X-ray holographic microscopy with zone plates applied to biological samples in the water window using 3rd harmonic radiation from the free-electron laser FLASH

Optics Express

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 11059-11070

  Gorniak, T ^a   Heine, R ^a   Mancuso, A P ^b,h   Staier, F ^a   Christophis, C ^a   Pettitt, M E ^c   Sakdinawat, A ^d   Treusch, R ^b   Guerassimova, N ^b   Feldhaus, J ^b   Gutt, C ^b   Grubel G ^b   Eisebitt, S ^e   Beyer, A ^f   Golzhauser A ^f   Weckert, E ^b   Grunze, M ^a,g   Vartanyants, I A ^b   Rosenhahn, A ^a,g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b DESY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^f BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^g KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^h EUROPEAN XFEL GMBH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL CULTURE; ELECTRONS; FREE ELECTRON LASERS; HYDRATION; LIGHT SOURCES; ORGANIC LASERS; PLATES (STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS); RADIATION DAMAGE;

BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; COBETIA MARINA; COHERENT PULSE; ENERGY WINDOWS; FIBROBLAST CELLS; HARMONIC RADIATION; HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY; IN-LINE; LIFE-SCIENCES; MOLECULAR SHEETS; ONE STEP; RESOLUTION LIMITS; SINGLE PULSE; ULTRA-THIN; WATER WINDOW; ZONE PLATES;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS;

NANOMATERIAL; SEA WATER; WATER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; ELECTRON; FIBROBLAST; HOLOGRAPHY; LASER; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; RAT; X RAY;

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; ELECTRONS; FIBROBLASTS; HOLOGRAPHY; LASERS; MICROSCOPY; NANOSTRUCTURES; RATS; SEAWATER; WATER; X-RAYS;

