Gender differences in the primary prevention of stroke with aspirin

Women's Health

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 341-353

  Adelman, Eric E ^a   Lisabeth, Lynda ^a   Brown, Devin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

aspirin; gender; primary prevention; stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; FELODIPINE; PLACEBO; THROMBOXANE A2;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MORTALITY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; STROKE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION;

ASPIRIN; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; MALE; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEX FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 79957576836     PISSN: 17455057     EISSN: 17455065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/whe.11.21     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al.: Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121, e46-e215 (2010).
2. Brown DL, Boden-Albala B, Langa KM et al.: Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States. Neurology 67, 1390-1395 (2006).
3. Hennekens CH: Update on aspirin in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 137, S9-S13 (1999).
4. Weiss HJ, Aledort LM: Impaired platelet-connective-tissue reaction in man after aspirin ingestion. Lancet 2, 495-497 (1967).
5. Chen ZM, Sandercock P, Pan HC et al.: Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: a combined analysis of 40,000 randomized patients from the Chinese Acute Stroke trial and the International Stroke Trial. On behalf of the CAST and IST collaborative groups. Stroke 31, 1240-1249 (2000).
6. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration: Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy - I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 308, 81-106 (1994). Summary of antiplatelet trials in primary and secondary prevention.
7. Awtry EH, Loscalzo J: Aspirin. Circulation 101, 1206-1218 (2000). Summary of aspirin's mechanism and clinical use.
8. Burch JW, Stanford N, Majerus PW: Inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthetase by oral aspirin. J. Clin. Invest. 61, 314-319 (1978).
9. Husain S, Andrews NP, Mulcahy D, Panza JA, Quyyumi AA: Aspirin improves endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 97, 716-720 (1998).
10. Sudlow CL, Warlow CP: Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. Stroke 28, 491-499 (1997).
11. Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A et al.: Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. JAMA 296, 2939-2946 (2006).
12. Lofmark U, Hammarstrom A: Evidence for age-dependent education-related differences in men and women with first-ever stroke. Results from a community-based incidence study in northern Sweden. Neuroepidemiology 28, 135-141 (2007).
13. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE et al.: Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 366, 1773-1783 (2005).
14. Petrea RE, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Wolf PA: Gender differences in stroke incidence and poststroke disability in the Framingham Heart Study. Stroke 40, 1032-1037 (2009).
15. Bousser MG: Stroke in women: the 1997 Paul Dudley White international lecture. Circulation 99, 463-467 (1999). Review of epidemiology, risk factors and preventative strategies regarding stroke in women.
16. Reeves MJ, Bushnell CD, Howard G et al.: Sex differences in stroke: epidemiology, clinical presentation, medical care, and outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 7, 915-926 (2008). Comprehensive review of gender differences in stroke.
17. Schumacher HC, Bateman BT, Boden-Albala B et al.: Use of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample 1999 to 2004. Ann. Emerg. Med. 50, 99-107 (2007).
18. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R et al.: Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. BMJ 296, 313-316 (1988).
19. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group: final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 321, 129-135 (1989).
20. Medical Research Council: Thrombosis Prevention Trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. Lancet 351, 233-241 (1998).
21. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al.: Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 351, 1755-1762 (1998).
22. Hansson L, Zanchetti A: The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study - patient characteristics: randomization, risk profiles, and early blood pressure results. Blood Press. 3, 322-327 (1994).
23. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project: Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Lancet 357, 89-95 (2001).
24. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM et al.: A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1293-1304 (2005).
25. Fowkes FG, Price JF, Stewart MC et al.: Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303, 841-848 (2010).
26. Gorelick PB: Challenges of designing trials for the primary prevention of stroke. Stroke 40, S82-S84 (2009). Discusses issues of sample size and cardiovascular event rates that make primary prevention trials for stroke difficult to conduct.
27. Swaim L, Hillman RS: Aspirin administered to women at 100 mg every other day produces less platelet inhibition than aspirin administered at 81 mg per day: implications for interpreting the Women's Health Study. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 28, 94-100 (2009).
28. Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL: Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 295, 306-313 (2006). Meta-analysis that suggested gender differences in aspirin's effectiveness in preventing stroke.
29. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration: Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 373, 1849-1860 (2009). Combined analysis of primary prevention trials that included individual patient data. The authors found gender differences in aspirin's effectiveness in preventing ischemic stroke, but after adjustments for multiple comparisons the differences were no longer significant.
30. He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ: Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 280, 1930-1935 (1998). A meta-analysis that describes the risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin.
31. Gorelick PB, Weisman SM: Risk of hemorrhagic stroke with aspirin use: anupdate. Stroke 36, 1801-1807 (2005).
32. Pignone M, Earnshaw S, Tice JA, Pletcher MJ: Aspirin, statins, or both drugs for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease events in men: a cost-utility analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 144, 326-336 (2006).
33. Gray LJ, Sprigg N, Bath PM et al.: Sex differences in quality of life in stroke survivors: data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST). Stroke 38, 2960-2964 (2007).
34. Anderson GD: Sex and racial differences in pharmacological response: where is the evidence? Pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. J. Womens Health (Larchmt) 14, 19-29 (2005).
35. Becker DM, Segal J, Vaidya D et al.: Sex differences in platelet reactivity and response to low-dose aspirin therapy. JAMA 295, 1420-1427 (2006).
36. Qayyum R, Becker DM, Yanek LR et al.: Platelet inhibition by aspirin 81 and 325 mg/day in men versus women without clinically apparent cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 101, 1359-1363 (2008).
37. Gum PA, Kottke-Marchant K, Poggio ED et al.: Profile and prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 88, 230-235 (2001).
38. Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ et al.: Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42(2), 517-584 (2011).
39. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force: Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 150, 396-404 (2009).
40. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K et al.: European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: fourth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur. Heart J. 28, 2375-2414 (2007).
41. British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, Heart UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, and Stroke Association: JBS 2: Joint British societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 91, v1-v52 (2005).
42. Nicolucci A, De Berardis G, Sacco M, Tognoni G: AHA/ADA vs. ESC/EASD recommendations on aspirin as a primary prevention strategy in people with diabetes: how the same data generate divergent conclusions. Eur. Heart J. 28, 1925-1927(2007).
43. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2010. Diabetes Care 33, S11-61 (2010).
44. Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M et al.: Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The task force on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur. Heart J. 28, 88-136 (2007).
45. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K et al.: European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 14, S1-S113 (2007).
46. Ringleb PA, Bousser MG, Ford G et al.: Guidelines for the management of stroke and transient ischemic attack 2008. European Stroke Organization www.eso-stroke.org/pdf/ESO08-Guidelines-Original-english.pdf (Accessed 18 March 2011)
47. A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Enteric-Coated Acetylsalicylic Acid in Patients at Moderate Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (ARRIVE). Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT00501059 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00501059 (Accessed 18 March 2011)