:528:DyaC3sXitVGmug%3D%3D
65. FJ Longo JW Lynn DH McCulloch EL Chambers 1986 Correlative ultrastructural and electrophysiological studies of sperm egg interactions of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus Dev Biol 118 155 66 3770296 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FjtFaisQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17179022)
66. S Lonning 1967 Studies of the ultrastructure of sea urchin eggs and the changes induced at insemination Sarsia 30 31 48
67. Machaca K, DeFelice L, L'Hernault. A novel Cl channel localizes to C Elegans spermatids and Cl channel blockers induce spermatid differentiation. Dev Biol. 1996;176:1-16. (Pubitemid 26178885)
68. DH McCulloh EL Chambers 1992 Fusion of membranes during fertilization: increases of the sea-urchin egg's membrane capacitance and membrane conductance at the site of contact with the sperm J Gen Physiol 99 137 75 1613481 1:STN:280:DyaK38zgvVyktQ%3D%3D
69. DH Mc Culloh PI Ivonnet D Landowne EL Chambers 2000 Calcium influx mediates the voltage-dependence of sperm entry into sea urchin eggs Dev Biol 223 449 62 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksFeqsrw%3D (Pubitemid 30485606)
70. Medina MF, Crespo, c, a Ramos I, Fernandez s, n. Role of cations as components of jelly coat in bufo arenarum fertilization. Zygote 2010;18:69-80.
71. RL Miller 1985 Sperm chemo-orientation in the metazoa Biol Fertil 2 276 340
72. S Miyazaki S Hirai 1979 Fast polyspermy block and activation potential; correlated changes during oocyte maturation of a starfish Dev Biol 70 327 40 478165 1:STN:280:DyaL3c%2FgsVGlsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10223303)
73. C Moller P Wassarman 1989 Characteristics of a proteinase that cleaves zona pellucida gly coprotein ZP2 following activation of mouse eggs Dev Biol 132 103 12 2492959 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXitVyhsLc%3D (Pubitemid 19071451)
74. Monroy A. The Chemistry and Physiology of Fertilization. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1963.
75. Monroy A, Moscona AA. Introductory Concepts in Developmental Biology. Chicago University Press; 1979.
76. GW Moy VD Vacquier 1979 Immunoperoxidase localization of bindin during the adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs Curr Top Dev Biol 13 31 44 120240 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhs1Squro%3D
77. A Nestor MA Handlel 1984 The transport of morphologically abnormal sperm in the female reproductive tract Gamete Res 10 119 25 (Pubitemid 14009120)
78. D Philips R Shalgi 1982 Sperm penetration into rat ova fertilized in vivo J Exp Biol 221 373 8
79. S Plaza H Chanut-Delalande I Fernandes P Wassarman F Payre 2010 From A to Z: apical structures and zona pellucid-domain proteins Trends Cell Biol 20 524 32 20598543 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFWqsLbN
80. Puoppo A, Chun JT, Gragnaniello G, Garante E, Santella L. Alteration of the Cortical Actin Cytoskeleton Deregulates Ca2+ Signalling Monospermic fertilization and Sperm entry. PLos ONE. 2008;3(10).
81. L Rothschild 1954 Polyspermy Q Rev Biol 29 332 42 13237406 1:STN:280:DyaG2M%2FkvFaltA%3D%3D
82. Rothschild lord, Swann MM. The fertilization reaction in the sea urchin. The probability of a successful sperm-egg collision. J Exp Biol. 1951;28:403-16.
83. Rothschild Lord, Swann MM. The fertilization reaction in the sea urchin. The block to polyspermy. J Exp biol. 1952;29:469-483.
84. J Runnstrom 1949 The mechanism of fertilization in metazoa Adv Enzymol IX 241 1269
85. J Runnstrom 1961 The mechanism of protection of eggs against polyspermy. Experiments on the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus Ark Zool 13 565 71
86. Runnstrom J, Monne L. On some properties of the surface layers of immature and mature sea urchin eggs, especially the changes accompanying nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Ark. F zool 1945;36a(18).
