Critical Review of conceptual Definitions of Chinese Corruption: A formal-legal perspective

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 20, Issue 70, 2011, Pages 359-378

  KO, Kilkon ^a   Weng, Cuifen ^b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; PERCEPTION; PUBLIC SECTOR;

CHINA;

EID: 79957574243     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: 14699400     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2011.565170     Document Type: Review

References (112)

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21. Ibid.
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26. Johnston, 'The definitions debate';
27. Michael Johnston, 'Measuring corruption: numbers versus knowledge versus understanding', in Jain, ed., The Political Economy of Corruption, for detailed debates on the definitions and measurements of corruption.
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35. Peter Harris, 'Socialist graft: the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China-a preliminary survey', Corruption and Reform 1, (1986), p. 13.
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39. Guo, 'Corruption in transitional China'.
40. Guo 'Corruption in transitional China'.
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46. Sun, 'The politics of conceptualizing corruption in reform China', pp. 247-248.
47. In the first Criminal law enacted in 1979, 'state functionaries' was defined broadly referring to 'all personnel of state organs, enterprises and institutions and other personnel who are engaged in ublic service according to law' (Article 83, 1979 Criminal Law).
48. Judicial functionaries, 'staffs who have the functions of investigation, prosecution, adjudication and supervision and management' (Article 94, 1997 Criminal Law), are separately treated in the Criminal Law.
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54. This is not limited to state-owned companies, enterprises, or institutions. It also includes non-state-owned ones. This is because in Article 93 of the 1997 CCL, state functionaries should include those 'appointed and sent by Footnote 36 continued state organs, state-owned companies or enterprises or institutions to non-state-owned companies or enterprises or institutions or mass organizations to carry out public service'.
55. Ruan,'Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan'Gainian Ruogan Wenti Bianxi.
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57. Ruan, 'Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan' Gainian Ruogan Wenti Bianxi';
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59. Ibid.
60. Roughly speaking, state-owned companies in the CCL are close to state-owned enterprises or governmentowned corporations in other countries. While the CCL distinguishes these two types of public companies, they are often mentioned together.
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63. Zhang, 'Lun Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan De Gainian'.
64. Ruan, 'Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan'Gainian Ruogan Wenti Bianxi'; China Railway Erju 1st Engineering Co. Ltd, 'Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan Baokuo Naxie'.
65. Ruan, 'Guojia Gongzuo Renyuan Gainian Ruogan Wenti Bianxi'.
66. Sun, 'The politics of conceptualizing corruption in reform China', p. 248.
67. Zhongguo Jiancha Nianjian Bianjibu, Zhongguo Jiancha Nianjian 1997 [Procuratorial Yearbook of China 1997] (Beijing: Zhongguo Jiancha Chubanshe (Chinese Procuratorial Press), 1997), p. 420.
68. Mao Chongmin, 'The Wen Zhongxian Embezzlement and Bribery Case', available at: http://cqfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=33892.
69. The specification of the 1997 Chinese Criminal Law does not mean that the Chinese government failed to provide a concrete guideline of corruption. Since it recognized that the 1979 Criminal Law was not enough to deal with growing corruption, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) promulgated the Supplementary Regulation on Suppression of Corruption and Bribery in 1988 and provided a detailed guideline on sentencing for embezzlement, bribery, and misuse of public funds. The 1997 Chinese Criminal Law is a result of such a previous effort.
70. '24 provincial anti-dereliction of duty have been established to combat corruption', People's Daily, (15 December 2006), available at:http://news.cctv.com/china/20061215/101321.shtml (accessed 15 July 2009).
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. 'Civil servant punishment regulation published, having mistress will be heavily punished', (13 October 2007), available at: http://fl.zjqy.gov.cn/news.asp?id 282 (accessed 15 August 2009).
74. Haofen Wei, '500 party and government cadres holding part-time positions in companies have been punished', (24 January 2006), available at: http://www.qz123.com/news/html/wbxx/zh/20061/200612495527.htm(accessed 15 August 2009).
75. 'Topic of 30 April: civil servant having mistress will be heavily punished', available at: http://news.qq.com/a/20070430/001578.htm (accessed 20 August 2009).
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77. Stephen K. Ma, Administrative Reform in Post-Mao China: Efficiency or Ethics (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996).
78. Ting Gong, The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China (London: Praeger Publisher, 1994), p. 21.
79. Among 95 definitions of corruption from general and Chinese corruption studies, only five definitions use morality for defining corruption.
80. Gong, The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China, p. 9
81. Wedeman, 'The intensification of corruption in China7quot;, p. 897
82. Julia Kwong, The Political Economy of Corruption in China (New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1997), pp. 12-18.
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86. Xie, 'Touxi Fubai Gainian Fanhua', p. 50.
87. Ibid.
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111. Yu, 'Corruption in China's economic reform', p. 161.
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