EID: 79958227577     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.19.011059     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. C. A. Brau, "Free-electron lasers, " Science 239(4844), 1115-1121 (1988). (Pubitemid 18084317)
2. J. Feldhaus, J. Arthur, and J. Hastings, "X-ray free-electron lasers, " J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38(9), S799-S819 (2005). (Pubitemid 40877092)
3. W. Ackermann, G. Asova, V. Ayvazyan, A. Azima, N. Baboi, J. Bähr, V. Balandin, B. Beutner, A. Brandt, A. Bolzmann, R. Brinkmann, O. I. Brovko, M. Castellano, P. Castro, L. Catani, E. Chiadroni, S. Choroba, A. Cianchi, J. T. Costello, D. Cubaynes, J. Dardis, W. Decking, H. Delsim-Hashemi, A. Delserieys, G. Di Pirro, M. Dohlus, S. Düsterer, A. Eckhardt, H. T. Edwards, B. Faatz, J. Feldhaus, K. Flöttmann, J. Frisch, L. Fröhlich, T. Garvey, U. Gensch, C. Gerth, M. Görler, N. Golubeva, H. J. Grabosch, M. Grecki, O. Grimm, K. Hacker, U. Hahn, J. H. Han, K. Honkavaara, T. Hott, M. Hüning, Y. Ivanisenko, E. Jaeschke, W. Jalmuzna, T. Jezynski, R. Kammering, V. Katalev, K. Kavanagh, E. T. Kennedy, S. Khodyachykh, K. Klose, V. Kocharyan, M. Körfer, M. Kollewe, W. Koprek, S. Korepanov, D. Kostin, M. Krassilnikov, G. Kube, M. Kuhlmann, C. L. S. Lewis, L. Lilje, T. Limberg, D. Lipka, F. Löhl, H. Luna, M. Luong, M. Martins, M. Meyer, P. Michelato, V. Miltchev, W. D. Möller, L. Monaco, W. F. O. Müller, O. Napieralski, O. Napoly, P. Nicolosi, D. Nölle, T. Nuñez, A. Oppelt, C. Pagani, R. Paparella, N. Pchalek, J. Pedregosa-Gutierrez, B. Petersen, B. Petrosyan, G. Petrosyan, L. Petrosyan, J. Pflüger, E. Plönjes, L. Poletto, K. Pozniak, E. Prat, D. Proch, P. Pucyk, P. Radcliffe, H. Redlin, K. Rehlich, M. Richter, M. Roehrs, J. Roensch, R. Romaniuk, M. Ross, J. Rossbach, V. Rybnikov, M. Sachwitz, E. L. Saldin, W. Sandner, H. Schlarb, B. Schmidt, M. Schmitz, P. Schmüser, J. R. Schneider, E. A. Schneidmiller, S. Schnepp, S. Schreiber, M. Seidel, D. Sertore, A. V. Shabunov, C. Simon, S. Simrock, E. Sombrowski, A. A. Sorokin, P. Spanknebel, R. Spesyvtsev, L. Staykov, B. Steffen, F. Stephan, F. Stulle, H. Thom, K. Tiedtke, M. Tischer, S. Toleikis, R. Treusch, D. Trines, I. Tsakov, E. Vogel, T. Weiland, H. Weise, M. Wellhöfer, M. Wendt, I. Will, A. Winter, K. Wittenburg, W. Wurth, P. Yeates, M. V. Yurkov, I. Zagorodnov, and K. Zapfe, "Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window, " Nat. Photonics 1(6), 336-342 (2007).
4. K. Tiedtke, A. Azima, N. von Bargen, L. Bittner, S. Bonfigt, S. Düsterer, B. Faatz, U. Frühling, M. Gensch, C. Gerth, N. Guerassimova, U. Hahn, T. Hans, M. Hesse, K. Honkavaar, U. Jastrow, P. Juranic, S. Kapitzki, B. Keitel, T. Kracht, M. Kuhlmann, W. B. Li, M. Martins, T. Núñez, E. Plönjes, H. Redlin, E. L. Saldin, E. A. Schneidmiller, J. R. Schneider, S. Schreiber, N. Stojanovic, F. Tavella, S. Toleikis, R. Treusch, H. Weigelt, M. Wellhöfer, H. Wabnitz, M. V. Yurkov, and J. Feldhaus, "The soft x-ray free-electron laser FLASH at DESY: beamlines, diagnostics and end-stations, " N. J. Phys. 11(2), 023029 (2009).
5. C. Gutt, L. M. Stadler, S. Streit-Nierobisch, A. P. Mancuso, A. Schropp, B. Pfau, C. M. Günther, R. Könnecke, J. Gulden, B. Reime, J. Feldhaus, E. Weckert, I. A. Vartanyants, O. Hellwig, F. Staier, R. Barth, M. Grunze, A. Rosenhahn, D. Stickler, H. Stillrich, R. Frömter, H. P. Oepen, M. Martins, T. Nisius, T. Wilhein, B. Faatz, N. Guerassimova, K. Honkavaara, V. Kocharyan, R. Treusch, E. Saldin, S. Schreiber, E. Schneidmiller, M. Yurkov, S. Eisebitt, and G. Grübel, "Resonant magnetic scattering with soft x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser operating at 1.59 nm, " Phys. Rev. B 79(21), 212406 (2009).
6. P. Emma, R. Akre, J. Arthur, R. Bionta, C. Bostedt, J. Bozek, A. Brachmann, P. Bucksbaum, R. Coffee, F. J. Decker, Y. Ding, D. Dowell, S. Edstrom, A. Fisher, J. Frisch, S. Gilevich, J. Hastings, G. Hays, P. Hering, Z. Huang, R. Iverson, H. Loos, M. Messerschmidt, A. Miahnahri, S. Moeller, H. D. Nuhn, G. Pile, D. Ratner, J. Rzepiela, D. Schultz, T. Smith, P. Stefan, H. Tompkins, J. Turner, J. Welch, W. White, J. Wu, G. Yocky, and J. Galayda, "First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser, " Nat. Photonics 4(9), 641-647 (2010).
7. M. Altarelli, R. Brinkmann, M. Chergui, W. Decking, B. Dobson, S. Düsterer, G. Grübel, W. Graeff, H. Graafsma, J. Hajdu, J. Marangos, J. Pflüger, H. Redlin, D. Riley, I. Robinson, J. Rossbach, A. Schwarz, K. Tiedtke, T. Tschentscher, I. Vartanyants, H. Wabnitz, H. Weise, R. Wichmann, K. Witte, A. Wolf, M. Wulff, and M. Yurkov, "The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Technical Design Report" (2006), retrieved http://xfel.desy.de/tdr/ tdr/.
