Combustion modelling opportunities and challenges for oxy-coal carbon capture technology

Chemical Engineering Research and Design

Volumn 89, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1470-1493

  Edge, P ^a   Gharebaghi, M ^a   Irons, R ^b   Porter, R ^a   Porter, R T J ^a   Pourkashanian, M ^a   Smith, D ^c   Stephenson, P ^d   Williams, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b EON Technologies   (United Kingdom)

^c Doosan Power Systems Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^d RWE POWER AG   (Germany)

Author keywords

CFD modelling; Char combustion; Kinetic modelling; Oxy coal combustion; Radiative heat transfer; Turbulence

Indexed keywords

CFD MODELLING; CHAR COMBUSTION; KINETIC MODELLING; OXY-COAL COMBUSTION; RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER;

CARBON DIOXIDE; COAL; COAL STORAGE; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT TRANSFER; KINETICS; MERCURY (METAL); POLLUTION; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; RETROFITTING; TURBULENCE;

COAL COMBUSTION;

EID: 79956344921     PISSN: 02638762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2010.11.010     Document Type: Article

References (240)

1. Abele, A.R., Kindt, G.S., Clark, W.D., Payne, R., Chen, S.L., 1987. An experimental program to test the feasibility of obtaining normal performance from combustion using oxygen and recycled gas instead of air. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-TM-204, DE89-002383.
2. 2 for enhanced recovery. Oil Gas J. 1982, 80(11):68-70.
3. Allam R.J., White V., Panesar R.S., Dillon D. Optimising the design of an oxyfuel-fired advanced supercritical PF boiler. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems. Coal Technology: Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow 2005, B.A. Sakkestad (Ed.).
4. Andersson K., Johansson R., Johansson F., Leckner B. Radiation intensity of propane-fired oxy-fuel flames: implications for soot formation. Energy Fuels 2008, 22(3):1535-1541.
5. Andersson K., Johansson R., Hjärtstam S., Johansson F., Leckner B. Radiation intensity of lignite-fired oxy-fuel flames. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2008, 33(1):67-76.
6. Andersson K., Normann F., Johnsson F., Leckner B. NO emission during oxy-fuel combustion of lignite. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47:1835-1845.
7. Backreedy R.I., Fletcher L.M., Ma L., Pourkashanian M., Williams A. Modelling pulverized coal combustion using a detailed coal combustion model. Combust. Sci. Technol. 2006, 178(4):763-787.
8. Badzioch S., Hawksley P.G.W. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pulverized coal particles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1970, 9:521-530.
9. Batten P., Goldberg U., Peroomian O., Chakravarthy S. Recommendations and best practise for the current state of the art in turbulence modelling. Int. J. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 2000, 23:363-374.
10. Baum M.M., Street P.J. Predicting the combustion behaviour of coal particles. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1971, 3(4):231-243.
11. 2 mixtures replace air. ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 86-WA/HT51 1986.
12. Bessone J.B. The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media. Corros. Sci. 2006, 48(12):4243-4256.
13. Bezzo F., Macchiato S., Pantelides C. A general framework for the integration of computational fluid dynamics and process simulation. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2000, 24:653-658.
14. Bhatia S.K., Perlmutter D.D. A random pore model for fluid-solid reactions: I. Isothermal, kinetic control. AIChE J. 1980, 26(3):379-386.
15. Bhatia S.K., Vartak B.J. Reaction of microporous solids: the discrete random pore model. Carbon 1996, 34(11):1383-1391.
16. Bueters, K., 1983. Brief Descriptive Listing of In-House Furnace and Boiler Programs. Report EDD-83-25. Combustion Engineering Inc.
17. Blokh A.G. Heat Transfer in Steam Boiler Furnaces 1988, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, London. English ed.
18. Bray K.N., Peters, N., 1994. Laminar Flamelets in Turbulent Flames. in: Libby P.A., Williams P.A. (Eds.), Turbulent Reacting Flows, pp. 63-114.
19. Breussin F., Pigari F., Weber R. Predicting the near-burner-zone flow field and chemistry of swirl-stabilised low-NOx flames of pulverised coal using the RNG-k-e{open}, RSM and k-e{open} turbulence models. Symp. Int. Combust. 1996, 26:211-217.
20. Brookes S.J., Moss J.B. Predictions of soot and thermal radiation properties in confined turbulent jet diffusion flames. Combust. Flame 1999, 116(4):486-503.
21. Buhre B.J.P., Elliott L.K., Sheng C.D., Gupta R.P., Wall T.F. Oxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired power generation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2005, 31(4):283-307.
