Modeling sea-salt aerosol in a coupled climate and sectional microphysical model: Mass, optical depth and number concentration

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 4587-4610

  Fan, T ^a   Toon, O B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; GLOBAL CLIMATE; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARAMETERIZATION; SEA SALT; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 79956145603     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4587-2011     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Andreas, E. L.: Model estimates of the effects of sea spray on air-sea heat fluxes, Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Conn., Avery Point Gro-ton, 17-28, 1990.
2. -1, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2175-2184, 1998. (Pubitemid 128594664)
3. Andreas, E. L., Edson, J. B., Monahan, E. C., Rouault, M. P., and Smith, S. D.: The spray contribution to net evaporation from the sea-a review of recent progress, Bound-Lay. Meteorol., 72, 3-52, 1995.
4. Ayash, T., Gong, S., and Jia, C. Q.: Direct and indirect shortwave radiative effects of sea salt aerosols, J. Climate, 21, 3207-3220, doi:10.1175/2007jcli2063.1, 2008.
5. Balkanski, Y. J., Jacob, D. J., Gardner, G. M., Graustein, W. C., and Turekian, K. K.: Transport and residence times of tropospheric aerosols inferred from a global 3-dimensional simulation of Pb-210, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20573-20586, 1993.
6. Bardeen, C. G., Toon, O. B., Jensen, E. J., Marsh, D. R., and Harvey, V. L.: Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17202, doi:10.1029/2007jd009515, 2008.
7. Bardeen, C. G., Toon, O. B., Jensen, E. J., Hervig, M.E., Ran-dall, C. E., Benze, S., Marsh, D. R., and Merkel, A.: Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of polar meso-spheric clouds and comparisons with Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) experiment and the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10204, doi:10.1029/2009JD012451, 2010.
8. Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Covert, D. S., and Quinn, P. K.: Re-gional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the In-dian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans: A comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1, ACE-2, and Aerosols99, J. Geophys. Res., 107(15), 8026, doi:10.1029/2001jd001174, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793915)
9. Burk, S. D.: The generation, turbulent transfer and deposition of the sea-salt aerosol, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3040-3049, 1984.
10. Caffrey, P. F., Hoppel, W. A., and Shi, J. J.: A one-dimensional sectional aerosol model integrated with mesoscale meteorological data to study marine boundary layer aerosol dynamics, J. Geo-phys. Res., 111, D24201, doi:10.1029/2006jd007237, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260786)
11. Clarke, A. D., Owens, S. R., and Zhou, J. C.: An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06202, doi:10.1029/2005jd006565, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675919)
12. Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., Hack, J. J., McCaa, J. R., Williamson, D. L., Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Lin, S. J., and Zhang, M. H.: The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), J. Cli-mate, 19, 2144-2161, 2006. (Pubitemid 43881276)
13. Dana, M. T. and Hales, J. M.: Statistical aspects of washout of poly-disperse aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 10, 45-50, 1976.
14. DeBell, L. J., Gebhart, K. A., Hand, J. L., Malm, W. C., Pitchford, M. L., Schichtel, B. A., and White, W. H.: Spatial and seasonal patterns and temporal variability of haze and its constituents in the United States Report IV, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, 217-218, 2006.
15. Deng, Y., Bowman, K. P., and Jackson, C.: Differences in rain rate intensities between TRMM observations and community at-mosphere model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01808, doi:10.1029/2006gl027246, 2007. (Pubitemid 47277758)
16. Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673-20696, 2000.
17. Fitzgerald, J. W.: Marine aerosols-a review, Atmos. Environ., 25, 533-545, 1991.
18. Fitzgerald, J. W., Hoppel, W. A., and Gelbard, F.: A one-dimensional sectional model to simulate multicomponent aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer-1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16085-16102, 1998.
19. Gerber, H. E.: Relative-Humidity Parameterization of the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM), Naval Research Laboratory, Washing-ton, DC, 1985.
20. Gong, S. L.: A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub-and super-micron particles, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1097, doi:10.1029/2003gb002079, 2003.
21. Grini, A., Myhre, G., Sundet, J. K., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Modeling the annual cycle of sea salt in the global 3-D model Oslo CTM2: Concentrations, fluxes, and radiative impact, J. Climate, 15, 1717-1730, 2002.
22. Haywood, J. M., Ramaswamy, V., and Soden, B. J.: Tropospheric aerosol climate forcing in clear-sky satellite observations over the oceans, Science, 283, 1299-1303, 1999.
23. Hoppel, W. A., Fitzgerald, J. W., Frick, G. M., Larson, R. E., and Mack, E. J.: Aerosol Size Distributions and Optical-Properties Found in the Marine Boundary-Layer over the Atlantic-Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3659-3686, 1990.
24. Hoppel, W. A., Caffrey, P. F., and Frick, G. M.: Particle deposi-tion on water: Surface source versus upwind source, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10206, doi:10.1029/2004jd005148, 2005. (Pubitemid 40919750)
25. Jacobson, M. Z.: Global direct radiative forcing due to multicompo-nent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1551-1568, 2001. (Pubitemid 32300535)
26. Jaeglé, L., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Alexander, B., and Lin, J.-T.: Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11 3137-3157. doi:10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011. 2011.
27. Justus, C. G., Hargraves, W. R., Mikhail, A., and Graber, D.: Meth-ods for estimating wind speed frequency distribution, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 350-353, 1978.
28. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
29. Korhonen, H., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., and Woodhouse, M. T.: Influence of oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentra-tions and seasonality over the remote Southern Hemisphere oceans: A global model study, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15204, doi:10.1029/2007JD009718, 2008.
