Comparative biology of calcium signaling during fertilization and egg activation in animals

Developmental Biology

Volumn 211, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 157-176

  Stricker, Stephen A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

cADPr; Calcium oscillations; Calcium wave; CaMKII; Capacitative calcium entry; CICR; Deuterostome; ICSI; IP3; IP3R; Maturation; Meiosis arrest; Mouse; Oocyte; Protostome; RyR; Sea urchin; Sperm factor

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; INOSITOL 1,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE;

ANNELID WORM; ARTHROPOD; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CHORDATA; COELENTERATE; DATA BASE; ECHINODERM; EGG; FERTILIZATION; INVERTEBRATE; MOLLUSC; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ZONA PELLUCIDA;

ANIMALIA; ANNELIDA; ARTHROPODA; CHORDATA; COELENTERATA; ECHINODERMATA; ECHINOIDEA; INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 0033566185     PISSN: 00121606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9340     Document Type: Review

References (306)

1. Abbott A. L., Fissore R. A., Ducibella T. Incompetence of preovulatory mouse oocytes to undergo cortical granule exocytosis following induced calcium oscillations. Dev. Biol. 207:1999;38-48.
2. 2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase III. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 37:1993;279-290.
3. Abraham V. C., Gupta S., Fluck R. A. Ooplasmic segregation in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) egg. Biol. Bull. 184:1993;115-124.
4. Aguinaldo A. M. A., Lake J. A. Evolution of the multicellular animals. Am. Zool. 38:1998;878-887.
5. Albrieux M., Lee H. C., Villaz M. Calcium signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP, and inositol trisphosphate is involved in distinct functions in ascidian oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1998;14566-14574.
6. 2+ release channels, ryanodine receptor and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, play different roles during fertilization in ascidians. Dev. Biol. 189:1997;174-185.
7. Allbritton N. L., Meyer T., Stryer L. Range of messenger action of calcium ion and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Science. 258:1992;1812-1815.
8. Allen R. D. pisula solidissima. Biol. Bull. 105:1953;213-239.
9. 2+ in the activation of Pectinaria oocytes. Dev. Growth. Differ. 23:1981;415-420.
10. Arnoult C., Albrieux M., Antoine A. F., Grunwald D., Marty I., Villaz M. A ryanodine sensitive calcium store in ascidian eggs monitored by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Cell Calcium. 21:1997;93-101.
11. Austin C. R. Fertilization. 1965;Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
12. Ayabe T., Kopf G. S., Schultz R. M. Regulation of mouse egg activation: Presence of ryanodine receptors and effects of microinjected ryanodine and cyclic ADP ribose on uninseminated and inseminated eggs. Development. 121:1995;2233-2244.
13. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is necessary for nuclear envelope breakdown. J. Cell Biol. 111:1990;1763-1773.
14. 2+ channels are opened. Cell Calcium. 23:1998;65-75.
15. BenYosef D., Shalgi R. Early ionic events in activation of the mammalian egg. Rev. Reprod. 3:1998;96-103.
16. Berridge M. J. Cytoplasmic calcium oscillations - A two pool model. Cell Calcium. 12:1991;63-72.
17. Berridge M. J. Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature. 361:1993;315-325.
18. 3) receptor. J. Membr. Biol. 145:1995;205-216.
19. 2+ signaling in mouse lacrimal acinar cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;6766-6770.
20. Bloom T. L., Szuts E. Z., Eckberg W. R. Inositol trisphosphate, inositol phospholipid metabolism, and germinal vesicle breakdown in surf clam oocytes. Dev. Biol. 129:1988;532-540.
21. Browne C. L., Creton R., Karplus E., Mohler P. J., Palazzo R. E., Miller A. L. Analysis of the calcium transient at NEB during the first cell cycle in dividing sea urchin eggs. Biol. Bull. 191:1996;5-16.
22. Brownlee C., Dale B. Temporal and spatial correlation of fertilization current, calcium waves and cytoplasmic contraction in eggs of Ciona intestinalis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B. 239:1990;321-328.
23. Buck W. R., Rakow T. L., Shen S. S. Synergistic release of calcium in sea urchin eggs by caffeine and ryanodine. Exp. Cell Res. 202:1992;59-66.
24. 2+ release from intracellular stores. J. Cell Biol. 101:1985;677-682.
25. 2+ wave follows fertilization in eggs of the frog, Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Biol. 100:1985;1325-1329.
26. Carroll D. J., Albay D. T., Terasaki M., Jaffe L. A., Foltz K. R. Identification of PLCγ-dependent and -independent events during fertilization of sea urchin eggs. Dev. Biol. 206:1999;232-247.
27. Carroll D. J., Ramarao C. S., Mehlmann L. M., Roche S., Terasaki M., Jaffe L. A. Calcium release at fertilization in starfish eggs is mediated by phospholipase Cγ J. Cell Biol. 138:1997;1303-1311.
28. Carroll J., Swann K. Spontaneous cytosolic calcium oscillations driven by inositol trisphosphate occur during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;11196-11201.
29. i oscillations during the growth and meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. Development. 120:1994;3507-3517.
30. Cheek T. R., McGuinness O. M., Vincent C., Moreton R. B., Berridge M. J., Johnson M. H. Fertilisation and thimerosal stimulate similar calcium spiking patterns in mouse oocytes but by different mechanisms. Development. 119:1993;179-189.
31. Chiba K., Kado R. T., Jaffe L. A. Development of calcium release mechanisms during starfish oocyte maturation. Dev. Biol. 140:1990;300-306.
32. 2+ release systems. Biochem. J. 335:1998;499-504.
33. Clapper D. L., Walseth T. F., Dargie P. J., Lee H. C. Pyridine nucleotide metabolites stimulate calcium release from sea urchin egg microsomes desensitized to inositol trisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1987;9561-9568.
34. Conley E. C., Brammer W. J. The Ion Channel Facts Book. Voltage-Gated Channels. 1998;Academic Press, San Diego.
35. Creton R., Jaffe L. F. Role of calcium influx during the latent period in sea urchin fertilization. Dev. Growth. Differ. 37:1995;703-709.
36. Creton R., Speksnijder J. E., Jaffe L. F. Patterns of free calcium in zebrafish embryos. J. Cell Sci. 111:1998;1613-1622.
