Temporal profiling of the coding and noncoding murine cytomegalovirus transcriptomes

Journal of Virology

Volumn 85, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 6065-6076

  Lacaze, Paul ^a   Forster, Thorsten ^a   Ross, Alan ^a   Kerr, Lorraine E ^a   Salvo Chirnside, Eliane ^a   Lisnic, Vanda Juranic ^b   López Campos, Guillermo H ^c   García Ramírez, José J ^d   Messerle, Martin ^e   Trgovcich, Joanne ^f   Angulo, Ana ^g   Ghazal, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA   (Croatia)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d Regional Center for Biomedical Research   (Spain)

^e HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^f OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DNA MICROARRAY; FIBROBLAST; GENE EXPRESSION; GENOME ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; OPEN READING FRAME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSCRIPTOMICS; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS MUTANT; VIRUS STRAIN; WILD TYPE;

ANIMALS; FIBROBLASTS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GENOME, VIRAL; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS; MICE; MUROMEGALOVIRUS; MUTATION; NIH 3T3 CELLS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS; VIRAL PROTEINS;

MAIZE CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS; MURID HERPESVIRUS 1;

EID: 79958095008     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: 10985514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02341-10     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Abate, D. A., S. Watanabe, and E. S. Mocarski. 2004. Major human cytomegalovirus structural protein pp65 (ppUL83) prevents interferon response factor 3 activation in the interferon response. J. Virol. 78:10995- 11006.
2. Abenes, G., et al. 2001. Murine cytomegalovirus open reading frame M27 plays an important role in growth and virulence in mice. J. Virol. 75:1697- 1707.
3. Anders, D. G. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of a cytomegalovirus singlestranded DNA-binding protein gene: comparison with alpha- and gammaherpesvirus counterparts reveals conserved segments. J. Gen. Virol. 71(Pt. 10):2451-2456.
4. Anders, D. G., and W. Gibson. 1988. Location, transcript analysis, and partial nucleotide sequence of the cytomegalovirus gene encoding an early DNA-binding protein with similarities to ICP8 of herpes simplex virus type. J. Virol. 62:1364-1372.
5. Angulo, A., P. Ghazal, and M. Messerle. 2000. The major immediate-early gene ie3 of mouse cytomegalovirus is essential for viral growth. J. Virol. 74:11129-11136.
6. Angulo, A., M. Messerle, U. H. Koszinowski, and P. Ghazal. 1998. Enhancer requirement for murine cytomegalovirus growth and genetic complementation by the human cytomegalovirus enhancer. J. Virol. 72:8502- 8509.
7. Arai, Y., et al. 2003. Neuron-specific activation of murine cytomegalovirus early gene e1 promoter in transgenic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 163:643-652.
8. Arapovic, J., T. Lenac Rovis, A. B. Reddy, A. Krmpotic, and S. Jonjic. 2009. Promiscuity of MCMV immunoevasin of NKG2D: m138/fcr-1 down-modulates RAE-1epsilon in addition to MULT-1 and H60. Mol. Immunol. 47:114-122.
9. Baldick, C. J., Jr., and T. Shenk. 1996. Proteins associated with purified human cytomegalovirus particles. J. Virol. 70:6097-6105.
10. Baluchova, K., M. Kirby, M. M. Ahasan, and C. Sweet. 2008. Preliminary characterization of murine cytomegaloviruses with insertional and deletional mutations in the M34 open reading frame. J. Med. Virol. 80:1233- 1242.
11. Baum, E. Z., et al. 1993. Expression and analysis of the human cytomegalovirus UL80-encoded protease: identification of autoproteolytic sites. J. Virol. 67:497-506.
12. Bilban, M., L. K. Buehler, S. Head, G. Desoye, and V. Quaranta. 2002. Defining signal thresholds in DNA microarrays: exemplary application for invasive cancer. BMC Genomics 3:19.
13. Bogner, E., M. Reschke, B. Reis, T. Mockenhaupt, and K. Radsak. 1993. Identification of the gene product encoded by ORF UL56 of the human cytomegalovirus genome. Virology 196:290-293.
14. Borst, E. M., S. Mathys, M. Wagner, W. Muranyi, and M. Messerle. 2001. Genetic evidence of an essential role for cytomegalovirus small capsid protein in viral growth. J. Virol. 75:1450-1458.