8. H. N. Chapman, "X-ray imaging beyond the limits, " Nat. Mater. 8(4), 299-301 (2009).
9. N. Patel, "Shorter, brighter, better, " Nature 415(6868), 110-111 (2002). (Pubitemid 34059494)
10. E. L. Saldin, E. A. Schneidmiller, and M. V. Yurkov, The Physics of Free Electron Lasers (Springer, 1999).
11. R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, "Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses, " Nature 406(6797), 752-757 (2000).
12. J. Miao, P. Charalambous, J. Kirz, and D. Sayre, "Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens, " Nature 400(6742), 342-344 (1999). (Pubitemid 29344194)
13. J. Miao, K. O. Hodgson, and D. Sayre, "An approach to three-dimensional structures of biomolecules by using single-molecule diffraction images, " Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(12), 6641-6645 (2001). (Pubitemid 32538269)
14. I. A. Vartanyants, I. K. Robinson, I. McNulty, C. David, P. Wochner, and T. Tschentscher, "Coherent X-ray scattering and lensless imaging at the European XFEL Facility, " J. Synchrotron Radiat. 14(6), 453-470 (2007). (Pubitemid 350017497)
15. H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. Van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser, " Nat. Phys. 2(12), 839-843 (2006). (Pubitemid 44853581)
16. J. Miao, J. Kirz, and D. Sayre, "The oversampling phasing method, " Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 56(10), 1312-1315 (2000).
17. V. Elser, "Phase retrieval by iterated projections, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20(1), 40-55 (2003).
18. J. R. Fienup, "Iterative method applied to image reconstruction and to computer-generated holograms, " Opt. Eng. 19, 297-305 (1980). (Pubitemid 11427977)
19. S. Marchesini, "A unified evaluation of iterative projection algorithms for phase retrieval, " Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(1), 011301-011310 (2007).
20. A. P. Mancuso, T. Gorniak, F. Staier, O. M. Yefanov, R. Barth, C. Christophis, B. Reime, J. Gulden, A. Singer, M. E. Pettit, T. Nisius, T. Wilhein, C. Gutt, G. Grübel, N. Guerassimova, R. Treusch, J. Feldhaus, S. Eisebitt, E. Weckert, M. Grunze, A. Rosenhahn, and I. Vartanyants, "Coherent imaging of biological samples with femtosecond pulses at the free-electron laser FLASH, " N. J. Phys. 12(3), 035003 (2010).
21. I. A. Vartanyants, A. P. Mancuso, A. Singer, O. M. Yefanov, and J. Gulden, "Coherence measurements and coherent diffractive imaging at FLASH, " J. Phys. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43(19), 194016 (2010).
22. D. Gabor, "A new microscopic principle, " Nature 161(4098), 777-778 (1948).
23. A. Rosenhahn, F. Staier, T. Nisius, D. Schäfer, R. Barth, C. Christophis, L.-M. Stadler, S. Streit-Nierobisch, C. Gutt, A. Mancuso, A. Schropp, J. Gulden, B. Reime, J. Feldhaus, E. Weckert, B. Pfau, C. M. Günther, R. Könnecke, S. Eisebitt, M. Martins, B. Faatz, N. Guerassimova, K. Honkavaara, R. Treusch, E. Saldin, S. Schreiber, E. A. Schneidmiller, M. V. Yurkov, I. Vartanyants, G. Grübel, M. Grunze, and T. Wilhein, "Digital in-line holography with femtosecond VUV radiation provided by the free-electron laser FLASH, " Opt. Express 17(10), 8220-8228 (2009).
24. C. Fuhse, C. Ollinger, and T. Salditt, "Waveguide-based off-axis holography with hard X rays, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(25), 254801 (2006).
25. I. McNulty, J. Kirz, C. Jacobsen, E. H. Anderson, M. R. Howells, and D. P. Kern, "High-resolution imaging by Fourier transform X-ray holography, " Science 256(5059), 1009-1012 (1992).
26. G. W. Stroke, "Lensless Fourier-transform method for optical holography, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 6(10), 201-203 (1965).
27. S. Eisebitt, J. Lüning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, "Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography, " Nature 432(7019), 885-888 (2004). (Pubitemid 40037146)
28. C. M. Günther, B. Pfau, R. Mitzner, B. Siemer, S. Roling, H. Zacharias, O. Kutz, I. Rudolph, D. Schondelmaier, R. Treusch, and S. Eisebitt, "Sequential femtosecond X-ray imaging, " Nat. Photonics 5(2), 99-102 (2011).
29. G. J. Williams, H. M. Quiney, A. G. Peele, and K. A. Nugent, "Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging: treatment and analysis of data, " N. J. Phys. 12(3), 035020 (2010).
30. R. Treusch and J. Feldhaus, "FLASH: new opportunities for (time-resolved) coherent imaging of nanostructures, " N. J. Phys. 12(3), 035015 (2010).