37. Csutora P., Zhengchang S., Kim H. Y., Burgim A., Cunningham K. W., Nuccitelli R., Keizer J. E., Hanley M. R., Blalock J. E. Calcium influx factor is synthesized by yeast and mammalian cells depleted of organellar calcium stores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;121-126.
38. Dale B. Primary and secondary messengers in the activation of ascidian eggs. Exp. Cell Res. 177:1988;205-211.
39. Dale B., DeFelice L. Soluble sperm factors, electrical events and egg activation. Dale B. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans. 1990;476-487 Springer Verlag, Berlin.
40. Deguchi R., Morisawa M. Spatial patterns of increases in intracellular calcium at fertilization in oocytes of the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. J. Reprod. Dev. 43:1997;183-184.
41. 2+ and pH in oocytes of the bivalves Mactra chinensis and Limaria hakodatensis. Dev. Biol. 166:1994a;587-599.
42. 2+ in meiosis reinitiation from the first metaphase in oocytes of marine bivalves. Dev. Biol. 163:1994b;162-174.
43. 2+ and pH. Dev. Biol. 171:1995;483-496.
44. 2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores function at fertilization in oocytes of the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. Development. 122:1996;3651-3660.
45. 2+ oscillations. Science. 279:1998;227-230.
46. 2+ during fertilization and artificial activation in mouse oocytes. Acta Pharm. Sinica. 17:1996;357-360.
47. 2+ oscillations in mouse immature germinal vesicle stage oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 58:1998;807-813.
48. 2+ concentration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;9895-9899.
49. Dowd D. R. Calcium regulation of apoptosis. Means A. R. Calcium Regulation of Cellular Function. 1995;255-280 Raven Press, New York.
50. 4Cl, requires a calcium influx. Dev. Biol. 92:1982;408-417.
51. 2+ oscillations and relief from metaphase II arrest in mammalian eggs: A model based on calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation. Biophys. Chem. 72:1998;153-167.
52. Dupont G., McGuinness O. M., Johnson M. H., Berridge M. J., Borgese F. Phospholipase C in mouse oocytes: Characterization of β and γ isoforms and their possible involvement in sperm-induced calcium spiking. Biochem. J. 316:1996;583-591.
53. Eckberg W. R., Anderson W. A. Cytoskeleton, cellular signals, and cytoplasmic localization in Chaetopterus embryos. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 31:1995.
54. Eckberg W. R., Carroll A. G. Chaetopterus. Cell Differ. 11:1982;155-160.
55. Eckberg W. R., Miller A. L. Propagated and nonpropagated calcium transients during egg activation in the annelid, Chaetopterus. Dev. Biol. 172:1995;654-664.
56. Eckberg W. R., Miller A. L., Short L. G., Jaffe L. F. Calcium pulses during the activation of a protostome egg. Biol. Bull. 185:1993;289-290.
57. Eisen A., Kiehart D. P., Wieland S. J., Reynolds G. T. Temporal sequence and spatial distribution of early events of fertilization in single sea urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol. 99:1984;1647-1654.
58. Eisen A., Reynolds G. T. Calcium transients during early development in single starfish (Asterias forbesi) oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 99:1984;1878-1882.
59. Epel D. The initiation of development at fertilization. Cell Differ. Dev. 29:1990;1-12.
60. Evans J. P., Kopf G. S. Molecular mechanisms of sperm-egg interactions and egg activation. Andrologia. 30:1998;297-307.
61. - current pattern in the Xenopus laevis oocyte. Exp. Cell Res. 192:1991;352-365.
62. 2+ concentrations in fertilized bovine eggs. Biol. Reprod. 47:1992;960-969.
63. Fissore R. A., Gordo A. C., Wu H. Activation of development in mammals: Is there a role for a sperm cytosolic factor. Theriogenology. 49:1998;43-52.
64. Fissore R. A., Longo F. J., Anderson E., Parys J. B., Ducibella T. Differential distribution of inositol trisphosphate receptor isoforms in mouse oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 60:1999;49-57.
65. Fissore R. A., Pinto-Correia C., Robl J. M. Inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release in the generation of calcium oscillations in bovine eggs. Biol. Reprod. 53:1995;766-774.
66. Fissore R. A., Robl J. M. Mechanism of calcium oscillations in fertilized rabbit eggs. Dev. Biol. 166:1994;634-642.
67. Fluck R. A., Miller A. L., Jaffe L. F. Slow calcium waves accompany cytokinesis in medaka fish eggs. J. Cell Biol. 115:1991;1259-1265.
68. Fluck R. A., Miller A., Jaffe L. F. High calcium zones at the poles of developing medaka eggs. Biol. Bull. 183:1992;70-77.
69. Foltz K. R. Sperm-binding proteins. Int. Rev. Cytol. 163:1995;249-303.
70. Foltz K. R., Shilling F. M. Receptor-mediated signal transduction and egg activation. Zygote. 1:1993;276-279.
71. Fong P. P., Deguchi R., Kyozuka K. Characterization of serotonin receptor mediating intracellular calcium increase in meiosis-reinitiated oocytes of the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum from central Japan. J. Exp. Zool. 279:1997;89-101.
72. Fontanilla R. A., Nuccitelli R. Characterization of the sperm-induced calcium wave in Xenopus eggs using confocal microscopy. Biophys. J. 75:1998;2079-2087.
73. Freeman G., Ridgway E. B. Endogenous photoproteins, calcium channels and calcium transients during metamorphosis in hydrozoans. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 196:1987;30-50.
74. Freeman G., Ridgway E. B. Endogenous photoproteins as calcium indicators in hydrozoan eggs and larvae. Zool. Sci. 8:1991;225-233.
75. Freeman G., Ridgway E. B. The role of intracellular calcium and pH during fertilization and egg activation in the hydrozoan Phialidium. Dev. Biol. 156:1993;176-190.
76. 2+ release from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dev. Growth. Differ. 32:1990;303-314.
77. Fujiwara T., Nakada K., Shirakawa H., Miyazaki S. Development of inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release mechanism during maturation of hamster oocytes. Dev. Biol. 156:1993;69-79.
