The politics of conceptualizing corruption in reform China

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 245-270

  Yan, Sun ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035315547     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1011220810892     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. Chang Jiali, "On the Composition and Corrosion of the Essential Attributes of the Office-holder," Xueshu luntan 1994 (4), 7-12.
2. Michael Johnson, "The Search for definitions: the vitality of politics and the issue of corruption," International Social Science Journal Summer, 1996 (149), 321-335. For summary discussion of definitions, see Robin Theobald, Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment, chapter 1; and A.J. Heidenheimer, "Perspectives on the Perception of Corruption," in A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnson, and V. Le Vine, Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989), pp. 8-11.
3. Michael Johnson, "The Search for definitions: the vitality of politics and the issue of corruption," International Social Science Journal Summer, 1996 (149), 321-335. For summary discussion of definitions, see Robin Theobald, Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment, chapter 1; and A.J. Heidenheimer, "Perspectives on the Perception of Corruption," in A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnson, and V. Le Vine, Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989), pp. 8-11.
4. Michael Johnson, "The Search for definitions: the vitality of politics and the issue of corruption," International Social Science Journal Summer, 1996 (149), 321-335. For summary discussion of definitions, see Robin Theobald, Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment, chapter 1; and A.J. Heidenheimer, "Perspectives on the Perception of Corruption," in A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnson, and V. Le Vine, Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989), pp. 8-11.
5. Johnson, "The Search for definitions."
6. E.g., Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan - Dangdai Zhongguo fanfubai lun (Answers to Power - Theories of Fighting Corruption in Contemporary China) (Beijing: The Central Party School, 1998), pp. 2-6; Wang Huning, Fan fubai-Zhongguo de shiyan (Combating Corruption - the Chinese Experiment) (Beijing: Sanhuan Press, 1993), pp. 30-31; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison of Corruption in China and the West," in Liu Mingbo (ed.), Lianzheng sixiang yu lilun (Theories of Honest Administration) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994), pp. 358-361; For summary discussions, see Mu Ye, "A Summary Account of Public Discussions on the Corruption Issue," Lilun xuexi yuekan 1994 (2), 52-53; and Yi dong, "A Summary of Research on the Problems of Corruption and Bureaucratic Negligence among Public Office Holders," Zhengzhi yu fa 1994 (2), 61-64.
7. E.g., Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan - Dangdai Zhongguo fanfubai lun (Answers to Power - Theories of Fighting Corruption in Contemporary China) (Beijing: The Central Party School, 1998), pp. 2-6; Wang Huning, Fan fubai-Zhongguo de shiyan (Combating Corruption - the Chinese Experiment) (Beijing: Sanhuan Press, 1993), pp. 30-31; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison of Corruption in China and the West," in Liu Mingbo (ed.), Lianzheng sixiang yu lilun (Theories of Honest Administration) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994), pp. 358-361; For summary discussions, see Mu Ye, "A Summary Account of Public Discussions on the Corruption Issue," Lilun xuexi yuekan 1994 (2), 52-53; and Yi dong, "A Summary of Research on the Problems of Corruption and Bureaucratic Negligence among Public Office Holders," Zhengzhi yu fa 1994 (2), 61-64.
8. E.g., Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan - Dangdai Zhongguo fanfubai lun (Answers to Power - Theories of Fighting Corruption in Contemporary China) (Beijing: The Central Party School, 1998), pp. 2-6; Wang Huning, Fan fubai-Zhongguo de shiyan (Combating Corruption - the Chinese Experiment) (Beijing: Sanhuan Press, 1993), pp. 30-31; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison of Corruption in China and the West," in Liu Mingbo (ed.), Lianzheng sixiang yu lilun (Theories of Honest Administration) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994), pp. 358-361; For summary discussions, see Mu Ye, "A Summary Account of Public Discussions on the Corruption Issue," Lilun xuexi yuekan 1994 (2), 52-53; and Yi dong, "A Summary of Research on the Problems of Corruption and Bureaucratic Negligence among Public Office Holders," Zhengzhi yu fa 1994 (2), 61-64.
9. E.g., Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan - Dangdai Zhongguo fanfubai lun (Answers to Power - Theories of Fighting Corruption in Contemporary China) (Beijing: The Central Party School, 1998), pp. 2-6; Wang Huning, Fan fubai-Zhongguo de shiyan (Combating Corruption - the Chinese Experiment) (Beijing: Sanhuan Press, 1993), pp. 30-31; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison of Corruption in China and the West," in Liu Mingbo (ed.), Lianzheng sixiang yu lilun (Theories of Honest Administration) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994), pp. 358-361; For summary discussions, see Mu Ye, "A Summary Account of Public Discussions on the Corruption Issue," Lilun xuexi yuekan 1994 (2), 52-53; and Yi dong, "A Summary of Research on the Problems of Corruption and Bureaucratic Negligence among Public Office Holders," Zhengzhi yu fa 1994 (2), 61-64.
10. E.g., Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan - Dangdai Zhongguo fanfubai lun (Answers to Power - Theories of Fighting Corruption in Contemporary China) (Beijing: The Central Party School, 1998), pp. 2-6; Wang Huning, Fan fubai-Zhongguo de shiyan (Combating Corruption - the Chinese Experiment) (Beijing: Sanhuan Press, 1993), pp. 30-31; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison of Corruption in China and the West," in Liu Mingbo (ed.), Lianzheng sixiang yu lilun (Theories of Honest Administration) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994), pp. 358-361; For summary discussions, see Mu Ye, "A Summary Account of Public Discussions on the Corruption Issue," Lilun xuexi yuekan 1994 (2), 52-53; and Yi dong, "A Summary of Research on the Problems of Corruption and Bureaucratic Negligence among Public Office Holders," Zhengzhi yu fa 1994 (2), 61-64.
11. Wang Yuelin, "What Is Corruption?" Dangjian wenhui 1993 (10), 32.
12. The Discipline Inspection Committee, Monitoring Office, and Marxism-Leninism Research Office of Beijing University, eds., Fanfubai zongheng tan (Essays on Combating Corruption) (Beijing: Beijing University, 1994).
13. CCDIC Office of Public Promulgation and Education (ed.), Fanfu changlian jianghua (Topics on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration), (Beijing: the Central Party School Press, 1994), passim.
14. Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 2-3; Wang Zhifang, Lin Lujian and Zhang Zhiwei, Fanfubai lun (On Combating Corruption) (Hangzhou: the Zhejian People's Publishing House, 1991), pp. 4-5.
15. Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 2-3; Wang Zhifang, Lin Lujian and Zhang Zhiwei, Fanfubai lun (On Combating Corruption) (Hangzhou: the Zhejian People's Publishing House, 1991), pp. 4-5.
