Dominant discourses, debates and silences on child labour in Africa and Asia

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 765-786

  Abebe, Tatek ^a   Bessell, Sharon ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD LABOR; CHILD WELFARE; LABOR MARKET; LABOR STANDARD; LABOR SUPPLY; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; ASIA; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; ETHNOLOGY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIOECONOMICS;

AFRICA; ASIA; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; EMPLOYMENT; HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

AFRICA; ASIA;

EID: 79958064424     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2011.567007     Document Type: Article

References (207)

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26. Ibid, p 200.
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35. Boyden, 'Childhood and policy makers', p 200.
36. Bessell, 'The politics of child labour in Indonesia'.
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38. Ennew et al, 'Defining child labour as if human rights really matter', p 28.
39. Ibid, p 28.
40. A Kifle, Ethiopia-Child Domestic Workers in Addis Ababa: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva: ILO-IPEC, 2002.
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47. N Burra, Born to Work: Child Labour in India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995, p 245, emphasis in the original.
48. Ibid, p 256.
49. Ibid, p 245.
50. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
51. Ennew et al, 'Defining child labour as if human rights really matter', p 29.
52. O Nieuwenhuys, 'Global childhood and the politics of contempt', Alternatives, 23, 1998, pp 267-289;
53. Ennew et al, 'Defining child labour as if human rights really matter'.
54. There is no similar regional treaty or declaration in Asia, although the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has been highly influential there, as elsewhere.
55. Nieuwenhuys, 'Global childhood and the politics of contempt';
56. Ennew et al, 'Defining child labour as if human rights really matter'.
57. See M Woodhead, Children's Perspectives on their Working Lives: A Participatory Study in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, the Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua, Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden, 1998.
58. M Woodhead, 'The value of work and school: a study of working children's perspectives', in K Lieten & B White (eds), Child Labour: Policy Options, Amsterdam: Aksant, 2001;
59. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
60. S Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty', Social Policy and Society, 8(4), 2009, pp 527-540;
61. Bessell, 'Strengthening Fiji's education system: a view from key stakeholders', Pacific Economic Bulletin, 24(2), 2009, pp 58-70.
62. James & Prout, Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood;
63. A James, C Jenks & A Prout (eds), Theorizing Childhood, New York: Teachers College Press, 1998.
64. C Jenks, Childhood, London: Routledge, 1996.
65. Bourdillion, 'Children and work';
66. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
67. Bourdillion, 'Children and work', p 1202.
68. Ali Mazrui is cited in Bass, Child Labour, p 16-36.
69. See also K Hyde, 'Sub-Saharan Africa', in E King &MA Hill (eds), Women's Education in Developing Countries: Barriers, Benefits and Policies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
70. E Schildkrout, 'Age and gender in Hausa society: socio-economic roles of children in urban Kano', Childhood, 9 (3), 2002, pp 344-368;
71. E Robson, 'Hidden child workers: young carers in Zimbabwe', Antipode, 36(2), 2004, pp 227-248.
72. Bass, Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.
73. T Abebe, 'Ethiopian childhoods: a case study of the lives of orphans and working children', doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, 2008.
74. Grier, Invisible Hands.
75. M Lange, 'The demand for labour within the household: child labour in Togo', in S Bernard (ed), The Exploited Child, London: Zed Books, 2000, pp 268-277.
76. Grier, Invisible Hands.
77. RE Elson, Javanese Peasants and the Colonial Sugar Industry: Impact and Change in an East Java Residency, 1830-1940, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984, pp 212-219.