78. 2+ release mechanisms independently of low-molecular-weight messengers. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;28901-28905.
79. 2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates: Modulation by cyclic ADP-ribose. Science. 253:1991;1143-1146.
80. Galione A., McDougall A., Busa W. B., Willmot N., Gillot I., Whitaker M. Redundant mechanisms of calcium-induced calcium release underlie calcium waves during fertilization of sea urchin eggs. Science. 261:1993;348-352.
81. Galione A., Summerhill R. Regulation of ryanodine receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose. Sorrentino V. Ryanodine Receptors. 1996;51-70 CRC Press, Boca Raton.
82. Gallicano G. I., Schwarz S. M., McGaughey R. W., Capco D. G. Protein kinase C, a pivotal regulator of hamster egg activation, functions after elevation of intracellular free calcium. Dev. Biol. 156:1993;94-106.
83. Geilenkirchen W. L. M., Jansen J., Coosen R., van Wijk R. Changes in the content of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in eggs of Mactra solidissima during the second cleavage cycle. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 1:1977;419-426.
84. 2+ release mechanism gated by the novel pyridine nucleotide, NAADP. Trends Pharm. Sci. 18:1997;108-110.
85. Gilbert S. F. Developmental Biology. 1994;Sinauer, Sunderland.
86. Gilkey J. C. Mechanisms of fertilization in fishes. Am. Zool. 21:1981;359-375.
87. Gilkey J. C., Jaffe L. F., Ridgway E. B., Reynolds G. T. A free calcium wave traverses the activating egg of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. J. Cell Biol. 76:1978;448-466.
88. Gillot I., Whitaker M. Imaging calcium waves in eggs and embryos. J. Exp. Biol. 184:1993;213-219.
89. Glahn D., Mark S. D., Behr R. K., Nuccitelli R. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block sperm-induced egg activation in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 205:1998;171-180.
90. Gobet I., Durocher Y., Leclerc C., Moreau M., Guerrier P. Reception and transduction of the serotonin signal responsible for meiosis reinitiation in oocytes of the Japanese clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Dev. Biol. 164:1994;540-549.
91. Gobet I., Lippai M., Tomkowiak M., Leclerc C., Moreau M., Guerrier P. 4-Aminopyridine acts as a weak base and a calcium mobilizing agent in triggering meiosis reinitiation and activation in the Japanese clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39:1995;485-491.
92. 2+ influx in prawn oocytes. Dev. Biol. 193:1998;225-238.
93. 2+ modifies the fertilization potential, induces polyspermy, and blocks the resumption of meiosis. Dev. Biol. 160:1993;165-177.
94. 2+, correlated with changes in membrane conductance in the oocyte of the prawn Palaemon serratus. Dev. Biol. 177:1996;178-189.
95. Gould M., Stephano J. L. How do sperm activate eggs in Urechis (as well as in polychaetes and molluscs). Nuccitelli R., Cherr G. N., Clark W. H. Mechanisms of Egg Activation. 1989;201-214 Plenum Press, New York.
96. Gould M. C., Stephano J. L. Fertilization and parthenogenesis in Urechis caupo (Echiura). Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996;17-22.
97. Grumetto L., Wilding M., De Simone M. L., Tosti E., Galione A., Dale B. Nitric oxide gates fertilization channels in ascidian oocytes throughout nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239:1997;723-728.
98. 2+ transients. Nature. 375:1995;784-787.
99. Guerrier P., Durocher Y., Gobet I., Leclerc L., Moreau M. Reception and transduction of the serotonin signal responsible for meiosis reinitiation in bivalves. Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996;39-45.
100. Guerrier P., Leclerc-David C., Moreau M. Evidence for the involvement of internal calcium stores during serotonin-induced meiosis reinitiation in oocytes of the bivalve mollusc Ruditapes phillipinarum. Dev. Biol. 159:1993;474-484.
101. Hafner M., Petzelt C., Nobiling R., Pawley J. B., Kramp D., Schatten G. Wave of free calcium at fertilization in the sea urchin egg visualized with fura-2. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 9:1988;271-277.
102. 2+ increase and morphological events upon fertilization in the sand dollar egg. Cell. Struct. Funct. 15:1990;159-162.
103. Han J. K., Nuccitelli R. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release in the organelle layers of the stratified, intact egg of Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Biol. 110:1990;1103-1110.
104. Harris P. J. Caffeine-induced calcium release in sea urchin eggs and the effect of continuous versus pulsed applications on the mitotic apparatus. Dev. Biol. 161:1994;370-378.
105. - currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol. Pharm. 51:1997;683-692.
106. Harvey E. B. Development of half-eggs of Chaetopterus pergamentaceus with special reference to parthenogenetic merogony. Biol. Bull. 76:1939;384-404.
107. He C. L., Damiani P., Parys J. B., Fissore R. A. Calcium, calcium release receptors, and meiotic resumption in bovine oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 57:1997;1245-1255.
108. Herbert M., Murdoch A. P., Gillespie J. I. The thiol reagent, thimerosal, induces intracellular calcium oscillations in mature human oocytes. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 10:1995;2183-2186.
109. Hertzler P. L., Clark W. H. Cleavage and gastrulation in the shrimp Sicyonia ingentis: Invagination is accompanied by oriented cell division. Development. 116:1992;127-140.
110. Hill T. D., Berggren P.-O., Boynton A. L. Heparin inhibits inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release from permeabilized rat liver cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149:1987;897-901.
111. Hinegardner R. Care and handling of sea urchin eggs, embryos and adults (principally North American species). Czihak G. The Sea Urchin Embryo. Biochemistry and Morphogenesis. 1975;10-25 Springer Verlag, Berlin.
112. Hiramoto Y., Yoshimoto Y., Iwamatsu T. Increase in intracellular calcium ions upon fertilization in animal eggs. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 22:1989;153-156.
113. Igusa Y., Miyazaki S. Effects of altered extracellular and intracellular calcium concentration on the hyperpolarizing responses of the hamster egg. J. Physiol. 340:1983;611-632.
114. Ikegami S., Okada T. S., Koide S. S. On the role of calcium ions in oocyte maturation in the polychaete Chaetopterus pergamentaceus. Dev. Growth. Differ. 18:1976;33-43.