22. Cao H., Sun S., Liu Y., Wall T.F. Computational fluid dynamics modelling of NOx reduction mechanism in oxy-fuel combustion. Energy Fuels 2009, 24(1):131-135.
23. Carey G., Finlayson B. Orthogonal collocation on finite elements. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1975, 30:587-596.
24. Carlisle R.P. Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries 2004, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, 365 pp.
25. Cauch B., Silcox G.D., Lighty J.S., Wendt J.O.L., Fry A., Senior C.L. Confounding effects of aqueous-phase impinger chemistry on apparent oxidation of mercury in flue gases. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(7):2594-2599.
26. Chagger H.K., Jones J.M., Pourkashanian M., Williams A. The nature of hydrocarbon emissions formed during the cooling of combustion products. Fuel 1997, 76(9):861-864.
27. Chalmers, H., 2010. Flexible operation of coal-fired power plant with CO2 capture. IEA Clean Coal Centre Report CCC/160.
28. Chang H., Charalampopoulos T.T. Determination of the wavelength dependence of refractive indexes of flame soot. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 1990, 430(1880):577-591.
29. Chow W., Li J. Numerical experiments on thermal plumes with k-e{open} types of turbulence models. Build. Environ. 2007, 42:2819-2828.
30. Chui E.H., Douglas M.A., Tan Y. Modeling of oxy-fuel combustion for a western Canadian sub-bituminous coal. Fuel 2003, 82:1201-1210.
31. Chui E.H., Hughes P.M.J., Raithby G.D. Implementation of the finite-volume method for calculating radiative transfer in a pulverized fuel flame. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1993, 92(4-6):225-242.
32. Chui E.H., Majeski A.J., Douglas M.A., Tan Y., Thambimuthu K.V. Numerical investigation of oxy-coal combustion to evaluate burner and combustor design concepts. Energy 2004, 29(9-10):1285-1296.
33. Coelho, P.J., 1996. Mathematical modelling of the convection chamber of a utility boiler. In: Joint meeting of the Portuguese, British, Spanish and Swedish sections of the Combustion Institute, pp. 23.6.1-23.6.4.
34. Coelho P.J. Numerical simulation of the interaction between turbulence and radiation in reactive flows. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2007, 33(4):311-383.
35. Coelho P.J., Teerling O.J., Roekaerts D. Spectral radiative effects and turbulence/radiation interaction in a non-luminous turbulent jet diffusion flame. Combust. Flame 2003, 133(1-2):75-91.
36. Cortes C., Diez L., Campo A. Modeling large-size boilers as a set of heat exchangers: tips and tricks. ASME HTD Combust. Energ. Syst. 2001, 269(4):41-44.
37. 2 recycle coal combustion. Fuel 2001, 80(14):2117-2121.
38. Croiset E., Douglas P.L., Tan Y. Coal oxyfuel combustion: a review. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems-Clearwater Coal Conference 2005.
39. Dalzell W.H., Sarofim A.F. Optical constanta of soot and their application to heat-flux calculations. J. Heat Transfer 1969, 91:100-104.
40. Dajnak D., Clark K.D., Lockwood F.C., Reed G. The prediction of mercury retention in ash from pulverised combustion of coal and sewage sludge. Fuel 2003, 82:1901-1909.
41. De Stefano G., Vasilyev O.V. Sharp cutoff versus spatial filtering in large eddy simulation. Phys. Fluids 2002, 14(1):362-370.
42. Diez L., Cortes C., Campo A. Modelling of pulverized coal boilers: review and validation of on-line simulation techniques. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2005, 25:1516-1533.
43. 2 mixtures. ASME J. Heat Transfer 1995, 117:788-792.
44. Douglas M.A., Chui E.H., Tan Y., Lee G.K., Croiset E., Thambimuthu K.V. Oxy-fuel combustion at the CANMET vertical combustor research facility. Proc. of the First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration 2001.
45. Edwards D.K., Balakrishnan A. Thermal radiation by combustion gases. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1973, 16:25-40.
46. Edwards J.R., Srivastava R.K., Kilgroe J.D. A study of gas-phase mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 51:869-877.
47. EPRI, 1988. Slag Monitoring for Utility Boilers. Final Report 1893-5. The Electric Power Research Institute.
48. Ergun S. Kinetics of the Reactions of Carbon Dioxide and Steam with Coke 1962, U.S. Department of the interior - Bureau of Mines, Washington.
49. Fan P., Qian L., Ma Y., Sun P., Cen K. Computational modelling of pulverised coal combustion processes in tangentially fired furnaces. Chem. Eng. J. 2001, 81:261-269.
50. Farzan H., McDonald D., Varagani R., Docquier N., Perrin N. Evaluation of oxy-coal combustion at a 30MWth pilot. 1st Oxy-Coal Combustion Conference 2009.