16. Chen Jianxin, "Beware of Collective Corruption," Minzhu yu fazhi 1997 (9), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (8), 25-28; "A Worrying Report on Crimes by Enterprise as Legal Entity," Jingji cankao bao,
17. Chen Jianxin, "Beware of Collective Corruption," Minzhu yu fazhi 1997 (9), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (8), 25-28; "A Worrying Report on Crimes by Enterprise as Legal Entity," Jingji cankao bao,
18. Chen Jianxin, "Beware of Collective Corruption," Minzhu yu fazhi 1997 (9), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (8), 25-28; "A Worrying Report on Crimes by Enterprise as Legal Entity," Jingji cankao bao,
19. reprinted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (hereafter DFLZWZ) 1995 (3), 8-9;
20. and "Collective Scheming: the Phenomenon of Corruption at the End of the Century," Dang Feng Lian Zheng (hereafter DFLZ) Dec. 1999 (12), 12-13;
21. and Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 19-22.
22. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 3-4; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 358-361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring the Meanings of Corruption," Sheke xinxi May 1993 (5), 33-35.
23. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 3-4; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 358-361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring the Meanings of Corruption," Sheke xinxi May 1993 (5), 33-35.
24. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 3-4; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 358-361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring the Meanings of Corruption," Sheke xinxi May 1993 (5), 33-35.
25. Huang, ibid. See also Yi dong, "A Summary," 62.
26. Huang, ibid. See also Yi dong, "A Summary," 62.
27. Liu Chun, "A Serious Battle that Affects the Life and Death of the Party and State," digested in DFLZ July 1999 (7), 23; and Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 46-49.
28. Liu Chun, "A Serious Battle that Affects the Life and Death of the Party and State," digested in DFLZ July 1999 (7), 23; and Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 46-49.
29. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 19; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring," 34-35.
30. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 19; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring," 34-35.
31. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 19; Liu Mingbo, "A Comparison," 361; Huang Xuexian, "Exploring," 34-35.
32. Fan Ying, "Fighting Corruption," 205.
33. Wang Zhifang et al., Fan fubailun, 5-6.
34. Yu Keping, "On Various Types of Corruption," Jingji zhengzhi tizhi bijiao April, 1991 (4), 45-49.
35. "Beware of 'White Corruption,'" Zhongguo gaige bao, excerpted in DFLZ April, 1999 (4), 24.
36. "Beware of 'White Corruption,'" Zhongguo gaige bao, excerpted in DFLZ April, 1999 (4), 24.
37. Li Junchao, "An Analysis of Multiple Standards for Corruption," Beijing shehui kexue March 1990 (3), 136-141.
38. Li Junchao, ibid., 136-137.
39. Li Junchao, ibid., 137; and Chen Bo, "The Stalus and Problem of 'Commissions' and How to Deal with Them," Jingji yu fa Oct. 1993 (10), 13-14. For an example of double standards for the state and non-state sectors, see Jiefang ribao, March 16, 1990.
40. Li Junchao, ibid., 137; and Chen Bo, "The Stalus and Problem of 'Commissions' and How to Deal with Them," Jingji yu fa Oct. 1993 (10), 13-14. For an example of double standards for the state and non-state sectors, see Jiefang ribao, March 16, 1990.
41. Li Junchao, ibid., 137; and Chen Bo, "The Stalus and Problem of 'Commissions' and How to Deal with Them," Jingji yu fa Oct. 1993 (10), 13-14. For an example of double standards for the state and non-state sectors, see Jiefang ribao, March 16, 1990.
42. Several examples of such acquittal may be found in Zhu Jintao (ed.), Jingji fanzui bianhu anli xuanbian (Selected Collection of Economic Crime Defense Cases), (Changsha: Hunan University Press, 1989).
43. "Can We Make Exception for Criminals Who Are Capable Individuals? A Major Legal Debate of 1992," Shehui Dec. 1992 (12), 9-14.
44. See debates and discussions on this issue in Fa Xue (Legal Studies), an academic journal based in Shanghai, vols. 5, 7 and 10, 1992.
45. See Jane Macartney, "Disputes prevent passage of China's anti-graft law," Reuters, Dec. 30, 1996; "Anti-graft law delayed by row on name," South China Morning Post (internet edition), Dec. 31, 1996; "Dispute over name holds up passage of Chinese graft bill," The Straits Times, Dec. 31, 1996.
46. See Jane Macartney, "Disputes prevent passage of China's anti-graft law," Reuters, Dec. 30, 1996; "Anti-graft law delayed by row on name," South China Morning Post (internet edition), Dec. 31, 1996; "Dispute over name holds up passage of Chinese graft bill," The Straits Times, Dec. 31, 1996.
47. See Jane Macartney, "Disputes prevent passage of China's anti-graft law," Reuters, Dec. 30, 1996; "Anti-graft law delayed by row on name," South China Morning Post (internet edition), Dec. 31, 1996; "Dispute over name holds up passage of Chinese graft bill," The Straits Times, Dec. 31, 1996.
48. See for example the definition and classification of corruption types in the Discipline Inspection Work Committee of the Central State Organs, ed., Zhongvang guojia jiguan dangnei weiji anli xuanbian (Selected Cases of Discipline Violation among Party Members in Central State Organs) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994); Chongqing Branch of CCPDIC (ed.), Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (Digest of Party Ethic and Administrative Integrity) (Chongqing: Chong Branch of CCPDIC, monthly); Luo Jingxuan and Lin Jusheng (eds.), Lianzheng jiaoyu anli (Cases for Education in Honest Administration) (Beijing: the Chinese Public Security Press, 1992); Ying Songnian, Ou Guiying and Zhang Youmin, (eds.), Lianzheng, qinzheng, suzheng (Honest Administration, Diligent Administration, and Cleansed Administration) (Beijing: The Chinese University of Politics and Law Press, 1992); Wang Jian and Zheng Jie, Fangfubai anli xuanbian (Selected Corruption Cases) (Beijing: the Chinese Financial and Economic Press, 1989).
49. See for example the definition and classification of corruption types in the Discipline Inspection Work Committee of the Central State Organs, ed., Zhongvang guojia jiguan dangnei weiji anli xuanbian (Selected Cases of Discipline Violation among Party Members in Central State Organs) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994); Chongqing Branch of CCPDIC (ed.), Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (Digest of Party Ethic and Administrative Integrity) (Chongqing: Chong Branch of CCPDIC, monthly); Luo Jingxuan and Lin Jusheng (eds.), Lianzheng jiaoyu anli (Cases for Education in Honest Administration) (Beijing: the Chinese Public Security Press, 1992); Ying Songnian, Ou Guiying and Zhang Youmin, (eds.), Lianzheng, qinzheng, suzheng (Honest Administration, Diligent Administration, and Cleansed Administration) (Beijing: The Chinese University of Politics and Law Press, 1992); Wang Jian and Zheng Jie, Fangfubai anli xuanbian (Selected Corruption Cases) (Beijing: the Chinese Financial and Economic Press, 1989).