115. Iwamatsu T. Egg activation (in Japanese). Fish Biol. J. Medaka. 4:1992;1-10.
116. Iwamatsu T. Abbreviation of the second meiotic division by precocious fertilization in fish oocytes. J. Exp. Zool. 277:1997;450-459.
117. 2+ in medaka eggs: An experiment with acetone-treated eggs. Dev. Growth Differ. 34:1992;709-717.
118. Iwamatsu T., Ohta T. Electron microscopic observation on sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in the fish egg. J. Exp. Zool. 205:1978;157-180.
119. Iwamatsu T., Ohta T., Oshima E., Sugiura T. Requirement of extracellular calcium ions for the early fertilization events in the medaka egg. Dev. Growth. Differ. 27:1985;751-762.
120. Iwamatsu T., Onitake K., Yoshimoto Y., Hiramoto Y. Time sequence of early events in fertilization in the medaka egg. Dev. Growth Differ. 33:1991;479-490.
121. 2+. Dev. Biol. 129:1988;191-197.
122. Jaffe L. A. First messengers at fertilization. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 42:1990;107-116.
123. Jaffe L. F. Sources of calcium in egg activation: A review and hypothesis. Dev. Biol. 99:1983;265-276.
124. Jaffe L. F. The role of calcium explosions, waves and pulses in activating eggs. Metz C. B., Monroy A. Biology of Fertilization. 1985;127-165 Academic Press, New York.
125. Jaffe L. F. The roles of intramembrane calcium in polarizing and activating eggs. Dale B. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans. 1990;389-417 Springer Verlag, Berlin.
126. Jaffe L. F. The path of calcium in cytosolic calcium oscillations: A unifying hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;9883-9887.
127. Jaffe L. F. Calcium waves and development. Bock R., Ackrill K. Calcium Waves, Gradients and Oscillations. 1995;4-17 Wiley, Chichester.
128. Johnson J., Bierle B. M., Gallicano G. I., Capco D. G. Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II and calmodulin: Regulators of the meiotic spindle in mouse eggs. Dev. Biol. 204:1998;464-477.
129. Johnston R. N., Paul M. Calcium influx following fertilization of Urechis caupo eggs. Dev. Biol. 57:1977;364-374.
130. 2+ oscillations in the activation of the egg and development of the embryo in mammals. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42:1998;1-10.
131. 2+ transients in mouse oocytes are cell cycle dependent. Development. 121:1995a;3259-3266.
132. 2+ release increase during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995b;6671-6677.
133. 2+ release in activated and aging mouse oocytes. Dev. Biol. 178:1996;229-237.
134. 2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates. FEBS Lett. 437:1998a;297-300.
135. 2+ and fluorescent markers between the sperm and egg after fusion in the mouse. Development. 125:1998b;4627-4635.
136. Juneja R., Ito E., Koide S. S. Effect of serotonin and tricyclic antidepressants on intracellular calcium concentration in Spisula oocytes. Cell Calcium. 15:1994;1-6.
137. Juneja R., Koide S. S. Biochemical pathways involved in serotonin-regulated Spisula oocyte maturation and fertilization. Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996;47-53.
138. Kadam A. L., Kadam P. A., Koide S. S. Calcium requirement for 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced maturation of Spisula oocytes. Int. J. Inv. Repr. Dev. 18:1990;165-168.
139. Keating T. J., Cork R. J., Robinson K. R. Intracellular free calcium oscillations in normal and cleavage-blocked embryos and artificially activated eggs of Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Sci. 107:1994;2229-2237.
140. Kimura Y., Yanagimachi R., Kuretake S., Bortkiewicz H., Perry A. C. F., Yanagimachi H. Analysis of mouse oocyte activation suggests the involvement of sperm perinuclear material. Biol. Reprod. 58:1998;1407-1415.
141. Kline D. Calcium-dependent events at fertilization of the frog egg: Injection of a calcium buffer blocks ion channel opening, exocytosis, and formation of pronuclei. Dev. Biol. 126:1988;346-361.
142. Kline D. Activation of the mouse egg. Theriogeneology. 45:1996;81-90.
143. Kline D., Kline J. T. Repetitive calcium transients and the role of calcium in exocytosis and cell activation in the mouse egg. Dev. Biol. 149:1992a;80-89.
144. Kline D., Kline J. T. Thapsigargin activates a calcium influx pathway in the unfertilized mouse egg and suppresses repetitive calcium transients in the fertilized egg. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992b;17624-17630.
145. Kline J. T., Kline D. Regulation of intracellular calcium in the mouse egg: Evidence for inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release, but not calcium-induced calcium release. Biol. Reprod. 50:1994;193-203.
146. Kobrinsky E., Ondrias K., Marks A. R. Expressed ryanodine receptor can substitute for the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in Xenopus laevis oocytes during progesterone-induced maturation. Dev. Biol. 172:1995;531-540.
147. Krantic S., Rivailler P. Meiosis reinitiation in molluscan oocytes: A model to study the transduction of extracellular signals. Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996;55-69.
148. Kume S., Yamamoto A., Inoue T., Muto A., Okano H., Mikoshiba K. Developmental expression of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and structural changes in the endoplasmic reticulum during oogenesis and meiotic maturation of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 182:1997;228-239.
149. 2+ responses and progression of meiosis at fertilization of ascidian oocytes. Development. 125:1998;4099-4105.
150. 2+ increases. Biochem. J. 335:1998;335-342.
151. 2+ increase at fertilization in the mouse. Development. 124:1997;233-241.
152. Lechleiter J. D., Clapham D. E. Molecular mechanisms of intracellular calcium excitability in X. laevis oocytes. Cell. 69:1992;283-294.
153. Lee H. C. Mechanisms of calcium signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP. Physiol. Rev. 77:1997;1133-1164.
154. Lee H. C., Aarhus R., Walseth T. F. Calcium mobilization by dual receptors during fertilization of sea urchin eggs. Science. 261:1993;352-355.
155. Lee S. J., Christenson L., Martin T., Shen S. S. The cyclic GMP-mediated calcium release pathway in sea urchin eggs is not required for the rise in calcium during fertilization. Dev. Biol. 180:1996;324-335.