51. Field M.A., Gill D.W., Morgan B.B., Hawksley P.G.W. Combustion of Pulverized Coal 1967, British Coal Utilization Research Association, Leatherhead, UK.
52. Fleig D., Normann F., Andersson K., Johnsson F., Leckner B. The fate of sulphur during oxy-fuel combustion of lignite. Energy Expedia 2009, 1(1):383-390.
53. 13C NMR data to predict effects of coal type. Energy Fuels 1992, 6:414-431.
54. Fletcher T.H., Kerstein A.R., Pugmire R.J., Grant D.M. Chemical percolation model for devolatilization: 2. Temperature and heating rate effects on product yields. Energy Fuels 1990, 4:54-60.
55. Fletcher T.H., Ma J., Rigby J.R., Brown A.L., Webb B.W. Soot in coal combustion systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1997, 23(3):283-301.
56. Forsythe G.E., Wasow W.R. Finite-difference methods for partial differential equations 1960, J. Wiley, New York.
57. Fout T., Li Z.S., Ciferno J., Brickett L., Matuszewski M. Oxy-combustion technology research through the DOE-NETL existing plants capture program. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
58. Frenklach M., Wang H. Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth. Symp. Int. Combust. 1990, 23:1559-1566.
59. Frisch U. Turbulence: The Legacy of A.N. Kolmogorov 1995, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
60. Fuijwara N., Fujita Y., Tomura K., Moritomi H., Tuji T., Takasu S., Niksa S. Mercury transformations in the exhausts from lab-scale coal flames. Fuel 2002, 81(16):2045-2052.
61. Gatski T., Speziale C. On explicit algebraic stress models for complex turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 1993, 253:59-78.
62. Gharebaghi M., Goh B., Porter R.T.J., Pourkashanian M., Williams A. Fate of mercury in oxy-coal combustion. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
63. Ghosal S., Moin P. The basic equations for the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows in complex geometry. J. Comput. Phys. 1995, 8:24-37.
64. 2 atmosphere. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
65. 2 atmosphere: an experimental and kinetic modelling study. Combust. Flame 2010, 157:267-276.
66. 2 concentration in oxy-fuel combustion of methane. Energy Fuels 2008, 22:291-296.
67. Goodwin D.G., Mitchner M. Fly ash radiative properties and effects on radiative heat transfer in coal-fired systems. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1989, 32(4):627-638.
68. Goody R.M. A statistical model for water-vapour absorption. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 1952, 78:165-169.
69. Gottlieb D., Orszag S.A. Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications 1977, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.
70. Gran I., Ertesvag I., Magnussen B. Influence of turbulence modelling on predictions of turbulent combustion. AIAA J. 1997, 2(1):1-5.
71. Grant D.M., Pugmire R.J., Fletcher T.H., Kerstein A.R. Chemical percolation model of coal devolatilization using percolation lattice statistics. Energy Fuels 1989, 3:175-186.
72. Grosshandler W.L. Radiative heat transfer in non homogeneous gases: a simplified approach. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1980, 23(11):1447-1459.
73. Gupta J.S., Bhatia S.K. A modified discrete random pore model allowing for different initial surface reactivity. Carbon 2000, 38(1):47-58.
74. Halmos P.R. Lectures on Ergodic Theory 1956, Chelsea Publication Company, New York.
75. Hampartsoumian E., Murdoch P.L., Pourkashanian M., Trangmar D.T., Williams A. The reactivity of coal chars gasified in a carbon-dioxide environment. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1993, 92(1-3):105-121.
76. Harlow, F., Nakayama, P., 1968. Transport of turbulent energy decay rate. Los Alamos Science Lab, University of California Report LA-3854.
77. Hausen H. Heat Transfer in Counterflow, Parallel Flow and Cross Flow 1983, McGraw-Hill, New York.
78. Haynes B.S., Wagner H.G. Soot Formation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1981, 7(4):229-273.
79. Hesselmann, G., Fish, S., Linsell, P., 1996. The integration of CFD generated data into engineering performance models. Report E/96/21. Mitsui Babcock Ltd.
80. Hill S.C., Smoot L.D., Smith P.J. Prediction of nitrogen oxide formation in turbulent coal flames. Symp. Int. Combust. 1985, 20(1):1391-1400.
81. Hinze J.O. Turbulence: An Introduction to its Mechanism and Theory 1975, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York. 2nd ed.
82. Horn F.L., Steinberg M. Control of carbon dioxide emissions from a power plant (and use in enhanced oil recovery). Fuel 1982, 61(5):415-422.