30. Large, W. G. and Pond, S.: Sensible and Latent-Heat Flux Measure-ments over the Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 464-482, 1982.
31. Lewis, E. R. and Schwartz, S. E.: Sea salt aerosol production. Mechanisms, methods, measurements, and models, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
32. Ma, X., von Salzen, K., and Li, J.: Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1311-1327, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1311-2008, 2008.
33. Madry, W. L., Toon, O. B., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Modeled opti-cal thickness of sea?salt aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08211, doi:10.1029/2010JD014691, 2011.
34. Ma°rtensson, E. M., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L. H., and Hansson, H. C.: Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4297, doi:10.1029/ 2002jd002263, 2003.
35. Monahan, E. C. and O'Muircheartaigh, I. G.: Whitecaps and the passive remote sensing of the ocean surface, Int. J. Remote Sens., 7, 627-642, 1986.
36. Monahan, E. C., Spiel, D. E., and Davidson, K. L.: A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption, in: Oceanic whitecaps and their role in air-sea exchange processes, edited by: MacNiocaill, E. C. M. G., Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 167-174, 1986.
37. Mulcahy, J. P., O'Dowd, C. D., Jennings, S. G., and Ceburnis, D.: Significant enhancement of aerosol optical depth in marine air under high wind conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16810, doi:10.1029/2008gl034303, 2008.
38. Murphy, D. M., Anderson, J. R., Quinn, P. K., McInnes, L. M., Brechtel, F. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Posfai, M., Thomson, D. S., and Buseck, P. R.: Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine bound-ary layer, Nature, 392, 62-65, 1998. (Pubitemid 28150587)
39. Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M., de Leeuw, G., Smith, M. H., Moerman, M., and Lingard, J. J. N.: Eddy covariance measurements of sea spray particles over the Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 555-563, doi:10.5194/acp-8-555-2008, 2008.
40. O'Dowd, C. D. and Smith, M. H.: Physicochemical properties of aerosols over the northeast Atlantic-evidence for wind-speed-related submicron sea-salt aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1137-1149, 1993. (Pubitemid 23380910)
41. O'Dowd, C. D., Smith, M. H., Consterdine, I. E., and Lowe, J. A.: Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: A short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80, 1997.
42. O'Dowd, C. D., Lowe, J. A., and Smith, M. H.: Coupling sea-salt and sulphate interactions and its impact on cloud droplet concen-tration predictions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1311-1314, 1999. (Pubitemid 29437804)
43. Penner, J. E., Andreae, M., Annegarn, H., Barrie, L., Feichter, J., Hegg, D., Jayaraman, A., Leaitch, R., Murphy, D., Nganga, J., and Pitari, G., et al.: Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientic? Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Cambridge, 289-348, 2001.
44. Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06203, doi:10.1029/2005jd006186, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675920)
45. Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D. J., Kapustin, V. N., Bates, T. S., and Covert, D. S.: Aerosol optical properties in the marine bound-ary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE1) and the underlying chemical and physical aerosol prop-erties, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16547-16563, 1998.
46. Satheesh, S. K., Srinivasan, J., and Moorthy, K. K.: Contribution of sea-salt to aerosol optical depth over the Arabian Sea derived from MODIS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03809, doi:10.1029/2005gl024856, 2006.
47. Savoie, D. L. and Prospero, J. M.: Aerosol Concentration Statistics for Northern Tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5954-5964, 1977.
48. Savoie, D. L., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., and Duce, R. A.: Non-sea-salt sulfate and methanesulfonate at American Samoa, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D2), 3587-3596, 1994. (Pubitemid 24403911)
49. Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A. D., Howell, S. G., Kapustin, V. N., and Huebert, B. J.: Sea-salt vertical profiles over the Southern and tropical Pacific oceans: Microphysics, optical properties, spatial variability, and variations with wind speed, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24201, doi:10.1029/ 2004jd004975, 2004. (Pubitemid 40335201)
50. Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Dubovik, O., and Slutsker, I.: Effect of wind speed on columnar aerosol opti-cal properties at Midway Island, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4802, doi:10.1029/2003jd003879, 2003.
51. Smith, M. H., Park, P. M., and Consterdine, I. E.: Marine aerosol concentrations and estimated fluxes over the sea, Q. J. Roy. Me-teor. Soc., 119, 809-824, 1993. (Pubitemid 24394117)
52. Stramska, M.: Vertical profiles of sea salt aerosol in the atmospheric surface layer: A numerical model, Acta. Geophys. Polonica, 35, 87-100, 1987.
53. Su, L. and Toon O. B.: Numerical simulations of Asian dust storms using a coupled climate-aerosol microphysical model, J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, D14202, doi:10.1029/2008JD010956, 2009.
54. Su, L. and Toon, O. B.: Saharan and Asian dust: similarities and differences determined by CALIPSO, AERONET, and a coupled climate-aerosol microphysical model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3263-3280, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3263- 2011, 2011.
55. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Gi-noux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, I., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkeva°g, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within Ae-roCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777-1813, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198645)
56. Toon, O. B., Turco, R. P., Westphal, D., Malone, R., and Liu, M. S.: A multidimensional model for aerosols-description of compu-tational analogs, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2123-2143, 1988.
57. Vignati, E., de Leeuw, G., and Berkowicz, R.: Modeling coastal aerosol transport and effects of surf-produced aerosols on pro-cesses in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20225-20238, 2001.
58. Winter, B. and Chylek, P.: Contribution of sea salt aerosol to the planetary clear-sky albedo, Tellus B, 49, 72-79, 1997.
59. Zhang, L. M., Gong, S. L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549-560, 2001.