156. Lee S. J., Shen S. S. The calcium transient in sea urchin eggs during fertilization requires the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Dev. Biol. 193:1998;195-208.
157. 2+: Roles of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, tyrosine kinases and G-proteins. Development. 120:1994;3463-3472.
158. 2+ wave during oocyte activation in the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis. Dev. Biol. 152:1992;94-102.
159. 2+ surge. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39:1995;401-407.
160. Lokuta A. J., Darszon A., Beltran C., Valdivia H. H. Detection and functional characterization of ryanodine receptors from sea urchin eggs. J. Physiol. 510.1:1998;155-164.
161. Lorca T., Cruzalegui F. H., Fesquet D., Cavadore J. C., Mery J., Means A., Doree M. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mediates inactivation of MPF and CSF upon fertilization of Xenopus eggs. Nature. 366:1993;370-373.
162. 2+ release mechanisms in porcine oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 56:1997;921-930.
163. McDougall A., Gillot I., Whitaker M. Thimerosal reveals calcium-induced calcium release in unfertilized sea urchin eggs. Zygote. 1:1993;35-42.
164. McDougall A., Levasseur M. Sperm-triggered calcium oscillations during meiosis in ascidian oocytes first pause, restart then stop: Correlation with cell cycle kinase activity. Development. 125:1998;4451-4459.
165. McDougall A., Sardet C. Function and characteristics of repetitive calcium waves associated with meiosis. Curr. Biol. 5:1995;318-328.
166. McDougall A., Sardet C., Lambert C. C. Different calcium-dependent pathways control fertilisation-triggered glycoside release and the cortical contraction in ascidian eggs. Zygote. 3:1995;251-258.
167. McGuinness O. M., Moreton R. B., Johnson M. H., Berridge M. J. A direct measurement of increased divalent cation influx in fertilized mouse oocytes. Development. 122:1996;2199-2206.
168. 2+ release from the intracellular stores of hepatocytes is not mediated by ryanodine receptors. Biochem. J. 291:1993;799-801.
169. McPherson S. M., McPherson P. S., Mathews L., Campbell K. P., Longo F. J. Cortical localization of a calcium release channel in sea urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol. 116:1992;1111-1121.
170. 2+ release at fertilization of mouse eggs. Dev. Biol. 203:1998;221-232.
171. Mehlmann L. M., Kline D. Regulation of intracellular calcium in the mouse egg: Calcium release in response to sperm or inositol trisphosphate is enhanced after meiotic maturation. Biol. Reprod. 51:1994;1088-1098.
172. Mehlmann L. M., Terasaki M., Jaffe L. A., Kline D. Reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum during meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte. Dev. Biol. 170:1995;607-615.
173. Meijer L., Guerrier P. Maturation and fertilization in starfish oocytes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 86:1984;130-196.
174. i with aequorin using a photon imaging detector. Nuccitelli R. A Practical Guide to the Study of Calcium in Living Cells. 1994;305-338 Academic Press, San Diego.
175. Miyazaki S.-I., Hashimoto N., Yoshimoto Y., Kishimoto T., Igusa Y., Hiramoto Y. Temporal and spatial dynamics of the periodic increase in intracellular free calcium at fertilization of golden hamster eggs. Dev. Biol. 118:1986;259-267.
176. Miyazaki S. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release and guanine nucleotide-binding protein-mediated periodic calcium rises in golden hamster eggs. J. Cell Biol. 106:1988;345-353.
177. Miyazaki S. Repetitive calcium transients in hamster oocytes. Cell Calcium. 12:1991;205-216.
178. Miyazaki S. Calcium signalling during mammalian fertilization. Bock K. R., Ackrill K. Calcium Waves, Gradients and Oscillations. 1995;235-247 Wiley, Chichester.
179. 2+ oscillations at fertilization of mammalian eggs. Dev. Biol. 158:1993;62-78.
180. 2+ oscillations in hamster eggs. FEBS Lett. 309:1992a;180-184.
181. 2+ oscillation by antibody to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in fertilized hamster eggs. Science. 257:1992b;251-255.
182. 2+ increase in sea urchin eggs upon fertilization and its regulation by microinjecting EGTA solution. Cell Struct. Funct. 16:1991;157-165.
183. 2+]i. I. Heparin and pentosan polysulfate. Dev. Biol. 172:1995;139-157.
184. 2+ wave in sea urchin eggs in the presence of a gamete fusion inhibitor, jaspisin. Development. 125:1998;293-300.
185. Moore G. D., Kopf G. S., Schultz R. M. Complete mouse egg activation in the absence of sperm by stimulation of an exogenous G protein-coupled receptor. Dev. Biol. 159:1993;669-678.
186. Myles D. G. Molecular mechanisms of sperm-egg membrane binding and fusion in mammals. Dev. Biol. 158:1993;35-45.
187. Nakano Y., Shirakawa H., Mitsuhashi N., Kuwabara Y., Miyazaki S. Spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular calcium in the mouse egg injected with a spermatozoon. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3:1997;1087-1093.
188. 2+ release, cortical granule exocytosis and oxygen consumption. Zool. Sci. 9:1992;1181.
189. Nuccitelli R. The wave of activation current in the egg of the medaka fish. Dev. Biol. 122:1987;522-534.
190. Nuccitelli R. How do sperm activate eggs. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 25:1991;1-16.
191. Nuccitelli R., Ferguson J., Han J.-K. The role of the phosphatidylinositol cycle in the activation of the frog egg. Nuccitelli R., Cherr G. N., Clark W. H. J. Mechanisms of Egg Activation. 1989;215-230 Plenum Press, New York.
192. 3. Dev. Biol. 158:1993;200-212.
193. 2+ wave from the cortex mediated by the inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor. Dev. Biol. 209:1999;172-185.
194. Ohlendieck K., Lennarz W. J. Role of the sea urchin receptor for sperm in gamete interactions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:1995;29-33.
195. Osawa M., Takemoto K., Kikuyama M., Uchiyama H., Hiramoto Y., Kuroda H. Sperm and its soluble extract cause transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration and in membrane potential of sea urchin zygotes. Dev. Biol. 166:1994;268-276.
196. Ozil J. P. Role of calcium oscillations in mammalian egg activation: Experimental approach. Biophys. Chem. 72:1998;141-152.