50. See for example the definition and classification of corruption types in the Discipline Inspection Work Committee of the Central State Organs, ed., Zhongvang guojia jiguan dangnei weiji anli xuanbian (Selected Cases of Discipline Violation among Party Members in Central State Organs) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994); Chongqing Branch of CCPDIC (ed.), Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (Digest of Party Ethic and Administrative Integrity) (Chongqing: Chong Branch of CCPDIC, monthly); Luo Jingxuan and Lin Jusheng (eds.), Lianzheng jiaoyu anli (Cases for Education in Honest Administration) (Beijing: the Chinese Public Security Press, 1992); Ying Songnian, Ou Guiying and Zhang Youmin, (eds.), Lianzheng, qinzheng, suzheng (Honest Administration, Diligent Administration, and Cleansed Administration) (Beijing: The Chinese University of Politics and Law Press, 1992); Wang Jian and Zheng Jie, Fangfubai anli xuanbian (Selected Corruption Cases) (Beijing: the Chinese Financial and Economic Press, 1989).
51. See for example the definition and classification of corruption types in the Discipline Inspection Work Committee of the Central State Organs, ed., Zhongvang guojia jiguan dangnei weiji anli xuanbian (Selected Cases of Discipline Violation among Party Members in Central State Organs) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994); Chongqing Branch of CCPDIC (ed.), Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (Digest of Party Ethic and Administrative Integrity) (Chongqing: Chong Branch of CCPDIC, monthly); Luo Jingxuan and Lin Jusheng (eds.), Lianzheng jiaoyu anli (Cases for Education in Honest Administration) (Beijing: the Chinese Public Security Press, 1992); Ying Songnian, Ou Guiying and Zhang Youmin, (eds.), Lianzheng, qinzheng, suzheng (Honest Administration, Diligent Administration, and Cleansed Administration) (Beijing: The Chinese University of Politics and Law Press, 1992); Wang Jian and Zheng Jie, Fangfubai anli xuanbian (Selected Corruption Cases) (Beijing: the Chinese Financial and Economic Press, 1989).
52. See for example the definition and classification of corruption types in the Discipline Inspection Work Committee of the Central State Organs, ed., Zhongvang guojia jiguan dangnei weiji anli xuanbian (Selected Cases of Discipline Violation among Party Members in Central State Organs) (Beijing: the People's Publishing House, 1994); Chongqing Branch of CCPDIC (ed.), Dang Feng Lian Zheng Wenzai (Digest of Party Ethic and Administrative Integrity) (Chongqing: Chong Branch of CCPDIC, monthly); Luo Jingxuan and Lin Jusheng (eds.), Lianzheng jiaoyu anli (Cases for Education in Honest Administration) (Beijing: the Chinese Public Security Press, 1992); Ying Songnian, Ou Guiying and Zhang Youmin, (eds.), Lianzheng, qinzheng, suzheng (Honest Administration, Diligent Administration, and Cleansed Administration) (Beijing: The Chinese University of Politics and Law Press, 1992); Wang Jian and Zheng Jie, Fangfubai anli xuanbian (Selected Corruption Cases) (Beijing: the Chinese Financial and Economic Press, 1989).
53. See for example the delineation of economic crime categories in the Editorial Board of the Book Series on Combating Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees, Danqian jingji weifa weiji fangzui anli rending chuli pingxi (The Identification and Treatment of Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees at Present) (Beijing: the Chinese Foursquare Press, 1996); Institute of Applied Legal Studies of the Chinese Supreme People's Court, Renmin fayuan anlixuan (The People's Court Selected Collection of Criminal Cases), vols. 1-12 (Beijing: The People's Court Press (Renmin fayuan chubanshe, 1992-96); Editorial Board of the Criminal Case Series of the Supreme People's Procuratorial Office, Xingshi fangzui anli congshu (Criminal Casebook Series) (Beijing: The Chinese Procuratorial Press, 1992); and Zhu Jintao et al., Jingji fanzui bianhu anli xuanbian.
54. See for example the delineation of economic crime categories in the Editorial Board of the Book Series on Combating Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees, Danqian jingji weifa weiji fangzui anli rending chuli pingxi (The Identification and Treatment of Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees at Present) (Beijing: the Chinese Foursquare Press, 1996); Institute of Applied Legal Studies of the Chinese Supreme People's Court, Renmin fayuan anlixuan (The People's Court Selected Collection of Criminal Cases), vols. 1-12 (Beijing: The People's Court Press (Renmin fayuan chubanshe, 1992-96); Editorial Board of the Criminal Case Series of the Supreme People's Procuratorial Office, Xingshi fangzui anli congshu (Criminal Casebook Series) (Beijing: The Chinese Procuratorial Press, 1992); and Zhu Jintao et al., Jingji fanzui bianhu anli xuanbian.
55. See for example the delineation of economic crime categories in the Editorial Board of the Book Series on Combating Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees, Danqian jingji weifa weiji fangzui anli rending chuli pingxi (The Identification and Treatment of Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees at Present) (Beijing: the Chinese Foursquare Press, 1996); Institute of Applied Legal Studies of the Chinese Supreme People's Court, Renmin fayuan anlixuan (The People's Court Selected Collection of Criminal Cases), vols. 1-12 (Beijing: The People's Court Press (Renmin fayuan chubanshe, 1992-96); Editorial Board of the Criminal Case Series of the Supreme People's Procuratorial Office, Xingshi fangzui anli congshu (Criminal Casebook Series) (Beijing: The Chinese Procuratorial Press, 1992); and Zhu Jintao et al., Jingji fanzui bianhu anli xuanbian.
56. See for example the delineation of economic crime categories in the Editorial Board of the Book Series on Combating Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees, Danqian jingji weifa weiji fangzui anli rending chuli pingxi (The Identification and Treatment of Violations of Economic Laws and Decrees at Present) (Beijing: the Chinese Foursquare Press, 1996); Institute of Applied Legal Studies of the Chinese Supreme People's Court, Renmin fayuan anlixuan (The People's Court Selected Collection of Criminal Cases), vols. 1-12 (Beijing: The People's Court Press (Renmin fayuan chubanshe, 1992-96); Editorial Board of the Criminal Case Series of the Supreme People's Procuratorial Office, Xingshi fangzui anli congshu (Criminal Casebook Series) (Beijing: The Chinese Procuratorial Press, 1992); and Zhu Jintao et al., Jingji fanzui bianhu anli xuanbian.
57. Li Jun, "A Comprehensive Look at Corruption in Smuggling Cases," Dangyuan tegan; excerpted in DFLZ Feb. 1999 (2), 11-12.
58. Li Jun, "A Comprehensive Look at Corruption in Smuggling Cases," Dangyuan tegan; excerpted in DFLZ Feb. 1999 (2), 11-12.
59. E.g., those cited in Note 26 and 27.
60. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
61. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
62. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
63. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
64. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
65. E.g., Leong H. Liew, "Rent-seeking and the Two-Track System in China," Public Choice 1993 (77:2), 29-47; Connie S. Meaney, "Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 203-220; Jean C. Oi, "Market reforms and Corruption in Rural China," Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer/Autumn 1989 (XXII:2/3), 221-233; Clemens S. Ostergaar, "Explaining China's Recent Political Corruption," Corruption and Reform 1986 (1), 209-233; Melanie Manion, "Corruption by Design: Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization April 1996 (12:1), 167-195; Michael Johnson and Yufan Hao, " China's Surge of Corruption,' Journal of Democracy Oct. 1995, 80-94.