78. Ennew et al, 'Defining child labour as if human rights really matter'.
79. Bass, Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa;
80. Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty'.
81. MF Amigo, 'Small bodies, large contribution: children's work in the tobacco plantations of Lombok, Indonesia', Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 11(1), pp 34-51.
82. M Bourdillion, Earning a Life: Working Children in Zimbabwe, Harare: Weaver Press, 2001;
83. Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty'.
84. N Ansell, 'Secondary education reform in Lesotho and Zimbabwe and the needs of rural girls: pronouncements, policy and practice', Comparative Education, 38(1), 2002, pp 91-112;
85. Ansell, 'Secondary schooling and rural youth transitions in Lesotho and Zimbabwe', Youth Society, 36, 2004, pp 83-202.
86. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
87. C Katz, 'Children and the environment: work, play and learning in rural Sudan', Children's Environments Quarterly, 3(4), 1986, pp 43-51;
88. Katz, 'Sow what you know: the struggle for social reproduction in rural Sudan', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81, 1991, pp 488-514;
89. KA Porter, 'The agency of children: work and social change in the south Pare Mountains, Tanzania', Anthropology of Work Review, 16(1-2), 1996, pp 8-19;
90. Schildkrout, 'Age and gender in Hausa society';
91. Ansell, 'Secondary education reform in Lesotho and Zimbabwe';
92. Ansell, 'Secondary schooling and rural youth transitions in Lesotho and Zimbabwe'.
93. Woodhead, Children's Perspectives on their Working Lives;
94. Bourdillion, 'Children and work'.
95. Katz, 'Sow what you know';
96. Schildkrout, 'Age and gender in Hausa society';
97. Invernizzi, 'Street working children and adolescents in Lima'.
98. Abebe, 'Ethiopian childhoods'.
99. Woodhead, Children's Perspectives on their Working Lives, pp 59-60;
100. J Boyden, B Ling & W Myers, What Works for Working Children, Stockholm: Radda Barnen, 1998;
101. N Kabeer, G Nambissan & R Subrahmanian (eds), Child Labour and the Right to Education in South Asia, London: Sage, 2003.
102. Cited in J Ennew, Learning or Labouring? A Compilation of Key Texts on Child Work and Basic Education, Florence: International Child Development Centre, 1995, p 5.
103. Rwezaura, quoted in Ansell, Children, Youth and Development.
104. Bass, Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.
105. S Punch, 'Youth transitions and interdependent adult-child relations in rural Bolivia', Journal of Rural Studies, 18(2), 2002, pp 123-133.
106. Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty'.
107. Punch, 'Childhood in the majority South';
108. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
109. Porter, 'The agency of children';
110. Ansell, Children, Youth and Development;
111. E Robson & N Ansell, 'Young carers in southern Africa: exploring stories from Zimbabwean secondary school students', in SL Holloway & G Valentine (eds), Children's Geographies: Playing, Living, Learning, London: Routledge, 2000;
112. Robson, 'Hidden child workers';
113. C Katz, Growing up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children's Everyday Lives, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004;
114. Aitken et al, 'Why children? Why now?';
115. Panelli et al, Global Perspectives on Rural Childhood and Youth.
116. Bass, Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa;
117. R Lund, 'At the interface of development studies and child research: rethinking the participating child', Children's Geographies, 5(1-2), 2007, pp 131-148.
118. These include, first, 'stabilisation policies', designed to make certain macroeconomic changes as preconditions for rescheduling of the huge debts which many countries had run up; and, second, 'structural adjustment policies', meant to remove 'distortions' in the economy in order to facilitate the functioning of the market and foster 'economic recovery'.
119. Boyden and Levison, 'Children as economic and social actors in the development process'.
120. Katz, Growing up Global;
121. A Honwana, & F de Boeck (eds), Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Post Colonial Africa, Oxford: James Currey, 2005.
122. Jennings, cited in J Boyden & D Levison, 'Children as economic and social actors in the development process', Working paper, Stockholm: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2000, p 16.