197. Palermo G. D., Colomero L. T., Schattman G. L., Davis O. K., Rosenwaks Z. Evolution of pregnancies and initial follow-up of newborns delivered after intracytoplasmic sperm injections. JAMA. 276:1996;899-908.
198. Parkeh A. B., Penner R. Store depletion and calcium influx. Physiol. Rev. 77:1997;901-930.
199. Parker I., Ivorra I. Caffeine inhibits inositol trisphosphate-mediated liberation of intracellular calcium in Xenopus oocytes. J. Physiol. London. 433:1991;229-240.
200. Parrington J., Brind S., De Smedt H., Gangeswaran R., Lai F. A., Wojcikiewicz R., Carroll J. Expression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in mouse oocytes and early embryos: The type I isoform is upregulated in oocytes and downregulated after fertilization. Dev. Biol. 203:1998;451-461.
201. Parrington J., Swann K., Shevchenko V. I., Sesay A. K., Lai F. A. Calcium oscillations in mammalian eggs triggered by a soluble sperm protein. Nature. 379:1996;364-368.
202. Parys J. B., Sernett S. W., DeLisle, Snyder P. M., Welsh M. J., Campbell K. P. Isolation, characterization, and localization of the inositol 1.4.5-trisphosphate receptor protein in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;18776-18782.
203. Parys J. B., McPherson S. M., Mathews L., Campbell K. P., Longo F. J. Presence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, calreticulin, and calsequestrin in eggs of sea urchins and Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 161:1994;466-476.
204. 2+ is one of the earliest responses to fertilization of sea urchin eggs. J. Exp. Zool. 203:1978;143-149.
205. Pearse J. S., Cameron R. A. Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoidea. Giese A. C., Pearse J. S., Pearse V. B. Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. VI. 1991;513-662 Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove.
206. Pearse V., Pearse J., Buchsbaum M., Buchsbaum R. Living Invertebrates. 1987;Blackwell Scientific, Boston.
207. Perry A. C. F., Wakayama T., Yanagimachi R. A novel trans-complementation assay suggests full mammalian oocyte activation is coordinately initiated by multiple, submembrane sperm components. Biol. Reprod. 60:1999;747-755.
208. Peucellier G. Mise en evidence du role du calcium dans la reinitiation de la meiose des ovocytes de Sabellaria alveolata (L.) (annelide polychete). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 285:1977;913-915.
209. Rakow T. L., Shen S. S. Multiple stores of calcium are released in the sea urchin egg during fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;9285-9289.
210. Raz R., Shalgi R. Early events in mammalian egg activation. Hum. Rep. 13:1998;133-145.
211. Ridgway E. B., Gilkey J. C., Jaffe L. F. Free calcium increases explosively in activating medaka eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;623-627.
212. Roegiers F., McDougall A., Sardet C. The sperm entry point defines the orientation of the calcium-induced contraction wave that directs the first phase of cytoplasmic reorganization in the ascidian egg. Development. 121:1996;3457-3466.
213. Rugh R. The Frog. Its Reproduction and Development. 1951;McGraw-Hill, New York.
214. Russo G. L., Kyozuka K., Antonazzo L., Tosti E., Dale B. Maturation promoting factor in ascidian oocytes is regulated by different intracellular signals at meiosis I and II. Development. 122:1996;1995-2003.
215. Sagata N. Meiotic metaphase arrest in animal oocytes: Its mechanisms and biological significance. Trends Cell Biol. 6:1996;22-28.
216. 2+ oscillation-inducing sperm factor. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5:1999;132-138.
217. Santella L. Calcium regulation and calcium function in the nucleus of starfish oocytes. Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996;7-15.
218. 2+. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203:1994;674-680.
219. 2+ transients and meiosis resumption in starfish oocytes are mimicked by the nuclear injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cADP-ribose. Cell Calcium. 22:1997;11-20.
220. Santella L., Deriso L., Gragnaniello G., Kyozuka K. Separate activation of the cytoplasmic and nuclear calcium pools in maturing starfish oocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 252:1998;1-4.
221. Sardet C., Gillot I., Ruscher A., Payan P., Girard J.-P., de Renzis G. Ryanodine activates sea urchin eggs. Dev. Growth Differ. 34:1992;37-42.
222. Sardet C., Roegiers F., Dumollard R., Rouviere C., McDougall A. Calcium waves and oscillations in eggs. Biophys. Chem. 72:1998;131-140.
223. Sato Y., Miyazaki S., Shikano T., Mitsuhashi N., Takeuchi H., Mikoshiba K., Kuwabara Y. Adenophostin, a potent agonist of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, is useful for fertilization of mouse oocytes injected with round spermatids leading to normal offspring. Biol. Reprod. 58:1998;867-873.
224. 2+ influx during fertilization of the sea urchin egg. Dev. Biol. 90:1982;284-290.
225. Schuetz A. W. Induction of nuclear breakdown and meiosis in Spisula solidissima oocytes by calcium ionophore. J. Exp. Zool. 191:1975;433-440.
226. Schultz R. M., Kopf G. S. Molecular basis of mammalian egg activation. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 30:1995;21-62.
227. 2+ on deformation, polar body extrusion and pronucleus formation in the egg of the ascidian, Ciona savignyi. Dev. Growth Differ. 38:1996;341-350.
228. Sette C., Bevilacqua A., Bianchini A., Mangia F., Geremia R., Rossi P. Parthenogenetic activation of mouse eggs by microinjection of a truncated c-kit tyrosine kinase present in spermatozoa. Development. 124:1997;2267-2274.
229. Shen S. S. Mechanisms of calcium regulation in sea urchin eggs and their activities during fertilization. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 30:1995;63-101.
230. Shen S. S., Buck W. R. Sources of calcium in sea urchin eggs during the fertilization response. Dev. Biol. 157:1993;157-169.
231. 2+ changes in fertilized and activated mouse oocytes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 97:1993;143-150.
232. Shilling F. M., Carroll D. J., Muslin A. J., Escobedo J. A., Williams L. T., Jaffe L. A. Evidence for both tyrosine kinase and G-protein-coupled pathways leading to starfish egg activation. Dev. Biol. 162:1994;590-599.