83. Hottel H., Cohen E. Radiant exchange in a gas-filled enclosure: allowance for non-uniformity of gas temperature. J. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 1958, 4(1):3-14.
84. Hottel H.C., Sarofim A.F. Radiative Transfer 1967, McGraw-Hill, New York.
85. Hurt R., Sun J.K., Lunden M. A kinetic model of carbon burnout in pulverized coal combustion. Combust. Flame 1998, 113(1-2):181-197.
86. Hurt R.H., Calo J.M. Semi-global intrinsic kinetics for char combustion modelling. Combust. Flame 2001, 125(3):1138-1149.
87. Incropera F., DeWitt D. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 1990, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 3rd ed.
88. Johansson R., Andersson K. Modification of the weighted-sum-of-grey-gases model to account for both air- and oxy-fired conditions. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
89. Johansson R., Andersson K., Leckner B., Thunman H. Models for gaseous radiative heat transfer applied to oxy-fuel conditions in boilers. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2010, 53:220-230.
90. Jones W., Launder B. The prediction of laminarization with a 2-equation model of turbulence. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1972, 15:301-314.
91. Jones J.M., Patterson P.M., Pourkashanian M., Williams A. Approaches to modeling heterogeneous char NO formation/destruction during pulverized coal combustion. Carbon 1999, 137(10):1545-1552.
92. 2 capture - opportunities and challenges. Proc. of 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies 2004.
93. Kalinchak V.V. Influence of Stefan flow and convection on the kinetics of chemical reactions and heat and mass exchange of carbon particles with gases. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2001, 74(2):323-330.
94. Kakaç S. Boilers, Evaporators and Condensers 1991, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
95. Kakaras E., Giannakopoulos D., Doukelis A., Papapavlou Ch., Tertipis D. Development of a radiation model for oxyfuel technologies. 15th IFRF Members Conference 2007.
96. Khan I.M., Greeves G. A method for calculating the formation and combustion of soot in diesel engines. Heat Transfer in Flames 1974, 389-404. Scripta Publishing Company. N.H. Afgan, J.M. Beer (Eds.).
97. 2/RFG combustion-applied pulverised coal fired plant for CO2 recovery. Advanced Coal Combustion 2001, 185-241. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York. T. Miura (Ed.).
98. Kiga T., Takano S., Kimura N., Omata K., Okawa M., Mori T., Kato M. Characteristics of pulverized-coal combustion in the system of oxygen/recycled flue gas combustion. Energy Convers. Manage. 1997, 38(Suppl. 1):S129-S134.
99. Kim, W., Menon, S., 1997. Application of the localized dynamic subgrid-scale model to turbulent wall-bounded flows. Technical Report AIAA-97-0210. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
100. 2. Energy Convers. Manage. 1995, 36(6-9):805-808.
101. Kobayashi H., Howard J.B., Sarofim A.F. Coal devolatilization at high temperatures. Symp. Int. Combust. 1977, 16(1):411-425.
102. Kolmogorov A. Equations of turbulent motion of an incompressible turbulent fluid. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Phys. 1942, 1:56-58.
103. Kurose R., Watanabe H., Makino H. Numerical simulations of pulverized coal combustion. KONA Powder Particle J. 2009, 27:144-156.
104. Lallemant N., Weber R. A computationally efficient procedure for calculating gas radiative properties using the exponential wide band model. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1996, 39:3273-3286.
105. Launder B.E., Spalding D.B. Lecture in Mathematical Models of Turbulence 1972, Academic Press, London.
106. Launder B., Reece G., Rodi W. Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure. J. Fluid Mech. 1975, 68:537-566.
107. Li G., Modest M.F. Importance of turbulence-radiation interactions in turbulent diffusion jet flames. ASME Int. J. Heat Transfer 2003, 125:831-838.
108. Lien F., Leschziner M. Assessment of turbulence-transport models including non-linear RNG eddy-viscosity formulation and second-moment closure for flow over a backward step. Comput. Fluid 1994, 23:983-1004.
109. Lilly D.K. A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure model. Phys. Fluid 1992, 4:633-635.
110. Liu F., Smallwood G.J. An efficient approach for the implementation of the SNB based correlated-k method and its evaluation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2004, 84:465-475.
111. Liu G.-S., Niksa S. Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part II. Char gasification. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2004, 30(6):679-717.
112. 2 mixtures with NOx recycle. Fuel 2005, 84(16):2109-2115.
113. Liu T.-f., Fang Y.-t., Wang Y. An experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity of chars prepared at high temperatures. Fuel 2008, 87(4-5):460-466.
114. Lockwood F.C., Romo-Millanes C.A. Mathematical modelling of fuel-NO emissions from pf burners. J. Int. Energy 1992, 65:144-152.
