Thermoregulation and endurance running in extinct hominins: Wheeler's models revisited

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 169-175

  Ruxton, Graeme D ^a   Wilkinson, David M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bipedalism; Hair loss; Heat balance; Persistence hunting; Sustained activity

Indexed keywords

BIPEDALISM; EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; HEAT BALANCE; HOMINID; LOCOMOTION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; THERMOREGULATION;

ANIMALIA; HOMO ERECTUS;

EID: 79957979015     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.012     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alexander R.M. Principles of Animal Locomotion 2006, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
2. Bramble D.M., Lieberman D.E. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 2004, 432:345-352.
3. Calder W.A. Size, Function and Life History 1996, Dover Publications, New York.
4. Carrier D.R. The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 1984, 24:483-495.
5. Clark R.P., Goff M.R., Mullen B.J. Skin temperature during sunbathing and some observations on the effect of hot and cold drinks on these temperatures. J. Physiol. 1977, 267:P8-P9.
6. Clark R.P., Mullen B.J., Pugh L.G.C.E. Skin temperature during running - a study using infra-red thermography. J. Physiol. 1977, 267:53-62.
7. Cheuvront S.N., Montain S.J., Sawka M.N. Fluid replacement and performance during the marathon. Sports Med. 2007, 37:353-357.
8. Cross A., Colland M., Nelson A. Body segment differences in surface area, skin temperature and 3D displacement and the estimation of heat balance during locomotion in hominins. PLos One 2008, 3:e2464.
9. Davies C.T.M., Brotherhood J.R., Zeidifard E. Temperature regulation during severe exercise with some observations on effects of skin wetting. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976, 41:772-776.
10. Delattre N., Lafortune M.A., Moretto P. Dynamic similarity during human running: about Froude and Strouhal dimensionless numbers. J. Biomech. 2009, 42:312-318.
11. Elton S. The environmental context of human evolutionary history in Eurasia and Africa. J. Anat. 2008, 212:377-393.
12. Graves R.R., Lupo A.C., McCarthy R.C., Wescott D.J., Cunningham D.L. Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?. J. Hum. Evol. 2010, 59:542-554.
13. Haeusler M., McHenry H.M. Body proportions of Homo habilis reviewed. J. Hum. Evol. 2004, 46:433-465.
14. Ishigaki H., Horikoshi T., Uematsu T., Sahashi M., Tsuchikawa T., Mochida T., Hieda T., Isoda N., Kubo H. Experimental study on convective heat transfer coefficient of the human body. J. Therm. Biol. 1993, 18:455-458.
15. Jackson A.L., Ruxton G.D., Houston D.C. The effect of social facilitation on foraging success in vultures: a modeling study. Biol. Lett. 2008, 4:311-313.
16. Kerslake D. The Stress of Hot Environments 1972, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. Kramer P.A. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202:2807-2818.
18. Kurazumi Y., Tsuchikawa T., Matsubara N., Horikoshi T. Convective heat transfer area of the human body. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 93:273-285.
19. Lieberman D.E., Bramble D.M., Raichen D.A., Shea J.J. The evolution of endurance running and the tyranny of ethnography: a reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007). J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:439-442.
20. Lieberman D.E., Bramble D.M., Raichlen D.A., Shea J.J. Brains, brawn, and the evolution of human endurance running capabilities. The First Humans: Origins and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo 2009, 77-92. Springer, Berlin. F.E. Grine (Ed.).
21. Liebenberg L. Persistence hunting by modern hunter-gatherers. Curr. Anthropol. 2006, 47:1017-1025.
22. Liebenberg L. The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:1156-1159.
23. Monteith J.L., Unsworth M.H. Principles of Environmental Physics 2008, Academic Press, New York. third ed.
24. Moser S. Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins 1998, Cornell University Press, New York.
25. Mount L.N. Adaptations to Thermal Environment 1979, Arnold, London.
26. Nadel E.R., Stolwijk J.A.J. Effect of skin wetness on the sweat gland response. J. Appl. Physiol. 1973, 35:689-694.
27. Nielsen B. Solar heat load: heat balance during exercise in clothed subjects. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990, 60:452-456.