233. Shilling F. M., Magie C. R., Nuccitelli R. Voltage-dependent activation of frog eggs by a sperm surface disintegrin peptide. Dev. Biol. 202:1998;113-124.
234. 2+ release during maturation of hamster oocytes. Dev. Biol. 170:1995;594-606.
235. Sorrentino V. Ryanodine Receptors. 1996;CRC Press, Boca Raton.
236. 2+ oscillation machine of human oocytes. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2:1996a;265-272.
237. Sousa M., Barros A., Tesarik J. Developmental changes in calcium dynamics, protein kinase C distribution and endoplasmic reticulum organization in human pre-implantation embryos. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2:1996b;967-977.
238. Speksnijder J. E. The repetitive calcium waves in the fertilized ascidian egg are initiated near the vegetal pole by a cortical pacemaker. Dev. Biol. 153:1992;259-271.
239. Speksnijder J. E., Corson D. W., Sardet C., Jaffe L. F. Free calcium pulses following fertilization in the ascidian egg. Dev. Biol. 135:1989;182-190.
240. Speksnijder J. E., Sardet C., Jaffe L. F. The activation wave of calcium in the ascidian egg and its role in ooplasmic segregation. J. Cell Biol. 110:1990a;1589-1598.
241. Speksnijder J. E., Sardet C., Jaffe L. F. Periodic calcium waves cross ascidian eggs after fertilization. Dev. Biol. 142:1990b;246-249.
242. Speksnijder L., Sardet C., Jaffe L. Calcium signals during fertilization and ooplasmic segregation in the ascidian egg. Dale B. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans. 1990c;455-473 Springer Verlag, Berlin.
243. Steinhardt R. A. Intracellular free calcium and the first cell cycle of the sea urchin embryo (Lytechinus pictus). J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 42:1990;191-197.
244. 2+-ionophore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71:1974;1915-1917.
245. Steinhardt R. A., Epel D., Carroll E. J. J., Yanagimachi R. Is calcium ionophore a universal activator for unfertilized eggs. Nature. 252:1974;41-43.
246. Steinhardt R., Zucker R., Schatten G. Intracellular calcium release at fertilization in the sea urchin egg. Dev. Biol. 58:1977;185-196.
247. Stephano J. L., Gould M. C. The intracellular calcium increase at fertilization in Urechis caupo oocytes: Activation without waves. Dev. Biol. 191:1997;53-68.
248. Stricker S. A. Confocal microscopy of living eggs and embryos. Stevens J. K., Mills L. R., Trogadis J. E. Three Dimensional Confocal Microscopy. 1994;281-300 Academic Press, San Diego.
249. Stricker S. A. Time-lapse confocal imaging of calcium dynamics in starfish embryos. Dev. Biol. 170:1995;496-518.
250. Stricker S. A. Changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of intracellular calcium transients during starfish early development. Inv. Repr. Dev. 30:1996a;135-152.
251. Stricker S. A. Repetitive calcium waves induced by fertilization in the nemertean worm Cerebratulus lacteus. Dev. Biol. 176:1996b;243-263.
252. Stricker S. A. Intracellular injections of a soluble sperm factor trigger calcium oscillations and meiotic maturation in unfertilized oocytes of a marine worm. Dev. Biol. 186:1997;185-201.
253. Stricker S. A., Centonze V. E., Melendez R. F. Calcium dynamics during starfish oocyte maturation and fertilization. Dev. Biol. 165:1994;33-58.
254. Stricker S. A., Centonze V. E., Paddock S. W., Schatten G. Confocal microscopy of fertilization-induced calcium dynamics in sea urchin eggs. Dev. Biol. 149:1992;370-380.
255. Stricker S. A., Silva R., Smythe T. Calcium and endoplasmic reticulum dynamics during oocyte maturation and fertilization in the marine worm Cerebratulus lacteus. Dev. Biol. 203:1998;305-322.
256. Stricker S. A., Whitaker M. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of calcium dynamics in living cells. Micros. Res. Tech. 1999.
257. Sun F. Z., Hoyland J., Huang X., Mason W., Moor R. M. A comparison of intracellular changes in porcine eggs after fertilization and electroactivation. Development. 115:1992;947-956.
258. Sun F. Z., Moore R. M. Nuclear transplantation in mammalian eggs and embryos. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 30:1995;147-176.
259. Suzuki K., Tanaka Y., Nakajima Y., Hirano K., Itoh H., Miyata H., Hayakawa T., Kinosita K. Spatiotemporal relationships among early events of fertilization in sea urchin eggs revealed by multiview microscopy. Biophys. J. 68:1995;739-748.
260. Swann K. A cytosolic sperm factor stimulates repetitive calcium increases and mimics fertilization in hamster eggs. Development. 110:1990;1295-1302.
261. Swann K. Thimerosal causes calcium oscillations and sensitizes calcium-induced calcium release in unfertilized hamster eggs. FEBS Lett. 278:1991;175-178.
262. Swann K. Different triggers for calcium oscillations in mouse eggs involve a ryanodine-sensitive calcium store. Biochem. J. 287:1992;79-84.
263. Swann K. The soluble sperm oscillogen hypothesis. Zygote. 1:1993;273-276.
264. 2+ release in eggs at fertilization. Rev. Reprod. 1:1996;33-39.
265. Swann K., McCulloh D. H., McDougall A., Chambers E. L., Whitaker M. Sperm-induced currents at fertilization in sea urchin eggs injected with EGTA and neomycin. Dev. Biol. 151:1992;552-563.
266. Swann K., Ozil J. P. Dynamics of the calcium signal that triggers mammalian egg activation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 152:1994;183-232.
267. Swann K., Parrington J., Jones K. T. On the search for the sperm oscillogen. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 4:1998;1010-1012.
268. Swann K., Whitaker M. The part played by inositol trisphosphate and calcium in the propagation of the fertilization wave in sea urchin eggs. J. Cell Biol. 103:1986;2333-2342.
269. Tang Y. H., Othmer H. G. Frequency encoding in excitable systems with applications to calcium oscillations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;7869-7873.
270. Taylor C. T., Lawrence Y. M., Kingsland C. R., Biljan M. M., Cuthbertson K. S. R. Oscillations in intracellular free calcium induced by spermatozoa in human oocytes at fertilization. Hum. Rep. 8:1993;2174-2179.