115. Lockwood F., Shen B. Performance predictions of pulverised-coal flames of power station furnace and kiln types. Symp. Int. Combust. 1994, 25:503-509.
116. Magnussen B.F., Hjertager B.H. On mathematical models of turbulent combustion with special emphasis on soot formation and combustion. Symp. Int. Combust. 1976, 16(1):719-729.
117. Magnussen, B.F., 1981. On the structure of turbulence and a generalized eddy dissipation concept for chemical reaction in turbulent flow, IAAA science meeting: Missouri, USA.
118. Marakis J.G., Papapavlou C., Kakaras E. A parametric study of radiative heat transfer in pulverised coal furnaces. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2000, 43(16):2961-2971.
119. Mazumder S., Modest M.F. A probability density function approach to modeling turbulence-radiation interactions in nonluminous flames. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1999, 42(6):971-991.
120. Mehta R.S., Modest M.F., Haworth D.C. Radiation characteristics and turbulence-radiation interactions in sooting turbulent jet flames. Proc. of 2009 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference 2009.
121. Mendiara T., Glarborg P. Ammonia chemistry in oxyfuel combustion of methane. Combust. Flame 2009, 156:1937-1949.
122. Mendiara T., Glarborg P. Reburn chemistry in oxy-fuel combustion of methane. Energy Fuels 2009, 23:3565-3572.
123. Meneveau C., Katz J. Scale-invariance and turbulence models for large-eddy simulation. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2000, 32:1-32.
124. Menter F. Two-equation eddy viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA J. 1994, 32(8):1598-1605.
125. Megdal D., Agosta D. A source flow model for continuum gas-particle flow. J. Appl. Mech. 1967, 35:860-865.
126. Mills A. Heat Transfer 1992, McGraw-Hill, New York.
127. Mitchell S.C. NOx in Pulverised Coal Combustion 1998, IEA Coal Research, London.
128. Mobsby J.A. Thermal modelling of fossil-fired boilers. 1st UK Heat Transfer Conference 1984.
129. Modest M.F. Narrow-band and full-spectrum k-distributions for radiative heat transfer-correlated-k vs. scaling approximation. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2003, 76:69-83.
130. Modest M.F. Radiative Heat Transfer 2003, Academic Press, London. 2nd ed.
131. Modest M.F. Multiscale modelling of turbulence, radiation and combustion interactions in turbulent flames. Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. 2005, 3(1):85-106.
132. Modest M.F., Zhang H.M. The full-spectrum correlated-k distribution for thermal radiation from molecular gas-particulate mixtures. ASME J. Heat Transfer 2002, 124:30-38.
133. Monin A.S., Yaglom A.M. Statistical Fluid Mechanics Vol. II (Section 23.3) 1975, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
134. Murphy J.J., Shaddix C.R. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments. Combust. Flame 2006, 144(4):710-729.
135. 2 recovery. Energy Convers. Manage. 1992, 33(5-8):379-386.
136. Niksa S. FLASHCHAIN Theory for rapid coal devolatilisation kinetics. 4. Predicting ultimate yields from ultimate analysis alone. Energy Fuels 1994, 8:659.
137. Niksa S., Fujiwara N., Fujita Y., Tomura K., Moritomi H., Tuji T., Takasu S. A mechanism for mercury oxidation in coal-derived exhausts. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52:894-901.
138. 2O in predicting oxidation in coal-derived systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:3701-3707.
139. Niksa S., Naik C.V., Berry M.S., Monroe L. Interpreting enhanced Hg oxidation with Br addition at plant miller. Fuel Process. Technol. 2009, 90(11):1372-1377.
140. Normann F., Andersson K., Leckner B., Johnsonn F. High-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides in oxy-fuel combustion. Fuel 2008, 87:3579-3585.
141. Normann F., Andersson K., Leckner B., Johnsson F. Emission control of nitrogen oxides in the oxy-fuel process. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2009, 35:385-397.
142. Norton G.A., Yang H., Brown R.C., Laudal D.L., Dunham G.E., Erjavec J. Heterogeneous oxidation of mercury in simulated post combustion conditions. Fuel 2003, 82(2):107-116.
143. 2 mixture. Energy 1997, 22(2/3):199-205.
144. Oboukhov A.N. Some specific features of atmospheric turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 1961, 13:77-81.
145. Ordys A., Pike A., Johnson M., Katebi R., Grimble M. Modelling and Simulation of Power Generation Plants 1994, Springer-Verlag, London.
146. Orszag S., Yakhot V., Flannery W., Boysan F., Choudhury D., Maruzewski J., Patel B. Renormalization group modeling and turbulence simulations. Near-wall turbulent flows. Proceedings of the International Conference on Near Wall Turbulent Flows 1993, 1031-1046.