66. James T. Myers, "Modernization and 'Unhealthy Tendencies'," Comparative Politics, Jan. 1989 (21:2), 193-213.
67. Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 56-58; Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption," Jianghan luntan Nov. 1993 (11), 3; Guan Mingcheng and He Chengda, "Correctly Handle Ten Relationships in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Honesty," Jingji ribao, July 22, 1994; Sen Yuan, "Correctly Look at the Relationship between Anti-corruption Efforts and the Market Economy," Dangjian wenhui Dec. 1993 (12), 19; Wang Ruisheng, "What are the roots of money fetishism?"Makeszhuyi yu xianshi Jan. 1994 (1), 66-72.
68. Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 56-58; Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption," Jianghan luntan Nov. 1993 (11), 3; Guan Mingcheng and He Chengda, "Correctly Handle Ten Relationships in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Honesty," Jingji ribao, July 22, 1994; Sen Yuan, "Correctly Look at the Relationship between Anti-corruption Efforts and the Market Economy," Dangjian wenhui Dec. 1993 (12), 19; Wang Ruisheng, "What are the roots of money fetishism?"Makeszhuyi yu xianshi Jan. 1994 (1), 66-72.
69. Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 56-58; Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption," Jianghan luntan Nov. 1993 (11), 3; Guan Mingcheng and He Chengda, "Correctly Handle Ten Relationships in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Honesty," Jingji ribao, July 22, 1994; Sen Yuan, "Correctly Look at the Relationship between Anti-corruption Efforts and the Market Economy," Dangjian wenhui Dec. 1993 (12), 19; Wang Ruisheng, "What are the roots of money fetishism?"Makeszhuyi yu xianshi Jan. 1994 (1), 66-72.
70. Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 56-58; Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption," Jianghan luntan Nov. 1993 (11), 3; Guan Mingcheng and He Chengda, "Correctly Handle Ten Relationships in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Honesty," Jingji ribao, July 22, 1994; Sen Yuan, "Correctly Look at the Relationship between Anti-corruption Efforts and the Market Economy," Dangjian wenhui Dec. 1993 (12), 19; Wang Ruisheng, "What are the roots of money fetishism?"Makeszhuyi yu xianshi Jan. 1994 (1), 66-72.
71. Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 56-58; Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption," Jianghan luntan Nov. 1993 (11), 3; Guan Mingcheng and He Chengda, "Correctly Handle Ten Relationships in Fighting Corruption and Promoting Honesty," Jingji ribao, July 22, 1994; Sen Yuan, "Correctly Look at the Relationship between Anti-corruption Efforts and the Market Economy," Dangjian wenhui Dec. 1993 (12), 19; Wang Ruisheng, "What are the roots of money fetishism?"Makeszhuyi yu xianshi Jan. 1994 (1), 66-72.
72. Cited in Ma Zhenggang, "The Relationship between the Market Economy and Clean Administration," Qiu Suo 1993 (3), 42-44.
73. Zhang Siqing, "Study Comrade Deng Xiaoping's Thinking on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration," Qiu Shi July, 1994 (14), 6-12; and Hou Zhongbin, "Persist in Fighting Corruption, Ensure the Development of the Socialist Market Economy,"Renmin ribao, Dec. 10, 1993.
74. Zhang Siqing, "Study Comrade Deng Xiaoping's Thinking on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration," Qiu Shi July, 1994 (14), 6-12; and Hou Zhongbin, "Persist in Fighting Corruption, Ensure the Development of the Socialist Market Economy,"Renmin ribao, Dec. 10, 1993.
75. Wu Jinglian put the annual amount at Y200-300 billion; see his "Establishing a New Market Economic Order Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 15. He Qinglian put the figure at Y100 billion in 1988; see her Xiandaihua de xianjing (The Trappings of Modernization) (Beijing: Contemporary China Press, 1998).
76. Wu Jinglian put the annual amount at Y200-300 billion; see his "Establishing a New Market Economic Order Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 15. He Qinglian put the figure at Y100 billion in 1988; see her Xiandaihua de xianjing (The Trappings of Modernization) (Beijing: Contemporary China Press, 1998).
77. Wu Jinglian put the annual amount at Y200-300 billion; see his "Establishing a New Market Economic Order Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 15. He Qinglian put the figure at Y100 billion in 1988; see her Xiandaihua de xianjing (The Trappings of Modernization) (Beijing: Contemporary China Press, 1998).
78. Wu Jinglian put the annual amount at Y200-300 billion; see his "Establishing a New Market Economic Order Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 15. He Qinglian put the figure at Y100 billion in 1988; see her Xiandaihua de xianjing (The Trappings of Modernization) (Beijing: Contemporary China Press, 1998).
79. See especially "Investigation of Corruption's Growth and Spread and Proposed Policies," a national social science foundation project head by Peng Jielong, Deputy Secretary General of the CCPDIC, excerpted in DFLZ Jan. 2000 (1), 12; comments by Sun Zhiyong of CCPDIC Research Office, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; and Zhang Yangsheng, "The Path to Clean Administration," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1997 (3), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (9), 1-7.
80. See especially "Investigation of Corruption's Growth and Spread and Proposed Policies," a national social science foundation project head by Peng Jielong, Deputy Secretary General of the CCPDIC, excerpted in DFLZ Jan. 2000 (1), 12; comments by Sun Zhiyong of CCPDIC Research Office, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; and Zhang Yangsheng, "The Path to Clean Administration," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1997 (3), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (9), 1-7.
81. See especially "Investigation of Corruption's Growth and Spread and Proposed Policies," a national social science foundation project head by Peng Jielong, Deputy Secretary General of the CCPDIC, excerpted in DFLZ Jan. 2000 (1), 12; comments by Sun Zhiyong of CCPDIC Research Office, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; and Zhang Yangsheng, "The Path to Clean Administration," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1997 (3), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (9), 1-7.
82. See especially "Investigation of Corruption's Growth and Spread and Proposed Policies," a national social science foundation project head by Peng Jielong, Deputy Secretary General of the CCPDIC, excerpted in DFLZ Jan. 2000 (1), 12; comments by Sun Zhiyong of CCPDIC Research Office, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; and Zhang Yangsheng, "The Path to Clean Administration," Makesizhiyi yu xianshi 1997 (3), reprinted in XHWZ 1997 (9), 1-7.
83. Wang zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 58-61; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," Shehuizhuyi yanqiu 1994 (3), 6-9; Wang Yongqing, "Coping with Corruption and Regulating Administrative Behavior," XHWZ Dec. 1989 (12), 11-13; Wang Zhitai, "The Anti-corruption Struggle and Its Strategies," Beijing ribao, Oct. 21, 1993; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption: a Correlation Analysis," Xueshu yuekan 1994 (4), 47-52.
