The politics of child labour in Indonesia: Global trends and domestic policy

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 353-371

  Bessell, Sharon ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD LABOR; LABOR POLICY; POLITICAL PROCESS; SOCIAL POLICY;

INDONESIA;

EID: 0033379102     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2672226     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Richard Rothstein, "The Global Hiring Hall: Why We Need Worldwide Labor Standards," American Prospect, no. 17 (Spring 1994), pp. 55-56.
2. Elias Mendelievich, "Introductory Analysis," in Elias Mendelievich, ed., Children at Work (Geneva: ILO, 1979), p. 55.
3. Jo Boyden and Assefa Bequele, "Child Labour: Problems, Policies and Programmes," in Assefa Bequele and Jo Boyden, eds., Combating Child Labour (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1988), p. 17.
4. Ibid, p. 13.
5. Smitu Kothari, "There's Blood on Those Matchsticks: Child Labour in Sivakasi," Political and Economic Weekly, July 2, vol. 18, no. 27 (1983), p. 1199.
6. Peter Tacon, "A Global Overview of Social Mobilisation on Behalf of Street Children," in William E. Myers, ed., Protecting Working Children (New York: UNICEF, 1989).
7. Indrasari Tjandraningsih, "The Dilemma of Child Labour in Factories," in Chris Manning and Joan Hardjono, eds., Indonesia Assessment 1993 - Labour: Sharing the Benefits of Growth? (Canberra: ANU, 1993), p. 230.
8. Assefa Bequele, "Combating Child Labour: Contrasting Views and Strategies for Very Poor Countries," Conditions of Work Digest, vol. 10, no. 1 (Geneva: ILO, 1991), p. 10.
9. John Ingleson, In Search of Justice: Workers and Unions in Colonial Java, 1908-1926 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 98.
10. Quoted in World of Work: The Magazine of the ILO, no. 4 (1993), p. 4.
11. Ingleson, In Search of Justice; Ben White, Children, Work and "Child Labour": Changing Responses to the Employment of Children (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1994), pp. 30-32.
12. Ingleson, In Search of Justice; Ben White, Children, Work and "Child Labour": Changing Responses to the Employment of Children (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1994), pp. 30-32.
13. Ordonansi: Tanggal 17 Desember 1925 mengenai Peraturan Tentang Pambatasan Kerja Anak dan Kerja Malam bagi Wanita, Stbl. No. 647 Tahun 1925, Pasal 2 (1) [Decree of 17 December 1925 regarding the employment of children and night work for women, number 647, paragraph 2 (1)].
14. ibid. Several undertakings were exempt from the ordinance, including those where only members of the same family were employed, technical schools, and correctional and charity institutions operating under Government supervision.
15. White, Children, Work and "Child Labour," pp. 37-38; Ingleson, In Search of Justice, p. 213.
16. White, Children, Work and "Child Labour," pp. 37-38; Ingleson, In Search of Justice, p. 213.
17. Iskandar Tedjasukmana, The Development of Labor Policy and Legislation in the Republic of Indonesia, Ph.D. Thesis (Michigan: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, 1981), pp. 426-28.
18. Report of the Committee of Experts, General Survey of Reports Relating to Convention No. 138 and Recommendation No. 146 Concerning Minimum Age - Report III, Part 4B (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1981), p. 12.
19. Report of the Director-General (Jakarta: International Labour Office, 1983), p. 5.
20. IPEC: Reflections on the Past, Pointers to the Future (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1994), p. 2.
21. Report of the Director-General, p. 2.
22. Interview with a senior YKAI representative, 27 July 1995.
23. North Sumatra, Lampung, Greater Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali and East Kalimantan.
24. Interview, Jakarta, 25 August 1996.
25. Evaluasi Kerja: Penerapan Program Pendidikan Bekerja dan Belajar pada Tenaga Kerja Anak di Sektor Industri di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur [Evaluation of project kerja: Application of the education programme "work and learn" for working children in the industrial sector in Central and East Java] (Jakarta: Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi, 1983), pp. 4-5.
26. The program began in East and Central Java in 1980, extended to West Java in 1981-82 and to North Sumatra, Lempung, KD Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta and Bali in 1983-84.
27. Pancasila, the state ideology, is based on five principles: (i) belief in one God, (ii) nationalism, (iii) humanitarianism, (iv) sovereignty of the people and (v) social justice. Pancasila lessons are a compulsory component of all formal and officially sanctioned nonformal education programmes.
28. Based on interviews with officials from the Department of Manpower, July-October 1995. Also see Indrasari Tjandraningsih, "Report on a Study Concerning Programs for Child Workers" (Bandung: unpublished paper, 1993), p. 9.
29. "Proyek Pembinaan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Anak Th. Anggaran 1979/1980" [Project for the development and protection of working children] (Jakarta: Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi, unpublished paper), n.d [1980?].
30. "Child Lablour in Indonesia: IPEC Activities, 1992-1993" (Jakarta: ILO), unpublished paper, 1993).
31. Based on interviews with representatives from government departments, multilateral agencies and nongovernment organisations, February-March 1994 and July-September 1995. This research was undertaken prior to the economic, social and political crises that engulfed the country in 1998. While little firm evidence is, as yet, available, anecdotal evidence suggests decreasing school enrolments and attendance and increasing involvement of children in work.
32. Rancangan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Tentang Ketenagakerjaan, Bab VII, Pasal 93 [Draft legislation on Industrial Relations in the Republic of Indonesia, Part 7, Article 93].
33. Laporan: Lokakarya Kajian Kanvensi ILO 138 tentang Bates Usia Minimum untuk Masuk Bekerja [Report: Workshop on ILO convention 138 regarding minimum age for employment] (Jakarta: Menko Kesra, 1996).
34. See Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations on Indonesia, Fourth Session 1994 (Geneva: United Nations Document CRC/C/15/Add.12, 24 October 1994).
35. For information on IPEC in Indonesia, see International Labour Office, IPEC Programme Document (Geneva: ILO, 1992) and G. Thijs and P. Putranto, Child Labour Indonesia: IPEC Activities, 1992-1993 (Jakarta: ILO, undated).
36. For information on IPEC in Indonesia, see International Labour Office, IPEC Programme Document (Geneva: ILO, 1992) and G. Thijs and P. Putranto, Child Labour Indonesia: IPEC Activities, 1992-1993 (Jakarta: ILO, undated).
37. Guy Thijs, ed., Child Labour in Indonesia (Jakarta: ILO, 1994), p. 53.
38. "Government to Introduce New Ruling on Child Workers," Jakarta Post (31 July 1993), p. 12.
39. Johannes Simbolon, "Will a New Regulation on Child Labourers Offer Hope?" Jakarta Post (14 August 1993).
40. By the Sweat and Toil of Children: The Use of Child Labor in American Imports, vol. 1 (Washington: United States Department of Labor, 1994), p. 1.
41. By the Sweat and Toil of Children: The Use of Child Labor in U.S. Agricultural Imports and Forced and Bonded Child Labor, vol. 2 (Washington: United States Department of Labor, 1995), pp. 55-56 and 62.
42. Address by the Honourable Christine Stewart, Secretary of State (Latin America and Africa), at the Amsterdam Child Labor Conference, 27 February 1997.
43. "The Young and the Damned," Time (15 April 1996), p. 54.