271. Tesarik J. Confocal laser scanning microscopy in the study of calcium signalling during human oocyte activation at fertilization. Motta P. M. Microscopy of Reproduction and Development: A Dynamic Approach. 1997;205-211 Antonio Delfino Editore, Rome.
272. Tesarik J. Oocyte activation after intracytoplasmic injection of mature and immature sperm cells. Hum. Rep. 13:1998;117-127.
273. 2+ responses in human oocytes fertilized by subzonal insemination and by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril. 62:1994;1197-1204.
274. Tesarik J., Sousa M., Mendoza C. Sperm-induced calcium oscillations of human oocytes show distinct features in oocyte center and periphery. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 41:1995;257-263.
275. Thomas T. W., Eckberg W. R., Dube F., Galione A. Chaetopterus pergamentaceus. Cell Calcium. 24:1998;285-292.
276. Togo T., Deguchi R., Osanai K. Meiotic maturation and early development in the marine bivalve Hiatella flaccida. Bull. Mar. Biol. Stn. Asamushi. 19:1993;41-47.
277. 2+ independent in the mouse. J. Cell Biol. 117:1992;799-811.
278. Tong Y. H., Zull J., Yu L. Functional expression and signaling properties of cloned human parathyroid hormone receptor in Xenopus oocytes: Evidence for a novel signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;8183-8191.
279. Tosti E., Palumbo A., Dale B. Inositol triphosphate in human and ascidian spermatozoa. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 3:1993;373-383.
280. 2+ wave in Xenopus laevis eggs. Biophys. J. 75:1998;2088-2097.
281. Whitaker M. Regulation of the cell division cycle by inositol triphosphate and the calcium signalling pathway. Means A. R. Calcium Regulation of Cellular Function. 1995;299-310 Raven Press, New York.
282. Whitaker M. Control of meiotic arrest. Rev. Reprod. 1:1996;127-135.
283. Whitaker M., Crossley I. How does a sperm activate a sea urchin egg. Dale B. Mechanism of Fertilization: Plants to Humans. 1990;433-443 Springer Verlag, Berlin.
284. Whitaker M., Irvine R. F. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate microinjection activates sea urchin eggs. Nature. 312:1984;636-639.
285. Whitaker M., Swann K. Lighting the fuse at fertilization. Development. 117:1993;1-12.
286. Whitaker M., Swann K., Crossley I. What happens during the latent period at fertilization. Nuccitelli R., Cherr G. N., Clark W. H. Mechanisms of Egg Activation. 1989;157-171 Plenum Press, New York.
287. Wilding M., Dale B. Sperm factor: What is it and what does it do. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3:1997;269-273.
288. Wilding M., Dale B. Soluble extracts from ascidian spermatozoa trigger intracellular calcium release independently of the activation of the ADP ribose channel. Zygote. 6:1998;149-154.
289. Wilding M., Kyozuka K., Russo G. L., Tosti E., Dale B. A soluble extract from human spermatozoa activates ascidian oocytes. Dev. Growth Differ. 39:1997;329-336.
290. Wilding M., Russo G. L., Galione A., Marino M., Dale B. ADP-ribose gates the fertilization channel in ascidian oocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;C1277-C1283.
291. Wilding M., Wright E. M., Patel R., Ellis-Davies G., Whitaker M. Local perinuclear calcium signals associated with mitosis entry in early sea urchin embryos. J. Cell Biol. 135:1996;191-199.
292. Williams C. J., Mehlmann L. M., Jaffe L. A., Kopf G. S., Schultz R. M. Evidence that Gq family G proteins do not function in mouse egg activation at fertilization. Dev. Biol. 198:1998;116-127.
293. Willmott N., Sethi J. K., Walseth T. F., Lee H. C., White A. M., Galione A. Nitric-oxide induced mobilization of intracellular calcium via the cyclic ADP-ribose signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1997;3699-3705.
294. Winnepenninckx B. M. H., van de Peer Y., Backelau T. Metazoan relationships on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences: A few years later ... Am. Zool. 38:1998;888-906.
295. Witchel H. J., Steinhardt R. A. 1-Methyladenine can consistently induce a fura-detectable transient calcium increase which is neither necessary nor sufficient for maturation in oocytes of the starfish Asterina miniata. Dev. Biol. 141:1990;393-398.
296. 2+ release in mammalian oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:1999;277-287.
297. Wolosker H., Kline D., Bian Y., Blackshaw S., Cameron A. M., Fralich T. J., Schnaar R. L., Snyder S. H. Molecularly cloned mammalian glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase localizes to transporting epithelium and lacks oscillin activity. FASEB J. 12:1998;91-99.
298. Wu G.-J., Simerly C., Zoran S. S., Funte L. R., Schatten G. Microtubule and chromatin dynamics during fertilization and early development in rhesus monkeys, and regulation by intracellular calcium ions. Biol. Reprod. 55:1996;260-270.
299. Wu H., He C. L., Fissore R. A. Injection of a porcine sperm factor triggers calcium oscillations in mouse oocytes and bovine eggs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 46:1997;176-189.
300. Wu H., He C.-L., Jehn B., Black S. J., Fissore R. A. Partial characterization of the calcium-releasing activity of porcine sperm cytosolic extracts. Dev. Biol. 203:1998;369-381.
301. 2+ release in early and late events of mouse egg activation. Development. 120:1994;1851-1859.
302. Yanagimachi R. Mammalian fertilization. Knobil E., Neill J. The Physiology of Reproduction. 1994;189-317 Raven Press, New York.
303. 2+ oscillations in activation of ascidian eggs. Dev. Biol. 203:1998;122-133.
304. Yoshimoto Y., Iwamatsu T., Hirano K., Hiramoto Y. The wave of free calcium upon fertilization in medaka and sand dollar eggs. Dev. Growth Differ. 28:1986;583-596.
305. Yue C., White K. L., Reed W. A., Bunch T. D. The existence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors in mature bovine oocytes. Development. 121:1995;2645-2654.
306. Yue C., White K. L., Reed W. A., King E. Localization and regulation of ryanodine receptor in bovine oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 58:1998;608-614.