84. Wang zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 58-61; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," Shehuizhuyi yanqiu 1994 (3), 6-9; Wang Yongqing, "Coping with Corruption and Regulating Administrative Behavior," XHWZ Dec. 1989 (12), 11-13; Wang Zhitai, "The Anti-corruption Struggle and Its Strategies," Beijing ribao, Oct. 21, 1993; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption: a Correlation Analysis," Xueshu yuekan 1994 (4), 47-52.
85. Wang zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 58-61; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," Shehuizhuyi yanqiu 1994 (3), 6-9; Wang Yongqing, "Coping with Corruption and Regulating Administrative Behavior," XHWZ Dec. 1989 (12), 11-13; Wang Zhitai, "The Anti-corruption Struggle and Its Strategies," Beijing ribao, Oct. 21, 1993; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption: a Correlation Analysis," Xueshu yuekan 1994 (4), 47-52.
86. Wang zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 58-61; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," Shehuizhuyi yanqiu 1994 (3), 6-9; Wang Yongqing, "Coping with Corruption and Regulating Administrative Behavior," XHWZ Dec. 1989 (12), 11-13; Wang Zhitai, "The Anti-corruption Struggle and Its Strategies," Beijing ribao, Oct. 21, 1993; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption: a Correlation Analysis," Xueshu yuekan 1994 (4), 47-52.
87. Wang zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 58-61; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," Shehuizhuyi yanqiu 1994 (3), 6-9; Wang Yongqing, "Coping with Corruption and Regulating Administrative Behavior," XHWZ Dec. 1989 (12), 11-13; Wang Zhitai, "The Anti-corruption Struggle and Its Strategies," Beijing ribao, Oct. 21, 1993; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption: a Correlation Analysis," Xueshu yuekan 1994 (4), 47-52.
88. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
89. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
90. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
91. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
92. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
93. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
94. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
95. "Chaotic Treasury, Chaotic Administration," excerpt of article by Gao Peiyong in Zhongguo caijing bao, excerpted in DFLZ Sept. 1999 (9), 19; "Rooting out the Economic Roots of Corruption," Guangming ribao, excerpted in DFLZ July, 1999 (7), 23; "Government Agencies Should also Make Their Administrative Budgets and Expenditure Transparent," Zhongguo jijian jiancha bao, excerpted in Dang Feng Lian Zheng July 1999 (7): 23; and "Reform Is the Fundamental Path to Curing Corruption," Zhongcheng weishi; excepted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 13.
96. Wu Jinglian, "Create a New Order of Market Economy Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 13, 17 and excerpt of Wu Jinglian, cited in DFLZ Jan. 1999 (1), 24; and Wu Yue, "Does the Root of Corruption Lie in the System of Exploitation?" in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 120-128.
97. Wu Jinglian, "Create a New Order of Market Economy Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 13, 17 and excerpt of Wu Jinglian, cited in DFLZ Jan. 1999 (1), 24; and Wu Yue, "Does the Root of Corruption Lie in the System of Exploitation?" in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 120-128.
98. Wu Jinglian, "Create a New Order of Market Economy Based on Equal Competition," Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 13, 17 and excerpt of Wu Jinglian, cited in DFLZ Jan. 1999 (1), 24; and Wu Yue, "Does the Root of Corruption Lie in the System of Exploitation?" in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3), 120-128.
99. Xin Xiangyang, Xin Zhengfu lun (A New Theory of Government) (Beijing: the Workers Press, 1994). See especially chapter 7.
100. Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption Efforts Should Emphasize Power Restraining Mechanisms, Interview with Professor Huang Zhongliang," Zhongguo gaige bao, June 10, 1998.
101. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
102. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
103. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
104. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
105. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
106. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
107. Yi dong, "A Summary of Research," 62; Wang Zhifang et al., Fanfubai lun, 63-63; Li Guoji, "Deeper Sources of Corruption's Worsening," Dangzheng ganbu luntan 1993 (8), 9-10;; Zhao Lianzhang and Yang Yuwu, "An Analysis of the Structural Causes of Corruption," 6-9; Wang Peijun, "Structures and Corruption," 47-48; Liu Chun, Quanli de dajuan, 90-96; Ma Zhenggang, "Corruption and the Anti-corruption Lag," Shehui kexue Sept. 1999 (9), 20-23.
108. Chang Jiali, "The Composition and," 7-12.
109. Xiao Bai, "Theories Debated, Practice More Effective - Summary of Conference on Anti-corruption theories," Gaoxiao lilunzhanxian 1994 (3), 79.
110. Xiao Bai, "Theories debated," 79.
111. Jiang Zemin, "Speech at the 2nd Plenary Session of the CCPDIC on Aug. 21," Guangming ribao, Sept. 15, 1993.
112. Jiang Zemin, "Excerpts of Speech at the 8th Plenary Session of the CCPCIC, Jan. 29, 1997," Renmin ribao, May 16, 1997.
113. "A Summary of Conferences on Anti-corruption Studies," Qiu Shi, (1996).
114. Wu Yue, "Does the Root of Corruption Lie in the System of Exploitation," Makesizhuyi yu xianshi 1993 (3): 120-128.
115. Hu Zhe'e, "Also on the Relation between Exploitation and Corruption: A Discussion with Comrade Wu Yue," ibid. 1994 (1), 73-77.
116. See a discussion of the group and their views in Yan Sun, The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism: 1976-92 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), ch. 5.
117. CCDIC Office of Public Promulgation and Education (ed.), Fanfu changlian jianghua, 131-133.
118. Ibid., passim, 208-239.
119. Xu Maosong, "The Relation between Combating Bourgeois Liberalism and Combating Corruption," Jiefangjun bao, March 8, 1990.
120. Wang Huning, Fan fubai, 12-15; 81-82.
121. Xu Lengyi, "Comments on Research on Reform of Mechanisms for Monitoring Officials within the Party," Lilun qianyan, reprinted in DFLZWZ Jan. 1998 (1), 14-16.
122. Xu Lengyi, "Comments on Research on Reform of Mechanisms for Monitoring Officials within the Party," Lilun qianyan, reprinted in DFLZWZ Jan. 1998 (1), 14-16.
123. Zhou Wenzhang, "What Breakthroughs Do We Still Need in Our Mind?" Zhongguo dangzheng ganbu luntan 1998 (3&4), excerpted in XHWZ Aug. 1998 (8), 4-8.
124. Zhou Wenzhang, "What Breakthroughs Do We Still Need in Our Mind?" Zhongguo dangzheng ganbu luntan 1998 (3&4), excerpted in XHWZ Aug. 1998 (8), 4-8.
125. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
126. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
127. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
128. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
129. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
130. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
131. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
132. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
133. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
134. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
135. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
136. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
137. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
138. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
139. For recent articles emphasizing monitoring mechanisms, see Sun Fuhai, "A Study of Monitoring under the Socialist System," Zhengzhi yu fa 1996 (1); reprinted in XHWZ 1996 (5), 14-19; Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor the Judiciary System?" Zhongguo gaige bao, Feb. 20, 1998; "Rooting out Corruption," Gaige neican; excerpted in DFWZ Aug. 1999 (8), 22; Li Jianming, "Fighting Corruption Should Depend on Rule of Law," Shehui kexue March 1999 (3), 32-31; Zhang Shengyang, "Path to Honest Administration," esp. 3-7; Li Chun, Quanti de dajuan, pp. 97-114; Wei Yang, "Perfecting mechanisms to monitor power," Liao Wang 1997 (22); Nan Ye, "Anti-corruption efforts," 2-4; Guo daohui, "Using Law to Govern Officials," Fa Xue 1998 (7), reprinted in XHWZ Oct. 1998 (10), 6-10; Huang Dingxin, Shiluo de zhunyan - Chengfu beiwang lu (Lost Dignity - Anti-corruption Chronicles," (Beijing: Writers' Press, 1999); and Zhang Zhixiong, "An Exploration into Reform of Discipline Inspection Mechanisms," Neibu wengao; excerpted in DFLZ March 1999 (3): 18-19.
140. Huo Weifang, "How Does the Media Monitor?" and (Gaige neican) "Rooting out Corruption."
141. Wan Xiaoping, "Fighting Corruption and the Checking of power," Anhui daxue xuebao March 1999 (23:2), 11-14.
142. Cited in Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption and Strategies to Combat it," Jianghan luntan 1993 (11), 1-8; and He Xiaomin, "Factors Impeding Anti-corruption Efforts and Strategies to Deal with Them," Fazhi liaowang 1994 (8), 16-17; and Yi Cheng, "Provide Guidance, Policies, and Environment; Suzhou's Experience of Clean Enterprises," Dangjian wenhui; excerpted in DFLZWZ 1995 (3), 8-9; "The Corrosion of Entertaining Costs and Corruption," DFLZ 1999 (6), 16-17.
143. Cited in Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption and Strategies to Combat it," Jianghan luntan 1993 (11), 1-8; and He Xiaomin, "Factors Impeding Anti-corruption Efforts and Strategies to Deal with Them," Fazhi liaowang 1994 (8), 16-17; and Yi Cheng, "Provide Guidance, Policies, and Environment; Suzhou's Experience of Clean Enterprises," Dangjian wenhui; excerpted in DFLZWZ 1995 (3), 8-9; "The Corrosion of Entertaining Costs and Corruption," DFLZ 1999 (6), 16-17.
144. Cited in Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption and Strategies to Combat it," Jianghan luntan 1993 (11), 1-8; and He Xiaomin, "Factors Impeding Anti-corruption Efforts and Strategies to Deal with Them," Fazhi liaowang 1994 (8), 16-17; and Yi Cheng, "Provide Guidance, Policies, and Environment; Suzhou's Experience of Clean Enterprises," Dangjian wenhui; excerpted in DFLZWZ 1995 (3), 8-9; "The Corrosion of Entertaining Costs and Corruption," DFLZ 1999 (6), 16-17.
145. Cited in Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption and Strategies to Combat it," Jianghan luntan 1993 (11), 1-8; and He Xiaomin, "Factors Impeding Anti-corruption Efforts and Strategies to Deal with Them," Fazhi liaowang 1994 (8), 16-17; and Yi Cheng, "Provide Guidance, Policies, and Environment; Suzhou's Experience of Clean Enterprises," Dangjian wenhui; excerpted in DFLZWZ 1995 (3), 8-9; "The Corrosion of Entertaining Costs and Corruption," DFLZ 1999 (6), 16-17.
146. Cited in Zhou Jingrong and Zhang Wu, "On Corruption and Strategies to Combat it," Jianghan luntan 1993 (11), 1-8; and He Xiaomin, "Factors Impeding Anti-corruption Efforts and Strategies to Deal with Them," Fazhi liaowang 1994 (8), 16-17; and Yi Cheng, "Provide Guidance, Policies, and Environment; Suzhou's Experience of Clean Enterprises," Dangjian wenhui; excerpted in DFLZWZ 1995 (3), 8-9; "The Corrosion of Entertaining Costs and Corruption," DFLZ 1999 (6), 16-17.
147. Cited in Wang Funing, Fan fubai, 63-64.
148. David H. Bayley, "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 1966 (19), 719-723; Gabriel Ben-Dor, "Corruption, Institutionalization, and Political Development: the Revisionist Theses Revisited," Comparative Political Studies 1974 (7:1), 63-83; N.H. Leff", "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption," The American Behavioral Scientist 1964 (8:3), 8-14; Joseph S. Nye, "Corruption and Political Development," American Political Science Review 1967 (61), 4417-427; and James Scott, "An Essay on the Political Functions of Corruption," Asian Studies 1967 (5), 501-523.
149. David H. Bayley, "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 1966 (19), 719-723; Gabriel Ben-Dor, "Corruption, Institutionalization, and Political Development: the Revisionist Theses Revisited," Comparative Political Studies 1974 (7:1), 63-83; N.H. Leff", "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption," The American Behavioral Scientist 1964 (8:3), 8-14; Joseph S. Nye, "Corruption and Political Development," American Political Science Review 1967 (61), 4417-427; and James Scott, "An Essay on the Political Functions of Corruption," Asian Studies 1967 (5), 501-523.
150. David H. Bayley, "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 1966 (19), 719-723; Gabriel Ben-Dor, "Corruption, Institutionalization, and Political Development: the Revisionist Theses Revisited," Comparative Political Studies 1974 (7:1), 63-83; N.H. Leff", "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption," The American Behavioral Scientist 1964 (8:3), 8-14; Joseph S. Nye, "Corruption and Political Development," American Political Science Review 1967 (61), 4417-427; and James Scott, "An Essay on the Political Functions of Corruption," Asian Studies 1967 (5), 501-523.
151. David H. Bayley, "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 1966 (19), 719-723; Gabriel Ben-Dor, "Corruption, Institutionalization, and Political Development: the Revisionist Theses Revisited," Comparative Political Studies 1974 (7:1), 63-83; N.H. Leff", "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption," The American Behavioral Scientist 1964 (8:3), 8-14; Joseph S. Nye, "Corruption and Political Development," American Political Science Review 1967 (61), 4417-427; and James Scott, "An Essay on the Political Functions of Corruption," Asian Studies 1967 (5), 501-523.
152. David H. Bayley, "The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation," Western Political Quarterly 1966 (19), 719-723; Gabriel Ben-Dor, "Corruption, Institutionalization, and Political Development: the Revisionist Theses Revisited," Comparative Political Studies 1974 (7:1), 63-83; N.H. Leff", "Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption," The American Behavioral Scientist 1964 (8:3), 8-14; Joseph S. Nye, "Corruption and Political Development," American Political Science Review 1967 (61), 4417-427; and James Scott, "An Essay on the Political Functions of Corruption," Asian Studies 1967 (5), 501-523.