15. Brocchieri, L., T. N. Kledal, S. Karlin, and E. S. Mocarski. 2005. Predicting coding potential from genome sequence: application to betaherpesviruses infecting rats and mice. J. Virol. 79:7570-7596.
16. Browne, E. P., and T. Shenk. 2003. Human cytomegalovirus UL83-coded pp65 virion protein inhibits antiviral gene expression in infected cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:11439-11444.
17. Brune, W., C. Menard, J. Heesemann, and U. H. Koszinowski. 2001. A ribonucleotide reductase homolog of cytomegalovirus and endothelial cell tropism. Science 291:303-305.
18. Bubeck, A., et al. 2002. The glycoprotein gp48 of murine cytomegalovirus: proteasome-dependent cytosolic dislocation and degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 277:2216-2224.
19. Buck, A. H., et al. 2010. Post-transcriptional regulation of miR-27 in murine cytomegalovirus infection. RNA 16:307-315.
20. Buck, A. H., et al. 2007. Discrete clusters of virus-encoded microRNAs are associated with complementary strands of the genome and the 7.2-kilobase stable intron in murine cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 81:13761-13770.
21. Budt, M., L. Niederstadt, R. S. Valchanova, S. Jonjic, and W. Brune. 2009. Specific inhibition of the PKR-mediated antiviral response by the murine cytomegalovirus proteins m142 and m143. J. Virol. 83:1260-1270.
22. Buhler, B., G. M. Keil, F. Weiland, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1990. Characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus early transcription unit e1 that is induced by immediate-early proteins. J. Virol. 64:1907-1919.
23. Busche, A., A. Angulo, P. Kay-Jackson, P. Ghazal, and M. Messerle. 2008. Phenotypes of major immediate-early gene mutants of mouse cytomegalovirus. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 197:233-240.
24. Cardin, R. D., G. B. Abenes, C. A. Stoddart, and E. S. Mocarski. 1995. Murine cytomegalovirus IE2, an activator of gene expression, is dispensable for growth and latency in mice. Virology 209:236-241.
25. Chee, M., S. A. Rudolph, B. Plachter, B. Barrell, and G. Jahn. 1989. Identification of the major capsid protein gene of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 63:1345-1353.
26. Chee, M. S., et al. 1990. Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 154:125-169.
27. Cicin-Sain, L., et al. 2008. Dominant-negative FADD rescues the in vivo fitness of a cytomegalovirus lacking an antiapoptotic viral gene. J. Virol. 82:2056-2064.
28. Corbett, A. J., C. A. Forbes, D. Moro, and A. A. Scalzo. 2007. Extensive sequence variation exists among isolates of murine cytomegalovirus within members of the m02 family of genes. J. Gen. Virol. 88:758-769.
29. Cranage, M. P., et al. 1986. Identification of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene and induction of neutralizing antibodies via its expression in recombinant vaccinia virus. EMBO J. 5:3057-3063.
30. Cranmer, L. D., C. Clark, and D. H. Spector. 1994. Cloning, characterization, and expression of the murine cytomegalovirus homologue of the human cytomegalovirus 28-kDa matrix phosphoprotein (UL99). Virology 205:417-429.
31. Crnkovic-Mertens, I., et al. 1998. Virus attenuation after deletion of the cytomegalovirus Fc receptor gene is not due to antibody control. J. Virol. 72:1377-1382.
32. Dallas, P. B., P. A. Lyons, J. B. Hudson, A. A. Scalzo, and G. R. Shellam. 1994. Identification and characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus gene with homology to the UL25 open reading frame of human cytomegalovirus. Virology 200:643-650.
33. Dolken, L., et al. 2007. Mouse cytomegalovirus microRNAs dominate the cellular small RNA profile during lytic infection and show features of posttranscriptional regulation. J. Virol. 81:13771-13782.
34. Ertl, P. F., and K. L. Powell. 1992. Physical and functional interaction of human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase and its accessory protein (ICP36) expressed in insect cells. J. Virol. 66:4126-4133.
35. Fleming, P., et al. 1999. The murine cytomegalovirus chemokine homolog, m131/129, is a determinant of viral pathogenicity. J. Virol. 73:6800-6809.