147. Park H., Faulkner M., Turrell M., Stopford P. Coupled fluid dynamics and whole plant simulation of coal combustion in a tangentially-fired boiler. Fuel 2010, 89(8):2001-2010.
148. Park J., Park J.S., Kim H.P., Kim J.S., Kim S.C., Choi J.G., Cho H.C., Cho K.W., Park H.S. NO emission behavior in oxy-fuel combustion recirculated with carbon dioxide. Energy Fuels 2007, 21(1):121-129.
149. Patel V., Wang M. The development of a virtual plant demonstration model. 18th International Conference on System Engineering 2006.
150. 2 recovery via coal combustion in mixtures. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1989, 67:1-16.
151. Peters N. Laminar Flamelet Concepts in Turbulent Combustion. Symp. Int. Combust. 1986, 21(1):1231-1250.
152. Peters A., Weber R. Mathematical Modelling of a 2.4MW Swirling Pulverized Coal Flame. Combust. Sci. Tech. 1997, 122(1):131-182.
153. 2 mixtures at high temperature. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 1999, 62:523-548.
154. Pitsch H. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent combustion. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006, 38:453-482.
155. PMAX Real-Time Performance Monitoring 1992, On-line Systems, Halliburton Nus Environmental Corporation.
156. Power Technologies Plant Monitoring Workstation, Performance Subroutines 1992, Power Technologies Inc.
157. Presto A.A., Granite E.J., Karash A. Further investigation of the impact of sulfur oxides on mercury capture by activated carbon. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46(24):8273-8276.
158. Presto A., Granite E. Impact of sulfur oxides on mercury capture by activated carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:6579-6585.
159. Raj A., Celnik M., Shirley R., Sander M., Patterson R., West R., Kraft M. A statistical approach to develop a detailed soot growth model using PAH characteristics. Combust. Flame 2009, 156(4):896-913.
160. 2) conditions. Fuel Process. Technol. 2009, 90(6):797-802.
161. Reid C., Smith P., Thornock J., Pedel J. Temporally and spatially resolved calculations of a reacting coal jet using large eddy simulations (LES) and direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM). Proc. of 16th IFRF Members' Conference 2009.
162. 2O: competition and inhibition. Fuel 2007, 86(17-18):2672-2678.
163. Rogallo R.S., Moin P. Numerical simulation of turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1984, 16:99-137.
164. Rubinstein R., Barton J. Non-linear Reynolds stress models and the renormalisation group. Phys. Fluids A 1990, 2:1472-1476.
165. Sable S.P., Jong W.de, Spliethoff H. Combined homo- and heterogeneous model for mercury speciation in pulverized fuel combustion flue gases. Energy Fuels 2008, 22(1):321-330.
166. 2 capture. The 3rd International Oxy-Combustion Network Meeting 2008, Available at http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/presentations/PPTPDFs/3rdoxywkss08.pdf.
167. Santos S., Haines M., Davison J. Challenges in the development of oxy-combustion technology for coal fired power plant. Proc. of the 31st International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems 2006, B.A. Sakkestad (Ed.).
168. Sazhin S.S., Sazhina E.M., Faltsi-Saravelou O., Wild P. The P-1 model for thermal radiation transfer: advantages and limitations. Fuel 1996, 75(3):289-294.
169. Schofield K. Fuel-mercury combustion emissions: an important heterogeneous mechanism and an overall review of its implications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:9014-9030.
170. Seltzer A., Fan Z., Hack H. Oxyfuel coal combustion power plant system optimization. 7th Annual COAL_GEN Conference 2007.
171. Shaddix C.R., Molina A. Particle imaging of ignition and devolatilisation of pulverized coal during oxy-fuel combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 2009, 32(2):2091-2098.
172. Shah P., Strezov V., Nelson P.F. Speciation of mercury in coal-fired power station flue gas. Energy Fuels 2009, 24(1):205-212.
173. Siegel R., Howell J.R. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer 1992, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, London. 3rd ed.
174. Singer J. Combustion Fossil Power Systems. A Reference Book on Fuel Burning and Steam Generation 1991, Combustion Engineering Inc. 4th ed.
175. 2 recycle combustion. Energy Convers. Manage. 2003, 44:3073-3091.
176. 3 on mercury removal with activated carbon: full-scale results. Fuel Process. Technol. 2009, 90(11):1419-1423.
177. Sloan D., Fiveland W., Zitney S., Syamlal M. Power plant simulations using process analysis software linked to advanced modules. Proc. of the 29th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems 2004.