153. Ying Guoming, "'Politico-economic Coalition' and the 'Bureaucratic Economy,'" Dongfang wenhua 1998 (4); reprinted in XHWZ 1998 (10), 45-47.
154. Ying Guoming, "'Politico-economic Coalition' and the 'Bureaucratic Economy,'" Dongfang wenhua 1998 (4); reprinted in XHWZ 1998 (10), 45-47.
155. E.g., various chapters in Andrew MacIntyre, ed., Business and Government in Industrializing Asia (Allen and Unwin, 1994).
156. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, (Yale University, 1967), pp. 59-64; and Huntington, "Modernization and Corruption," in A.J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
157. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, (Yale University, 1967), pp. 59-64; and Huntington, "Modernization and Corruption," in A.J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).
158. He Zhaiping, "A Functionalist Analysis of Corruption," Shehui 1994 (12), 28-29.
159. Zhu Zhongdi, "An Economic Analysis of Corruption." Jingji ribao Oct. 8, 1993.
160. Wang Funing, Fan fubai, 63-64.
161. Other than those that discuss corruption's functions, almost every Chinese article and book cited in this paper mentions corruption's harms. For additional ones, see Wu Jinglian, "Combating corruption must start from the roots," Huanjiu qiyejia 1993 (2), reprinted in XHWZ 1994 (11), 24-25; Lu Jidian, "Getting out of the Evil Zone of 'Rent-seeking,'" Shehui kexue yanjiu 1994 (6), 21-24; Shao Daosheng, "Three Obstacles to the Social Development of Our Country at Present," Zhongguo qinnianbao, Oct. 5, 1993; Li Guorong, "Corruption: A Catalyst for Inflation," Tansuo yu zhengming 1994 (7), 25-26.
162. Other than those that discuss corruption's functions, almost every Chinese article and book cited in this paper mentions corruption's harms. For additional ones, see Wu Jinglian, "Combating corruption must start from the roots," Huanjiu qiyejia 1993 (2), reprinted in XHWZ 1994 (11), 24-25; Lu Jidian, "Getting out of the Evil Zone of 'Rent-seeking,'" Shehui kexue yanjiu 1994 (6), 21-24; Shao Daosheng, "Three Obstacles to the Social Development of Our Country at Present," Zhongguo qinnianbao, Oct. 5, 1993; Li Guorong, "Corruption: A Catalyst for Inflation," Tansuo yu zhengming 1994 (7), 25-26.
163. Other than those that discuss corruption's functions, almost every Chinese article and book cited in this paper mentions corruption's harms. For additional ones, see Wu Jinglian, "Combating corruption must start from the roots," Huanjiu qiyejia 1993 (2), reprinted in XHWZ 1994 (11), 24-25; Lu Jidian, "Getting out of the Evil Zone of 'Rent-seeking,'" Shehui kexue yanjiu 1994 (6), 21-24; Shao Daosheng, "Three Obstacles to the Social Development of Our Country at Present," Zhongguo qinnianbao, Oct. 5, 1993; Li Guorong, "Corruption: A Catalyst for Inflation," Tansuo yu zhengming 1994 (7), 25-26.
164. Other than those that discuss corruption's functions, almost every Chinese article and book cited in this paper mentions corruption's harms. For additional ones, see Wu Jinglian, "Combating corruption must start from the roots," Huanjiu qiyejia 1993 (2), reprinted in XHWZ 1994 (11), 24-25; Lu Jidian, "Getting out of the Evil Zone of 'Rent-seeking,'" Shehui kexue yanjiu 1994 (6), 21-24; Shao Daosheng, "Three Obstacles to the Social Development of Our Country at Present," Zhongguo qinnianbao, Oct. 5, 1993; Li Guorong, "Corruption: A Catalyst for Inflation," Tansuo yu zhengming 1994 (7), 25-26.
165. Other than those that discuss corruption's functions, almost every Chinese article and book cited in this paper mentions corruption's harms. For additional ones, see Wu Jinglian, "Combating corruption must start from the roots," Huanjiu qiyejia 1993 (2), reprinted in XHWZ 1994 (11), 24-25; Lu Jidian, "Getting out of the Evil Zone of 'Rent-seeking,'" Shehui kexue yanjiu 1994 (6), 21-24; Shao Daosheng, "Three Obstacles to the Social Development of Our Country at Present," Zhongguo qinnianbao, Oct. 5, 1993; Li Guorong, "Corruption: A Catalyst for Inflation," Tansuo yu zhengming 1994 (7), 25-26.
166. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
167. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
168. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
169. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
170. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
171. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics Aug. 1995 (109), 681-712; Pranab Bardhan, "Corruption and Growth: the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 1997; Kimberly Elliot, Corruption and the Global Economy (Institute of Economic Studies, 1997), esp. Susan Rose Ackerman, "The Political Economy of Corruption," in ibid., pp. 31-60; Daniel Kaufmann, "Corruption: the Facts." Foreign Policy Summer 1997, 114-131; Kevin Murphy. Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, "Why Is Rent-Seeking s Costly to Growth?" American Economic Review May 1993 (83:2), 409-414.
172. Ding Xueliang, "The Illicit Asset Stripping of Chinese State Firms," The China Journal Jan. 2000 (43), 1-28; "Who Gets What, How?" Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 1999, 32-41; and "Informal Privatization through Internationalization: The Rise of Nomenklature Capitalism in China's Offshore Business," British Journal of Political Science Jan. 2000 (30:1), 121-146.
173. Ding Xueliang, "The Illicit Asset Stripping of Chinese State Firms," The China Journal Jan. 2000 (43), 1-28; "Who Gets What, How?" Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 1999, 32-41; and "Informal Privatization through Internationalization: The Rise of Nomenklature Capitalism in China's Offshore Business," British Journal of Political Science Jan. 2000 (30:1), 121-146.
174. Ding Xueliang, "The Illicit Asset Stripping of Chinese State Firms," The China Journal Jan. 2000 (43), 1-28; "Who Gets What, How?" Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 1999, 32-41; and "Informal Privatization through Internationalization: The Rise of Nomenklature Capitalism in China's Offshore Business," British Journal of Political Science Jan. 2000 (30:1), 121-146.
175. Chen Jian, Liushi de Zhongguo (The Loss of China's Properties) (Beijing: the Chinese Metropolis Press, 1998), preface; He Qinglian, Xiandaihua de xianjing, 106; Song Zhenguo, "Reflections on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration in China," Zhengfa luntan 1999 (5), 9-13.
176. Chen Jian, Liushi de Zhongguo (The Loss of China's Properties) (Beijing: the Chinese Metropolis Press, 1998), preface; He Qinglian, Xiandaihua de xianjing, 106; Song Zhenguo, "Reflections on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration in China," Zhengfa luntan 1999 (5), 9-13.