123. Aitken et al, 'Reproducing life and labour'.
124. Robson, 'Hidden child workers', p 228.
125. Katz, Growing up Global.
126. Ibid, p 250.
127. See also Katz, 'Sow what you know';
128. Katz, 'Textures of global change: eroding ecologies of childhood in New York and Sudan', Childhood, 2(1-2), 1994, pp 103-110.
129. C Jeffrey, 'Fixing futures: educated unemployment through a north Indian lens', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 51, 2009, pp 182-211.
130. T Abebe, 'Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: patterns of children's work in rural southern Ethiopia', Children's Geographies, 5(1-2), 2007, pp 77-93.
131. See also T Abebe & AT Kjørholt, 'Social actors and victims of exploitation: working children in the cash economy of Ethiopia's south', Childhood, 16(2), 2009, pp 175-194.
132. T Langevang, "We are managing!" 'Uncertain paths to respectable adulthoods in Accra, Ghana', Geoforum 39, 2008, pp 2039-2047.
133. Jeffrey, 'Fixing futures'.
134. Ibid, p 182.
135. Robson, 'Hidden child workers', p 227.
136. Notable exceptions are P Reynolds, Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi Valley, London: Zed Books, 1991;
137. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds;
138. T Blanchet, Lost Innocence, Stolen Childhoods, Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1996.
139. H Montgomery, Small Strangers: A Cross Cultural Introduction to Childhood, Oxford: Blackwell, 2009.
140. Kifle, Ethiopia.
141. M Jacquemin, 'Children's domestic work in Abidjan, Cǒte D'Ivoire', Childhood, 11(3), 2004, pp 383-397.
142. Robson, 'Hidden child workers'.
143. Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty'.
144. Ennew, Learning or Labouring?, p 202.
145. C Moser, Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, New York: Routledge, 1993;
146. Bass, Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.
147. C Bradley, 'Women's power, children's labour', Cross-Cultural Research, 27(1-2), 1993, pp 70-96.
148. M Hollos, 'The cultural construction of childhood: changing conceptions among the Pare of northern Tanzania', Childhood, 9, 2002, pp 167-189;
149. Porter, 'The agency of children';
150. Schildkrout, 'Age and gender in Hausa society'.
151. B Grier, 'Invisible hands: the historical economy of child labour in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890-1930', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20(1), 1994, pp 27-52;
152. Lange, 'The demand for labour within the household'.
153. J Hamer & I Hamer, 'Impacts of a cash economy on complementary gender relations among the Sadama of Ethiopia', Anthropological Quarterly, 67(4), 1994, pp 187-202.
154. Abebe, 'Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods'.
155. Abebe and Kjørholt, 'Social actors and victims of exploitation'.
156. Abebe, 'Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods';
157. Abebe, 'Ethiopian childhoods'.
158. These activities are identified as among the worst forms of child labour in Article 3 of ILO Convention 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour of 1999.
159. See Bessell, 'The politics of child labour in Indonesia'.
160. See, for example, B Tekola, Poverty and Social Context of Sex Work in Addis Abeba: An Anthropological Perspective, Forum for Social Studies, Special Monograph Series 2, Addis Ababa, 2005;
161. J Hoot, S Taddesse & R Abdella, 'Voices seldom heard', Journal of Children and Poverty, 12(2), 2006, pp 129-139;
162. L van Blerk, 'Poverty, migration and sex work: youth transitions in Ethiopia', Area, 40(2), 2008, pp 245-253.
163. See, for example, T Abebe, 'Shik'alla: the survival strategies of Ethiopian child beggars', in S Ege, H. Aspen, B Teferra & S Bekele (eds), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Harrassowitz Verlag: Wiesbaden, 2009, pp 1033-1047.
164. See, for example, S Frankland, 'No money, no life: surviving on the streets of Kampala', in J Staples (ed), Livelihoods at the Margins: Surviving the City, Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007.
165. See H Montgomery, Modern Babylon? Prostituting Children in Thailand, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2001;
166. R Setyowati, A Wahyunadi, E Suhanda, Susiladiharti, I Kartika, N Diryat & E Smith, Anak yang Dilacurkan di Surakarta dan Indramayu, Jakarta: UNICEF, 2004.
