Measuring anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable threat in children and adolescents

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 110, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 159-170

  Schmitz, Anja ^a   Merikangas, Kathleen ^a   Swendsen, Haruka ^a   Cui, Lihong ^a   Heaton, Leanne ^a   Grillon, Christian ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Fear; Psychophysiology; Sex differences; Startle reflex; Unpredictability

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANTICIPATION; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; BLINKING; CHILD; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SIGNAL PROCESSING; STARTLE REFLEX; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ANTICIPATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ATTENTION; BLINKING; CHILD; CUES; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; STARTLE REACTION;

EID: 79958071298     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.014     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Allen L.S., Gorski R.A. Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1990, 302:697-706.
2. Blanchard R.J., Yudko E.B., Rodgers J.R., Blanchard C.D. Defense system psychopharmacology: An ethological approach to the pharmacology of fear and anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research 1993, 58:155-165.
3. Comer J.S., Roy A.K., Furr J.M., Gotimer K., Beidas R.S., Dugas M.J., et al. The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children: A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment 2009, 21:402-411.
4. Costa P.T., Terracciano A., McCrae R.R. Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:322-331.
5. Cox B.J., Clara I.P., Enns M.W. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders. Depression and Anxiety 2002, 15:168-171.
6. Craske M.G. Origins of phobias and anxiety disorders: Why more women than men? 2003, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
7. Craske M.G., Glover D., DeCola J. Predicted versus unpredicted panic attacks: Acute versus general distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1995, 104:214-223.
8. Dadds M.R., Perrin S., Yule W. Social desirability and self-report anxiety in children: An analysis of the RCMAS lie scale. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1998, 26:311-317.
9. Davis M. Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?. Biological Psychiatry 1998, 44:1239-1247.
10. Davis M., Walker D.L., Miles L., Grillon C. Phasic vs. sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs. anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:105-135.
11. Field A.P., Lawson J. The verbal information pathway to fear and subsequent causal learning in children. Cognition and Emotion 2008, 22:459-479.
12. Foa E.B., Zinbarg R., Rothbaum B.O. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:218-238.
13. Grillon C. Greater sustained anxiety but not phasic fear in women compared to men. Emotion 2008, 8:410-413.
14. Grillon C., Baas J. A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry. Clinical Neurophysiology 2003, 114:1557-1579.
15. Grillon C., Baas J.P., Lissek S., Smith K., Milstein J. Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behavioral Neuroscience 2004, 118:916-924.
16. Grillon C., Dierker L., Merikangas K.R. Startle modulation in children at risk for anxiety disorders and/or alcoholism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997, 36:925-932.
17. Grillon C., Dierker L., Merikangas K.R. Fear-potentiated startle in adolescent offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1998, 44:990-997.
18. Grillon C., Lissek S., Rabin S., McDowell D., Dvir S., Pine D.S. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:898-904.
19. Grillon C., Merikangas K.R., Dierker L., Snidman N., Arriaga R.I., Kagan J., et al. Startle potentiation by threat of aversive stimuli and darkness in adolescents: A multi-site study. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1999, 32:63-73.
20. Grillon C., Pine D.S., Lissek S., Rabin S., Bonne O., Vythilingam M. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder but not in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 66:47-53.
21. Hitchcock J.M., Davis M. Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm. Behavioral Neuroscience 1986, 100:11-22.
22. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
23. Koerner N., Dugas M.J. An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2008, 32:619-638.
24. Krueger R.F. The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:921-926.
25. Landis C., Hunt W. The startle pattern 1939, Farrar and Rinehart, Oxford, UK.
26. Lang P.J. The three system approach to emotion. The structure of emotion: Psychophysiological, cognitive, and clinical aspects 1993, 18-30. Hogrefe and Huber, Seattle, WA. N. Birbaumer, A. Oehman (Eds.).
27. Lau J.Y., Lissek S., Nelson E.E., Lee Y., Roberson-Nay R., Poeth K., et al. Fear conditioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: Results from a novel experimental paradigm. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47:94-102.
28. Lissek S., Baas J.M., Pine D.S., Orme K., Dvir S., Nugent M., et al. Airpuff startle probes: An efficacious and less aversive alternative to white-noise. Biological Psychology 2005, 68:283-297.
29. Matt G.E., Vazquez C., Campbell W.K. Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 1992, 12:227-255.
30. Mineka S., Zinbarg R. A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was. American Psychologist 2006, 61:10-26.
31. Mount K.S., Crockenberg S.C., Jó P.S.B., Wagar J.-L. Maternal and child correlates of anxiety in 2-year-old children. Infant Behavior and Development 2010, 33:567-578.
32. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Ollendick T., King N., Bogie N. Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:753-772.
33. Pina A.A., Silverman W.K., Saavedra L.M., Weems C.F. An analysis of the RCMAS lie scale in a clinic sample of anxious children. Anxiety Disorders 2001, 15:443-457.
34. Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children 1973, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. C.D. Spielberger, C.D. Edwards, R.E. Lushene, J. Montuori, D. Platzek (Eds.).
35. Silverman W.K., La Greca A.M., Wasserstein S. What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development 1995, 66:671-686.
36. Toufexis D.J. Region- and sex-specific modulation of anxiety behaviours in the rat. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2007, 19:461-473.
37. Van Oort F.V., Greaves-Lord K., Verhulst F.C., Ormel J., Huizink A.C. The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: The TRAILS study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009, 50:1209-1217.
38. Walker D.L., Toufexis D.J., Davis M. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003, 463:199-216.
39. Zeman J., Klimes-Dougan B., Cassano M., Adrian M. Measurement issues in emotion research with children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2007, 14:377-401.