87. L Santella M Alikani B Talansky J Cohen B Dale 1992 Is the human oocyte plasma membrane polarized Hum Reprod 7 999 1003 1430145 1:STN:280: DyaK3s%2FlsFegtA%3D%3D
88. G Schatten D Mazia 1976 The penetration of the spermatozoon through the sea urchin surface at fertilization. Observations from the outside on whole eggs and from the inside on isolated surfaces Exp Cell Res 98 325 37 946419 1:STN:280:DyaE287jvFyhsQ%3D%3D
89. R Shalgi D Philips 1980 Mechanisms of sperm entry in cycling hamster J Ultrasructural Res 71 154 61 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3gslSluw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10062211)
90. M Spehr G Gisselmann A Poplawski J Riffell C Wetzel R Zimmer H Hatt 2003 Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis Science 299 2054 8 12663925 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlCis7k%3D (Pubitemid 36383730)
91. A Spudich JA Spudich 1979 Actin in triton treated cortical preparations of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs J Cell Biol 82 212 26 573270 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXkvVOks74%3D
92. M Stefanini I Oura I Zamboni 1969 Ultrastructure of fertilization in the mouse- 2- penetration of sperm into ovum J Submicro Cytol 1 1 23
93. S Stricker 1999 Comparative biology of calcium signaling during fertilization and egg activation in animals Dev Biol 211 157 76 10395780 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkt1Ghu78%3D (Pubitemid 29343274)
94. Suarez S. Gamete Transport. In: Hardy DM, editor. Fertilization. New York: Academic; 2002.
95. N Suzuki 1995 Structure function and biosynthesis of sperm-activating peptides anf fucose sulphate glycoconjugate in the extracellular coat of sea urchin eggs Zool Sci 12 13 27 7795487 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmslSrs7o%3D
96. N Suzuki K Nomura H Ohtake S Isaka 1981 Purification and the primary structure of sperm activating peptides from the jelly coat of sea urchin eggs Biochem Biophys Res Commun 99 1238- 7196229 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktlOnurs%3D
97. N Suzuki Y Yoshino 1992 The relationship between amino acid sequences of sperm-activating peptides from the jelly coat of sea urchin eggs Comp Biochem Physiol 102 679 90 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FgvFKgtg%3D%3D
98. K Swann Y Yu 2008 The dynamics of calcium oscillations that activate mammalian eggs Int J Dev Biol 52 585 94 18649272 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12qs7fJ
99. Tosti E. Dynamic roles of ion currents in early development. Mol Reprod Dev. 2010.
100. E Tosti R Boni 2004 Electrical events during gamete maturation and fertilization in animals and humans Hum Reprod Update 10 53 65 15005464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXislygsbY%3D (Pubitemid 38263163)
101. E Tosti G Romano I Buttino A Cuomo A Ianora A Miralto 2003 Bioactive aldehydes from diatoms block the fertilization current in ascidian oocytes Mol Reprod Dev 66 72 80 12874802 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1Giu7o%3D (Pubitemid 36927790)
102. VD Vacquier 1979 The fertilizing capacity of sea urchin sperm rapidly decreases after induction of the acrosome reaction Dev Growth Diff 21 61 70
103. VD Vacquier MJ Tegner D Epel 1973 Protease activity establishes the block against polyspermy in sea urchin eggs Nature 240 352 3
104. VD Vacquier B Brandriff CG Glabe 1979 The effect of soluble egg jelly on the fertilizability of acid -dejellied sea urchin eggs Dev Growth Diff 21 47 60
105. LB Vosshall 2004 Olfaction: attracting both Sperm and the Nose Curr Biol 14 918 20
106. P Wassarman E Litscher 2010 Eggs ZP3 structure speaks volumes Cell 143 337 8 21029855 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlKhs7zF
107. YL Wang DL Taylor 1979 Distribution of fluorescent labeled actin in living sea urchin eggs during early development J Cell Biol 82 672 9 (Pubitemid 9202334)
108. GE Ward CJ Brokaw DL Garbers VD Vacquier 1985 Chemotaxis of arbacia punctulata spermatozoa to resact a peptide from the egg jelly layer J Cell Biol 101 2324 9 3840805 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xjt1Wjtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16169964)
109. M Wilding G Russo M Marino B Dale A Galione 1998 ADPribose gates the fertilization current in ascidian oocytes Am J Physiol 275 1277 83
110. M Williams CJ Hill I Scudamore B Dunphy I Cooke C Barratt 1993 Sperm numbers and distribution within the human fallopian tube around ovulation Hum Reprod 8 2019 26 8150897 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3gtFejtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24012796)
111. G Wortzman J Evans 2004 Membrane and cortical abnormalities in post-ovulatory aged eggs: analysis of fertilizability and establishment of the membrane block to polyspermy Molec Hum Reprod 11 1 9 15516358 (Pubitemid 40330996)
112. R Yanagimachi 1978 Sperm-egg association in mammals Curr Top Dev Biol 12 83 107 352627 1:STN:280:DyaE1c3htl2qsA%3D%3D
113. Yanagimachi R. Mammalian Fertilization. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, editors. The Physiology of Reproduction. 2nd ed. New York: Raven press; 1994.