178. Smagorinsky J. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment. Month. Wea. Rev. 1963, 91:99-164.
179. Smart J., O'Nions P., Riley G. Radiation and convective heat transfer, and burnout in oxy-coal combustion. Fuel 2010, 89(9):2468-2476.
180. Smedley J.M., Williams A., Bartle K.D. A mechanism for the formation of soot particles and soot deposits. Combust. Flame 1992, 91:71-82.
181. Smith R.K. Radiation effects on large fire plumes. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1967, 11:507-515.
182. Smith P.J., Thornock J.N., Borodai S. LES of an oxy-fuel fired coal flame in the near-burner regions. AIChE Annual Meeting 2007 2008.
183. Smith I.W. The combustion rates of coal chars: a review. Symp. Int. Combust. 1982, 19(1):1045-1065.
184. Smith K.L., Smoot L.D., Fletcher T.H. Coal characteristics, structures and reaction rates. Fundamentals of Coal Combustion 1993, 131-298. Elsevier, Amsterdam. L.D. Smoot (Ed.).
185. x pollutant formation in a turbulent coal system in coal combustion and gasification. Coal Combustion and Gasification 1985, 373. Plenum, New York. L.D. Smoot, P.J. Smith (Eds.).
186. Smyth K.C., Shaddix C.R. The elusive history of m=1.57-0.56i for the refractive index of soot. Combust. Flame 1996, 107:314-320.
187. Solovjov V.P., Webb B.W. SLW modelling of radiative transfer in multicomponent gas mixtures. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2000, 65:655-672.
188. Solovjov V.P., Webb B.W. The SLW model: exact limits and relationships to other global methods. Proc. of 2009 ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference 2009.
189. Solomon P.R., Fletcher T.H. Impact of coal pyrolysis on combustion. Symp. Int. Combust. 1994, 25:463-474.
190. Song T.H., Viskanta R. Interaction of radiation with turbulence-application to a combustion system. J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. AIAA 1987, 1(1):56-62.
191. Spalart P. Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 2000, 21:252-263.
192. Spalding, D.B., 1969. The prediction of two-dimensional, steady turbulent flows. Imperial College Heat transfer Section Report EF/TN/A/16.
193. Spalding D.B. Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confined turbulent flames. Symp. Int. Combust. 1970, 13(1):649-657.
194. Spalding, D.B., 1971. The calculations of combustion processes. Imperial College, Mech. Eng Dept. Report RF/TN/A/7.
195. Speziale C. On non-linear k-l and k-e{open} models of turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 1987, 178:459-475.
196. Stein O., Kempf A. Numerical simulation of oxyfuel combustion. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
197. Ströhle J., Epple B. Spectral modelling of radiative heat transfer in oxy-coal combustion. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
198. Strömberg L. Oxyfuel-the way forward and the drivers. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
199. Steam-Its Generation and Use 1992, Babcock & Wilcox, Ohio. 40th ed. S. Stultz, J. Kitto (Eds.).
200. 2 combustion. Fuel 2007, 86(12-13):2008-2015.
201. Sung C.J., Law C.K. Dominant chemistry and physical factors affecting NO formation and control in oxy-fuel burning. Symp. Int. Combust. 1980, 27(1-2):1411-1418.
202. 2 coal combustion. Energy Fuels 2006, 20:2357-2363.
203. Syamlal M., Osawe M. Reduced order models for CFD models integrated with process simulation. AIChE 2004 Annual Meeting 2004.
204. Taine J., Soufiani A. Gas IR radiative properties: from spectroscopic data to approximate models. Advances in Heat Transfer 1999, vol. 33:295-414. Academic Press, New York.
205. Tan Y., Croiset E., Douglas M.A., Thambimuthu K.V. Combustion characteristics of coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas. Fuel 2006, 85(4):507-512.
206. Tesner P.A., Smegiriova T.D., Knorre V.G. Kinetics of dispersed carbon formation. Combust. Flame 1971, 17(2):253-260.
207. Toftegaard M.B., Brix J., Jensen P.A., Glarborg P., Jensen A.D. Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2010, 36(5):581-625.
208. 2 atmosphere. Combust. Flame 2008, 155:605-618.
209. Toporov D., Tschunko S., Erfurth J., Kneer R. Modeling of oxycoal combustion in a small scale test facility. 7th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers, INFUB 2006 2006.
210. Ubhayakar S.K., Stickler D.B., Von Rosenberg C.W., Gannon R.E. Rapid devolatilization of pulverized coal in hot combustion gases. Symp. Int. Combust. 1977, 16(1):427-436.
211. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Clean Air Mercury Rule. 40CFR Parts 60, 63, 72 and 75.
212. Van de Hulst H.C. Multiple Light Scattering: Tables, Formulas and Applications 1980, Academic Press, New York, London.