36. Ghazal, P., et al. 2005. Elimination of ie1 significantly attenuates murine cytomegalovirus virulence but does not alter replicative capacity in cell culture. J. Virol. 79:7182-7194.
37. Goldmacher, V. S., et al. 1999. A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondrialocalized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:12536-12541.
38. Gompels, U. A., et al. 1995. The DNA sequence of human herpesvirus-6: structure, coding content, and genome evolution. Virology 209:29-51.
39. Gribaudo, G., et al. 1996. The murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 protein stimulates NF-kappa B activity by transactivating the NF-kappa B p105/p50 promoter. Virus Res. 45:15-27.
40. Gutermann, A., et al. 2002. Strategies for the identification and analysis of viral immune-evasive genes-cytomegalovirus as an example. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 269:1-22.
41. Hasan, M., et al. 2005. Selective down-regulation of the NKG2D ligand H60 by mouse cytomegalovirus m155 glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79:2920-2930.
42. Hayashi, M. L., C. Blankenship, and T. Shenk. 2000. Human cytomegalovirus UL69 protein is required for efficient accumulation of infected cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2692-2696.
43. Hengel, H., et al. 1999. Cytomegaloviral control of MHC class I function in the mouse. Immunol. Rev. 168:167-176.
44. Holtappels, R., N. K. Grzimek, D. Thomas, and M. J. Reddehase. 2002. Early gene m18, a novel player in the immune response to murine cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 83:311-316.
45. Holtappels, R., et al. 2008. Subdominant CD8 T-cell epitopes account for protection against cytomegalovirus independent of immunodomination. J. Virol. 82:5781-5796.
46. Holtappels, R., et al. 2000. The putative natural killer decoy early gene m04 (gp34) of murine cytomegalovirus encodes an antigenic peptide recognized by protective antiviral CD8 T cells. J. Virol. 74:1871-1884.
47. Jahn, G., et al. 1987. Map position and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the large structural phosphoprotein of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 61:1358-1367.
48. Jahn, G., B. C. Scholl, B. Traupe, and B. Fleckenstein. 1987. The two major structural phosphoproteins (pp65 and pp150) of human cytomegalovirus and their antigenic properties. J. Gen. Virol. 68(Pt. 5):1327-1337.
49. Kattenhorn, L. M., et al. 2004. Identification of proteins associated with murine cytomegalovirus virions. J. Virol. 78:11187-11197.
50. Kavanagh, D. G., and A. B. Hill. 2001. Evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by murine cytomegalovirus. Semin. Immunol. 13:19-26.
51. Kavanagh, D. G., U. H. Koszinowski, and A. B. Hill. 2001. The murine cytomegalovirus immune evasion protein m4/gp34 forms biochemically distinct complexes with class I MHC at the cell surface and in a pre-Golgi compartment. J. Immunol. 167:3894-3902.
52. Kaye, J. F., U. A. Gompels, and A. C. Minson. 1992. Glycoprotein H of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) forms a stable complex with the HCMV UL115 gene product. J. Gen. Virol. 73(Pt. 10):2693-2698.
53. Keil, G. M., A. Ebeling-Keil, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1987. Immediate-early genes of murine cytomegalovirus: location, transcripts, and translation products. J. Virol. 61:526-533.
54. Keil, G. M., A. Ebeling-Keil, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1987. Sequence and structural organization of murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene 1. J. Virol. 61:1901-1908.
55. Keil, G. M., A. Ebeling-Keil, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1984. Temporal regulation of murine cytomegalovirus transcription and mapping of viral RNA synthesized at immediate early times after infection. J. Virol. 50:784- 795.
56. Khan, S., A. Zimmermann, M. Basler, M. Groettrup, and H. Hengel. 2004. A cytomegalovirus inhibitor of gamma interferon signaling controls immunoproteasome induction. J. Virol. 78:1831-1842.
57. Kielczewska, A., et al. 2009. Ly49P recognition of cytomegalovirus-infectedcells expressing H2-Dk and CMV-encoded m04 correlates with the NK cell antiviral response. J. Exp. Med. 206:515-523.
58. Kouzarides, T., A. T. Bankier, S. C. Satchwell, E. Preddy, and B. G. Barrell. 1988. An immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus encodes a potential membrane glycoprotein. Virology 165:151-164.