28. Noakes T.D. Drinking guidelines for exercise. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25:781-796.
29. Oke T.R. Boundary Layer Climates 1978, Routledge, New York.
30. Pickering T.R., Bunn H.T. The endurance running hypothesis and hunting and scavenging in savanna-woodlands. J. Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:434-438.
31. Plavcan J.M., Lockwood C.L., Kimbel W.H., Lague M.R., Harmon E.H. Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis revisited: how strong is the case for a human-like pattern of dimorphism. J. Hum. Evol. 2005, 48:313-320.
32. Phillips P.K., Heath J.E. Dependency of surface temperature regulation on body size in terrestrial mammals. J. Therm. Biol. 1995, 20:281-289.
33. Pontzer H., Raichlen D.A., Sockol M.D. The metabolic costs of walking in humans, chimpanzees and early hominins. J. Hum. Evol. 2009, 56:43-54.
34. Roberts T.J., Kram R., Weyand P.G., Taylor C.R. Energetics of bipedal running. 1. Metabolic cost of generating force. J. Exp. Biol. 1998, 201:2745-2751.
35. Rubenson J., Heliams D.B., Maloney S.K., Withers P.C., Lloyd D.G., Fournier P.A. Reappraisal of the comparative cost of human locomotion using gate-specific allometric analyses. J. Exp. Biol. 2007, 210:3513-3524.
36. Ruxton G.D., Houston D.C. Could Tyrannosaurus rex have been a scavenger rather than a predator? an energetic approach. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2003, 270:731-733.
37. Ruxton G.D., Houston D.C. Obligate scavengers must be large soaring fliers. J. Theor. Biol. 2004, 228:431-436.
38. Sawka M.N., Burke L.M., Eichner E.R., Maughan R.J., Montain S.J., Stachenfeld N.S. ACSM position stand - exercise and fluid replacement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39:377-390.
39. Schaller G.B. Golden Shadows, Flying Hooves 1973, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
40. Schmidt-Nielsen K. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. fifth ed.
41. Shapiro Y., Moran D., Epstein Y., Stroschein L., Pandolf K.B. Validation and adjustment of the mathematical prediction model for human sweat responses to outdoor environmental conditions. Ergonomics 1995, 38:981-986.
42. Shorrocks B. The Biology of African Savannahs 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
43. Steudel-Numbers K.L., Tilkens M.J. The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominins. J. Hum. Evol. 2004, 47:95-109.
44. Steudel-Numbers K.L., Wall-Scheffler C.M. Optimal running speed and the evolution of hominin hunting strategies. J. Hum. Evol. 2009, 56:335-360.
45. Steudel-Numbers K.L., Weaver T.D. Froude number corrections in anthropological studies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2006, 131:27-32.
46. Taylor C.R., Heglund N.C., Maloiy G.M.O. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion, 1. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 1982, 97:1-21.
47. Torii M. Maximal sweating rate in humans. J. Hum. Ergol. 1995, 24:132-152.
48. Wheeler P.E. The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 1984, 13:91-98.
49. Wheeler P.E. The loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality. J. Hum. Evol. 1985, 14:23-28.
50. Wheeler P.E. The thermoregulatory advantages of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: the contribution of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling. J. Hum. Evol. 1991, 21:107-115.
51. Wheeler P.E. The influence of bipedalism on the energy and water budgets of early hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 1991, 21:117-136.
52. Wheeler P.E. The thermoregulatory advantages of large body size for hominids foraging in savannah environments. J. Hum. Evol. 1992, 23:351-362.
53. Wheeler P.E. The influence of the loss of functional hair on the water budgets of early hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 1992, 23:379-388.
54. Wheeler P.E. The influence of stature and body form on hominid energy and water budgets: a comparison of Australopithecus and early Homo physiques. J. Hum. Evol. 1993, 24:13-28.
55. Wheeler P.E. The environmental context of functional body hair loss in hominids (a reply to Amaral, 1996). J. Hum. Evol. 1996, 30:367-371.
56. Weyand P.G., Smith B.R., Puyau M.R., Butte N.F. The mass-specific energy cost of human walking is set by stature. J. Exp. Biol. 2010, 213:3972-3979.