213. Versteeg H., Malalasekera W. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method 1995, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex, UK.
214. Veynante D. Large eddy simulations for turbulent combustion. Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting (ECM 2005) 2005.
215. Viskanta R., Mengüç M.P. Radiation heat transfer in combustion systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1987, 13(2):97-160.
216. Wall T. Fundamentals of oxy-fuel combustion. IEA GHG Inaugural Workshop of the Oxy-fuel Combustion Network 2005.
217. Wall T.F. Combustion processes for carbon capture. Proc. Combust. Inst. 2007, 31:31-47.
218. Wall T., Liu Y., Spero C., Elliott L., Khare S., Rathnam R., Zeenathal F., Moghtaderi B., Buhre B., Sheng C., Gupta R., Yamada T., Makino K., Yu J. An overview on oxyfuel coal combustion-state of the art research and technology development. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2009, 87(8):1003-1016.
219. Wall T., Stanger R., Maier J. Sulphur and coal-fired oxyfuel combustion with CCS: impacts and control options. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
220. Wang A., Modest M.F., Haworth D.C., Wang L. Monte Carlo simulation of radiative heat transfer and turbulence interactions in methane/air jet flames. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2008, 109(2):269-279.
221. Wang C.S., Berry G.F., Chang K.C., Wolsky A.M. Combustion of pulverised coal using waste carbon dioxide and oxygen. Combust. Flame 1988, 72:301-310.
222. Watanabe H., Kurose R., Komori S. Large-eddy simulation of swirling flows in a pulverized coal combustion furnace with a complex burner. J. Environ. Eng. 2009, 4:1-11.
223. Weller, A.E., Rising, B.W., Boiarski, A.A., Nordstrom, R.J., Barrerr, R.E., Luce, R.G., 1985. Experimental evaluation of firing pulverized coal in a CO2/O2 atmosphere. Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/CNSV-TM-168.
224. Werner H., Wengle H. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over and around a cube in a plate channel. Eighth Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows 1991.
225. 2 from large stationary sources and sequestration in geological formation-coal beds and deep saline aquifers. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53(6):645-715.
226. Wilcox D.C. Reassessment of the scale-determining equation for advanced turbulence models. AIAA J. 1988, 26(11):1299-1310.
227. Wilcox D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD 1998, DSW Industries, La Cãnada, CA. 2nd ed.
228. Woycenko, D.M., van de Kamp, W.L., Roberts P.A., 1995. Combustion of pulverised coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas. Summary of the APG research program, International Flame Research Foundation (IFRF) Doc. F98/Y/4. Ijmuiden, The Netherlands.
229. Xing L., Roetzal W. Theoretical investigation on cross-flow heat exchangers with axial dispersion in one fluid. Rev. Gen. Therm. 1998, 37(3):223-233.
230. Xu M., Qiao Y., Zheng C., Li L.C., Liu J. Modeling of homogeneous mercury speciation using detailed chemical kinetics. Combust. Flame 2003, 132:208-218.
231. Yeung P.K., Zhou Y. Universality of the Kolmogorov constant in numerical simulations of turbulence. Phys. Rev. E 1997, 56(2):1746-1752.
232. Yin C., Caillat S., Harion J., Baudoin B., Perez E. Investigation of the flow, combustion, heat-transfer and emissions from a 609MW utility tangentially fired pulverised-coal boiler. Fuel 2002, 81:997-1006.
233. Yoshizawa A. Statistical analysis of the derivation of the Reynolds stress from its eddy viscosity representation. Phys. Fluids 1984, 27:1377-1387.
234. Yu J., Lucas J.A., Wall T.F. Formation of the structure of chars during devolatilization of pulverized coal and its thermoproperties: a review. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2007, 33(2):135-170.
235. Yu M.J., Baek S.W., Park J.H. An extension of the weighted sum of gray gases non-gray gas radiation model to a two phase mixture of non-gray gas with particles. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2000, 43(10):1699-1713.
236. Zhang L., Zhuo Y., Chen L., Xu X., Chen C. Mercury emissions from six coal-fired power plants in China. Fuel Process. Technol. 2008, 89(11):1033-1040.
237. 2 by equilibrium calculations. Fuel Process. Technol. 2003, 81:23-24.
238. 2 capture and standard. IEA GHG 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference 2009.
239. Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R., Nithiarasu P. The Finite Element Method for Fluid Dynamics 2005, Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, London.
240. Zitney S. Advanced co-simulation for computer-aided process design and optimization of fossil energy systems with carbon capture. Design for Energy and the Environment 2009, CRC Press. M. El-Halwagi, A. Linniger (Eds.).