59. Kouzarides, T., et al. 1987. Sequence and transcription analysis of the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene. J. Virol. 61:125-133.
60. Krmpotic, A., et al. 2005. NK cell activation through the NKG2D ligand MULT-1 is selectively prevented by the glycoprotein encoded by mouse cytomegalovirus gene m145. J. Exp. Med. 201:211-220.
61. Lagenaur, L. A., W. C. Manning, J. Vieira, C. L. Martens, and E. S. Mocarski. 1994. Structure and function of the murine cytomegalovirus sgg1 gene: a determinant of viral growth in salivary gland acinar cells. J. Virol. 68:7717-7727.
62. Leatham, M. P., P. R. Witte, and M. F. Stinski. 1991. Alternate promoter selection within a human cytomegalovirus immediate-early and early transcription unit (UL119-115) defines true late transcripts containing open reading frames for putative viral glycoproteins. J. Virol. 65:6144-6153.
63. Lee, M., et al. 2000. Murine cytomegalovirus containing a mutation at open reading frame M37 is severely attenuated in growth and virulence in vivo. J. Virol. 74:11099-11107.
64. Lemmermann, N. A., et al. 2010. Immune evasion proteins of murine cytomegalovirus preferentially affect cell surface display of recently generated peptide presentation complexes. J. Virol. 84:1221-1236.
65. Lenac, T., et al. 2006. The herpesviral Fc receptor fcr-1 down-regulates the NKG2D ligands MULT-1 and H60. J. Exp. Med. 203:1843-1850.
66. Li, W., K. Eidman, R. C. Gehrz, and B. Kari. 1995. Identification and molecular characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus homolog of the human cytomegalovirus UL100 gene. Virus Res. 36:163-175.
67. Littler, E., A. D. Stuart, and M. S. Chee. 1992. Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 358:160-162.
68. Loewendorf, A., et al. 2004. Identification of a mouse cytomegalovirus gene selectively targeting CD86 expression on antigen-presenting cells. J. Virol. 78:13062-13071.
69. Loutsch, J. M., N. J. Galvin, M. L. Bryant, and B. C. Holwerda. 1994. Cloning and sequence analysis of murine cytomegalovirus protease and capsid assembly protein genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203:472- 478.
70. Lyons, P. A., P. B. Dallas, C. Carrello, G. R. Shellam, and A. A. Scalzo. 1994. Mapping and transcriptional analysis of the murine cytomegalovirus homologue of the human cytomegalovirus UL103 open reading frame. Virology 204:835-839.
71. Mack, C., A. Sickmann, D. Lembo, and W. Brune. 2008. Inhibition of proinflammatory and innate immune signaling pathways by a cytomegalovirus RIP1-interacting protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105:3094- 3099.
72. Manning, W. C., and E. S. Mocarski. 1988. Insertional mutagenesis of the murine cytomegalovirus genome: one prominent alpha gene (ie2) is dispensable for growth. Virology 167:477-484.
73. Manning, W. C., C. A. Stoddart, L. A. Lagenaur, G. B. Abenes, and E. S. Mocarski. 1992. Cytomegalovirus determinant of replication in salivary glands. J. Virol. 66:3794-3802.
74. Marshall, E. E., and A. P. Geballe. 2009. Multifaceted evasion of the interferon response by cytomegalovirus. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 29: 609-619.
75. Menard, C., et al. 2003. Role of murine cytomegalovirus US22 gene family members in replication in macrophages. J. Virol. 77:5557-5570.
76. Messerle, M., B. Buhler, G. M. Keil, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1992. Structural organization, expression, and functional characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene 3. J. Virol. 66:27-36.
77. Messerle, M., G. M. Keil, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1991. Structure and expression of murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene 2. J. Virol. 65:1638-1643.
78. Meyer, H., et al. 1988. Identification and procaryotic expression of the gene coding for the highly immunogenic 28-kilodalton structural phosphoprotein (pp28) of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 62:2243-2250.
79. Mocarski, E. S., Jr. 2004. Immune escape and exploitation strategies of cytomegaloviruses: impact on and imitation of the major histocompatibility system. Cell. Microbiol. 6:707-717.
80. Mocarski, E. S., Jr. 2002. Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: manipulative strategies beyond evasion. Trends Microbiol. 10:332-339.