177. Chen Jian, Liushi de Zhongguo (The Loss of China's Properties) (Beijing: the Chinese Metropolis Press, 1998), preface; He Qinglian, Xiandaihua de xianjing, 106; Song Zhenguo, "Reflections on Fighting Corruption and Promoting Clean Administration in China," Zhengfa luntan 1999 (5), 9-13.
178. The figures cited are according to the State Slatistics Bureau. See "Public consumption and Tax Evasion are serious problems," DFLZ 1995 (10), 13.
179. These figures are according to 1996 data from the Treasury Ministry. See "An Analysis of Three Types of 'Guest-accompanying Phenomenon' in Township and Village Governments," from Dangyuan tekan, in DFLZ 1996 (2), 8.
180. These figures are according to 1996 data from the Treasury Ministry. See "An Analysis of Three Types of 'Guest-accompanying Phenomenon' in Township and Village Governments," from Dangyuan tekan, in DFLZ 1996 (2), 8.
181. This is according to a 1996 report cited in "An Analysis of Three Types of 'Accompanying Phenomenon' in Township and Village Governments," from Dangyuan tekan; reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (2), 8.
182. This is according to a 1996 report cited in "An Analysis of Three Types of 'Accompanying Phenomenon' in Township and Village Governments," from Dangyuan tekan; reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (2), 8.
183. "The Annoying Custom of Entertaining and Gift Giving," from Dangzheng Jiaoluo; in DFLZ 1997 (1), 31.
184. "The Annoying Custom of Entertaining and Gift Giving," from Dangzheng Jiaoluo; in DFLZ 1997 (1), 31.
185. Ibid.
186. "Worrying Thoughts on Public Funded Car Consumption," Dangyuan tekan, excerpted in DFLZ April 1996 (4), 21.
187. "Worrying Thoughts on Public Funded Car Consumption," Dangyuan tekan, excerpted in DFLZ April 1996 (4), 21.
188. "Cell Phones in Violation of Regulations: A Black Drain Where Public Money Flows," from Guangming ribao; in DFLZ 1998 (1), 12 And "Reflection on the Heat Wave of Public Funded Cell Phones," Jing Jian, reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (1), 12-13.
189. "Cell Phones in Violation of Regulations: A Black Drain Where Public Money Flows," from Guangming ribao; in DFLZ 1998 (1), 12 And "Reflection on the Heat Wave of Public Funded Cell Phones," Jing Jian, reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (1), 12-13.
190. "Cell Phones in Violation of Regulations: A Black Drain Where Public Money Flows," from Guangming ribao; in DFLZ 1998 (1), 12 And "Reflection on the Heat Wave of Public Funded Cell Phones," Jing Jian, reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (1), 12-13.
191. "Cell Phones in Violation of Regulations: A Black Drain Where Public Money Flows," from Guangming ribao; in DFLZ 1998 (1), 12 And "Reflection on the Heat Wave of Public Funded Cell Phones," Jing Jian, reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (1), 12-13.
192. "Corruption in Travel Receipts," Dangzheng Jiaoluo, reprinted in DFLZ July, 1997 (7), 22-23.
193. "Corruption in Travel Receipts," Dangzheng Jiaoluo, reprinted in DFLZ July, 1997 (7), 22-23.
194. "Private Consumption of Public Funds: an Immeasurable Black Hole," DFLZ June, 1995 (6), 10-12.
195. Chen Jian, Liushi de Zhongguo, 116.
196. "Rampant Conferences in China," Xinwen huibao; excerpted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 17.
197. "Rampant Conferences in China," Xinwen huibao; excerpted in DFLZ June 1999 (6), 17.
198. According to the National Tax Bureau, 50% of all state firms and 60% of collective firms evade or cheat on their taxes. The figures for the non-state sector may be even higher: estimated at 60% for Chinese-foreign joint ventures, 80% for private enterprises, and 100% for self-employed vendors. If calculated at a low of 6% evasion rate, out of China's 3138.03 billion Yuan of total GDP in 1993, tax evasions would amount to 188.28 billion Yuan, or 42.6% of the country's fiscal revenues for the year; see "A Look into the Violations and Transgressions of Company Heads and Managers," DFLZWZ 1994 (4), 18; and "Public Funded Consumption and Tax Cheatings are Serious Problems," ibid. 1995 (10), 13.
199. According to the National Tax Bureau, 50% of all state firms and 60% of collective firms evade or cheat on their taxes. The figures for the non-state sector may be even higher: estimated at 60% for Chinese-foreign joint ventures, 80% for private enterprises, and 100% for self-employed vendors. If calculated at a low of 6% evasion rate, out of China's 3138.03 billion Yuan of total GDP in 1993, tax evasions would amount to 188.28 billion Yuan, or 42.6% of the country's fiscal revenues for the year; see "A Look into the Violations and Transgressions of Company Heads and Managers," DFLZWZ 1994 (4), 18; and "Public Funded Consumption and Tax Cheatings are Serious Problems," ibid. 1995 (10), 13.
200. From Wen Hui Bao, reprinted in DFLZ 1996 (4), 16.
201. Yao Zhenghua, "Heavily Punish 'Construction Corruption,'" Xinxi ribao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (5), 16-18; and Sun Kai, "Three Y100 Billions that Call for Deep Reflection," Zhongguo qingnian bao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (9), 14.
202. Yao Zhenghua, "Heavily Punish 'Construction Corruption,'" Xinxi ribao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (5), 16-18; and Sun Kai, "Three Y100 Billions that Call for Deep Reflection," Zhongguo qingnian bao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (9), 14.
203. Yao Zhenghua, "Heavily Punish 'Construction Corruption,'" Xinxi ribao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (5), 16-18; and Sun Kai, "Three Y100 Billions that Call for Deep Reflection," Zhongguo qingnian bao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (9), 14.
204. Yao Zhenghua, "Heavily Punish 'Construction Corruption,'" Xinxi ribao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (5), 16-18; and Sun Kai, "Three Y100 Billions that Call for Deep Reflection," Zhongguo qingnian bao; excerpted in DFLZ 1999 (9), 14.
205. See ibid. and particularly Li Mingde, "The Negative Social and Psychological Effects of Corruption," Sichuan sifan xueyuan xuebao Aug. 1994 (4), 98-99, 102; and Wu Ligu and Zhang Mingzhong, "The Harms and Roots."
206. See ibid. and particularly Li Mingde, "The Negative Social and Psychological Effects of Corruption," Sichuan sifan xueyuan xuebao Aug. 1994 (4), 98-99, 102; and Wu Ligu and Zhang Mingzhong, "The Harms and Roots."
207. See ibid. and particularly Li Mingde, "The Negative Social and Psychological Effects of Corruption," Sichuan sifan xueyuan xuebao Aug. 1994 (4), 98-99, 102; and Wu Ligu and Zhang Mingzhong, "The Harms and Roots."
208. Xu Zezhou, "Combating corruption and maintaining social stability,"Guangming ribao, Nov. 28, 1990.
209. Song Zhenguo, "Reflections," 14.