31. J. Kirz, C. Jacobsen, and M. Howells, "Soft X-ray microscopes and their biological applications, " Q. Rev. Biophys. 28(1), 33-130 (1995).
32. A. Rosenhahn, R. Barth, F. Staier, T. Simpson, S. Mittler, S. Eisebitt, and M. Grunze, "Digital in-line soft x-ray holography with element contrast, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25(2), 416-422 (2008). (Pubitemid 351460375)
33. R. Heine, T. Gorniak, T. Nisius, C. Christophis, M. E. Pettitt, F. Staier, T. Wilhein, S. Rehbein, M. Grunze, and A. Rosenhahn, "Digital in-line X-ray holography with zone plates, " Ultramicroscopy (in press, uncorrected proof).
34. M. Martins, M. Wellhöfer, J. Hoeft, W. Wurth, J. Feldhaus, and R. Follath, "Monochromator beamline for FLASH, " Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77(11), 115108 (2006).
35. M. Wellhöfer, M. Martins, W. Wurth, A. Sorokin, and M. Richter, "Performance of the monochromator beamline at FLASH, " J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 9(7), 749-756 (2007). (Pubitemid 47160412)
36. F. Staier, "Entwicklung, Bau und Test einer UHV Rö ntgenstreukammer für die digitale In-Line Holographie, " PhD Thesis (University of Heidelberg, 2009).
37. N. Guerassimova, (personal communication, 2009).
38. D. Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
39. J. Garcia-Sucerquia, W. B. Xu, S. K. Jericho, P. Klages, M. H. Jericho, and H. J. Kreuzer, "Digital in-line holographic microscopy, " Appl. Opt. 45(5), 836-850 (2006).
40. J. M. Byrd, T. J. Shea, P. Denes, P. Siddons, D. Attwood, F. Kaertner, L. Moog, Y. Li, A. Sakdinawat, and R. Schlueter, "Enabling instrumentation and technology for 21st century light sources, " Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 623(3), 910-920 (2010).
41. A. Rosenhahn, R. Barth, X. Cao, M. Schürmann, M. Grunze, and S. Eisebitt, "Vacuum-ultraviolet Gabor holography with synchrotron radiation, " Ultramicroscopy 107(12), 1171-1177 (2007). (Pubitemid 47320960)
42. S. Flewett, H. M. Quiney, C. Q. Tran, and K. A. Nugent, "Extracting coherent modes from partially coherent wavefields, " Opt. Lett. 34(14), 2198-2200 (2009).
43. R. Barth, F. Staier, T. Simpson, S. Mittler, S. Eisebitt, M. Grunze, and A. Rosenhahn, "Soft X-ray holographic microscopy of chromosomes with high aspect ratio pinholes, " J. Biotechnol. 149(4), 238-242 (2010).
44. S. Lindaas, M. Howells, C. Jacobsen, and A. Kalinovsky, "X-ray holographic microscopy by means of photoresist recording and atomic-force microscope readout, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(9), 1788-1800 (1996).
45. W. Eck, A. Küller, M. Grunze, B. Völkel, and A. Gölzhäuser, "Freestanding nanosheets from crosslinked biphenyl self-assembled monolayers, " Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 17(21), 2583-2587 (2005). (Pubitemid 41587529)
46. C. T. Nottbohm, A. Beyer, A. S. Sologubenko, I. Ennen, A. Hütten, H. Rösner, W. Eck, J. Mayer, and A. Gölzhäuser, "Novel carbon nanosheets as support for ultrahigh-resolution structural analysis of nanoparticles, " Ultramicroscopy 108(9), 885-892 (2008).
47. A. Turchanin, M. El-Desawy, and A. Gölzhäuser, "High thermal stability of cross-linked aromatic self-assembled monolayers: nanopatterning via selective thermal desorption, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(5), 053102 (2007).
48. A. Küller, W. Eck, V. Stadler, W. Geyer, and A. Gölzhä user, "Nanostructuring of silicon by electron-beam lithography of self-assembled hydroxybiphenyl monolayers, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(21), 3776-3778 (2003).
49. C. T. Nottbohm, A. Turchanin, A. Beyer, and A. Gölzhäuser, "Direct e-beam writing of 1 nm thin carbon nanoribbons, " J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27(6), 3059-3062 (2009).
50. A. Turchanin, A. Beyer, C. T. Nottbohm, X. Zhang, R. Stosch, A. Sologubenko, J. Mayer, P. Hinze, T. Weimann, and A. Gölzhäuser, "One nanometer thin carbon nanosheets with tunable conductivity and stiffness, " Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(12), 1233-1237 (2009).
51. A. P. Mancuso, A. Schropp, B. Reime, L.-M. Stadler, A. Singer, J. Gulden, S. Streit-Nierobisch, C. Gutt, G. Grübel, J. Feldhaus, F. Staier, R. Barth, A. Rosenhahn, M. Grunze, T. Nisius, T. Wilhein, D. Stickler, H. Stillrich, R. Frömter, H.-P. Oepen, M. Martins, B. Pfau, C. M. Günther, R. Könnecke, S. Eisebitt, B. Faatz, N. Guerassimova, K. Honkavaara, V. Kocharyan, R. Treusch, E. Saldin, S. Schreiber, E. A. Schneidmiller, M. V. Yurkov, E. Weckert, and I. A. Vartanyants, "Coherent-pulse 2D crystallography using a free-electron laser x-ray source, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(3), 035502 (2009).