81. Munch, K., M. Messerle, B. Plachter, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1992. An acidic region of the 89K murine cytomegalovirus immediate early protein interacts with DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 73(Pt. 3):499-506.
82. Muranyi, W., J. Haas, M. Wagner, G. Krohne, and U. H. Koszinowski. 2002. Cytomegalovirus recruitment of cellular kinases to dissolve the nuclear lamina. Science 297:854-857.
83. Oliveira, S. A., and T. E. Shenk. 2001. Murine cytomegalovirus M78 protein, a G protein-coupled receptor homologue, is a constituent of the virion and facilitates accumulation of immediate-early viral mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:3237-3242.
84. Pinto, A. K., A. M. Jamieson, D. H. Raulet, and A. B. Hill. 2007. The role of NKG2D signaling in inhibition of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte lysis by the murine cytomegalovirus immunoevasin m152/gp40. J. Virol. 81:12564- 12571.
85. Preston, V. G., J. W. Palfreyman, and B. M. Dutia. 1984. Identification of a herpes simplex virus type 1 polypeptide which is a component of the virus-induced ribonucleotide reductase. J. Gen. Virol. 65(Pt. 9):1457-1466.
86. Pyles, R. B., N. M. Sawtell, and R. L. Thompson. 1992. Herpes simplex virus type 1 dUTPase mutants are attenuated for neurovirulence, neuroinvasiveness, and reactivation from latency. J. Virol. 66:6706-6713.
87. Rapp, M., et al. 1992. Identification of the murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene and its expression by recombinant vaccinia virus. J. Virol. 66:4399-4406.
88. Rawlinson, W. D., and B. G. Barrell. 1993. Spliced transcripts of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 67:5502-5513.
89. Rawlinson, W. D., H. E. Farrell, and B. G. Barrell. 1996. Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of murine cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 70:8833- 8849.
90. Reusch, U., et al. 1999. A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. EMBO J. 18:1081-1091.
91. Ruger, B., et al. 1987. Primary structure and transcription of the genes coding for the two virion phosphoproteins pp65 and pp71 of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 61:446-453.
92. Saederup, N., and E. S. Mocarski, Jr. 2002. Fatal attraction: cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine homologs. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 269: 235-256.
93. Scalzo, A. A., C. A. Forbes, N. J. Davis-Poynter, H. E. Farrell, and P. A. Lyons. 1995. DNA sequence and transcriptional analysis of the glycoprotein M gene of murine cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 76(Pt. 11):2895-2901.
94. Schnee, M., Z. Ruzsics, A. Bubeck, and U. H. Koszinowski. 2006. Common and specific properties of herpesvirus UL34/UL31 protein family members revealed by protein complementation assay. J. Virol. 80:11658-11666.
95. Scrivano, L., et al. 2010. The m74 gene product of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a functional homolog of human CMV gO and determines the entry pathway of MCMV. J. Virol. 84:4469-4480.
96. Sharp, E. L., N. J. Davis-Poynter, and H. E. Farrell. 2009. Analysis of the subcellular trafficking properties of murine cytomegalovirus M78, a 7 transmembrane receptor homologue. J. Gen. Virol. 90:59-68.
97. Sherman, G., J. Gottlieb, and M. D. Challberg. 1992. The UL8 subunit of the herpes simplex virus helicase-primase complex is required for efficient primer utilization. J. Virol. 66:4884-4892.
98. Simon, C. O., C. K. Seckert, D. Dreis, M. J. Reddehase, and N. K. Grzimek. 2005. Role for tumor necrosis factor alpha in murine cytomegalovirus transcriptional reactivation in latently infected lungs. J. Virol. 79:326-340.
99. Singh, R., E. Haghjoo, and F. Liu. 2003. Cytomegalovirus M43 gene modulates T helper cell response. Immunol. Lett. 88:31-35.
100. Skaletskaya, A., et al. 2001. A cytomegalovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis that suppresses caspase-8 activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:7829-7834.
101. Spaete, R. R., R. C. Gehrz, and M. P. Landini. 1994. Human cytomegalovirus structural proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 75(Pt. 12):3287-3308.
102. Sullivan, V., et al. 1992. A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Nature 358: 162-164.
103. Tam, A., et al. 2003. Murine cytomegalovirus with a transposon insertional mutation at open reading frame M35 is defective in growth in vivo. J. Virol. 77:7746-7755.