167. Van Blerk, 'Poverty, migration and sex work';
168. Staples, Livelihoods at the Margins.
169. J Boyden, 'Risk and capability in the context of adversity: children's contributions to household livelihoods in Ethiopia', Children, Youth and Environments, 19(2), 2009, pp 111-137.
170. Punch, 'Childhood in the majority South';
171. Langvang, "We are managing!".
172. See Montgomery, Modern Babylon?.
173. See S Bessell, 'Influencing international child labour policy: the potential and limits of childrencentred research', Children and Youth Services Review, forthcoming, 2010.
174. Bourdillion, 'Children and work'.
175. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds.
176. O Nieuwenhuys, 'The wealth of children: reconsidering the child labour debate', in Qvortrup, Studies in Modern Childhood, p 167.
177. T Abebe & A Aase, 'Children, AIDS and the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: the extended family revisited', Social Science and Medicine, 64(10), 2007, pp 2058-2069.
178. N Ansell & L van Blerk, 'Children's migration as a household/family strategy: coping with AIDS in Malawi and Lesotho', Journal of Southern African Studies, 30(3), 2004, pp 673-690;
179. T Abebe & M Skovdal, 'Livelihoods, care and the familial relations of orphans in East Africa', AIDS Care, 22, 2010, pp 1-7.
180. E Robson, 'Invisible carers: young people in Zimbabwe's home-based health care', Area, 32(1), 2000, pp 59-69;
181. Robson and Ansell, 'Young carers in southern Africa';
182. M Skovdal, V Ogutu, C Aoro & C Campbell, 'Young carers as social actors: coping strategies of children caring for ailing or ageing guardians in western Kenya', Social Science and Medicine, 69(4), 2009, pp 587-595.
183. Robson, 'Hidden child workers'.
184. Ansell and Blerk, 'Children's migration as a household/family strategy'.
185. Abebe, 'Ethiopian childhoods';
186. Abebe and Skovdal, 'Livelihoods, care and the familial relations of orphans in East Africa'.
187. Abebe, 'Shik'allah'.
188. T Abebe, 'Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: patterns of children's work in rural southern Ethiopia', Children's Geographies, 5(12), 2007, pp 77-93;
189. T Abebe, 'Ethiopian childhoods: A case study of the lives of orphans and working children', doctoral thesis no. 48, Trondheim: NTNU;
190. T Abebe, 'Beyond the "Orphan burden": understanding care for and by AIDS-affected children in Africa', Geography Compass, 4/5, 2010, pp 460-474;
191. T Abebe and A Aase, 'Children, AIDS and the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: the extended family revisited', Social Science and Medicine, 64(10), 2007, pp 2058-2069;
192. T Abebe and AT Kjørholt, 'Social actors and victims of exploitation: working children in the cash economy of Ethiopia's south', Childhood, 16(2), 2009, pp 175-194;
193. T Abebe and M Skovdal, 'Livelihoods, care and the familial relations of orphans in East Africa', AIDS Care, 22, 2010, pp 1-7.
194. Abebe, 'Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods';
195. Abebe 'Ethiopian childhoods';
196. Abebe, 'Shik'allah';
197. T Abebe, 'Beyond the "orphan burden": understanding care for and by AIDS-affected children in Africa', Geography Compass, 4-5, 2010, pp 460-474;
198. Bessell, 'The politics of child labour in Indonesia'; 1998;
199. S Bessell, 'The politics of child labour in Indonesia: Global trends and domestic policy', Pacific Affairs, 72(3), 2009, pp 353-371;
200. S Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty', Social Policy and Society, 8(4), 2009, pp 527-540;
201. S Bessell, 'Strengthening Fiji's Education System: a view from key stakeholders', Pacific Economic Bulletin, 2009, 24(2), pp 58-70;
202. S Bessell, 'Child labour in Indonesia', in H Hindman (ed), The World of Child Labour: An Historical and Regional Survey, Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2009;
203. Bessell, 'Influencing international child labour policy'.
204. Bessell, 'Indonesian children's views and experiences of work and poverty';
205. E Burman, 'Engendering development: some methodological perspectives on child labour', Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(1), 2006, at www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/, accessed 2 April 2007;
206. Nieuwenhuys, Children's Life Worlds;
207. Reynolds, Dance Civet Cat.