104. Tang, Q., and G. G. Maul. 2003. Mouse cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein 1 binds with host cell repressors to relieve suppressive effects on viral transcription and replication during lytic infection. J. Virol. 77:1357- 1367.
105. Tang, Q., E. A. Murphy, and G. G. Maul. 2006. Experimental confirmation of global murine cytomegalovirus open reading frames by transcriptional detection and partial characterization of newly described gene products. J. Virol. 80:6873-6882.
106. Telford, E. A., M. S. Watson, K. McBride, and A. J. Davison. 1992. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-1. Virology 189:304-316.
107. Thale, R., P. Lucin, K. Schneider, M. Eggers, and U. H. Koszinowski. 1994. Identification and expression of a murine cytomegalovirus early gene coding for an Fc receptor. J. Virol. 68:7757-7765.
108. Thale, R., et al. 1995. Identification of the mouse cytomegalovirus genomic region affecting major histocompatibility complex class I molecule transport. J. Virol. 69:6098-6105.
109. Upton, J. W., W. J. Kaiser, and E. S. Mocarski. 2008. Cytomegalovirus M45 cell death suppression requires receptor-interacting protein (RIP) homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent interaction with RIP1. J. Biol. Chem. 283:16966-16970.
110. Valchanova, R. S., M. Picard-Maureau, M. Budt, and W. Brune. 2006. Murine cytomegalovirus m142 and m143 are both required to block protein kinase R-mediated shutdown of protein synthesis. J. Virol. 80:10181-10190.
111. Wagner, M., S. Jonjic, U. H. Koszinowski, and M. Messerle. 1999. System-atic excision of vector sequences from the BAC-cloned herpesvirus genome during virus reconstitution. J. Virol. 73:7056-7060.
112. Wing, B. A., G. C. Lee, and E. S. Huang. 1996. The human cytomegalovirus UL94 open reading frame encodes a conserved herpesvirus capsid/tegument-associated virion protein that is expressed with true late kinetics. J. Virol. 70:3339-3345.
113. Winkler, M., S. A. Rice, and T. Stamminger. 1994. UL69 of human cytomegalovirus, an open reading frame with homology to ICP27 of herpes simplex virus, encodes a transactivator of gene expression. J. Virol. 68: 3943-3954.
114. Worrad, D. M., and S. Caradonna. 1988. Identification of the coding sequence for herpes simplex virus uracil-DNA glycosylase. J. Virol. 62:4774- 4777.
115. Wright, D. A., S. I. Staprans, and D. H. Spector. 1988. Four phosphoproteins with common amino termini are encoded by human cytomegalovirus AD169. J. Virol. 62:331-340.
116. Wu, C. A., M. E. Carlson, S. C. Henry, and J. D. Shanley. 1999. The murine cytomegalovirus M25 open reading frame encodes a component of the tegument. Virology 262:265-276.
117. Xiao, J., T. Tong, X. Zhan, E. Haghjoo, and F. Liu. 2000. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus with a transposon insertional mutation at open reading frame M43. J. Virol. 74:9488-9497.
118. Xu, J., et al. 1994. Identification, sequencing and expression of the glycoprotein L gene of murine cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 75(Pt. 11):3235- 3240.
119. Zhan, X., M. Lee, J. Xiao, and F. Liu. 2000. Construction and characterization of murine cytomegaloviruses that contain transposon insertions at open reading frames m09 and M83. J. Virol. 74:7411-7421.
120. Zhang, G., et al. 2007. Antisense transcription in the human cytomegalovirus transcriptome. J. Virol. 81:11267-11281.
121. Zhu, J., et al. 2003. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus with a mutation at open reading frame m166. J. Virol. 77:2882-2891.
122. Ziegler, H., W. Muranyi, H. G. Burgert, E. Kremmer, and U. H. Koszinowski. 2000. The luminal part of the murine cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gp40 catalyzes the retention of MHC class I molecules. EMBO J. 19:870- 881.
123. Zimmermann, A., et al. 2005. A cytomegaloviral protein reveals a dual role for STAT2 in IFN-{gamma} signaling and antiviral responses. J. Exp. Med. 201:1543-1553.