A new sea spray generation function for wind speeds up to 32 m s-1

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 28, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 2175-2184

  Andreas, Edgar L ^a  

^a Engineer Research and Development Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROPLET; FLUID DYNAMICS; HEAT FLUX; SEA SURFACE; TURBULENCE; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 0032988645     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2175:ANSSGF>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Afeti, G. M., and F. J. Resch, 1990: Distribution of the liquid aerosol produced from bursting bubbles in sea and distilled water. Tellus, 42B, 378-384.
2. Andreas, E. L., 1989: Thermal and size evolution of sea spray droplets. CRREL Rep. 89-11, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 37 pp. [NTIS AD-A210484.]
3. _, 1990: Time constants for the evolution of sea spray droplets. Tellus, 42B, 481-497.
4. _, 1992: Sea spray and the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11 429-11 441.
5. _, 1994: Reply. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14 345-14 350.
6. _, J. B. Edson, E. C. Monahan, M. P. Rouault, and S. D. Smith, 1995: The spray contribution to net evaporation from the sea: A review of recent progress. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 72, 3-52.
7. Blanchard, D. C., 1963: The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 1, M. Sears, Ed., MacMillan, 71-202.
8. _, 1989: The size and height to which jet drops are ejected from bursting bubbles in seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10 999-11 002.
9. Borisenkov, E. P., 1974: Some mechanisms of atmosphere-ocean interaction under stormy weather conditions. Problems Arctic Antarct., 43-44, 73-83.
10. Bortkovskii, R. S., 1973: On the mechanism of interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere during a storm. Fluid Mech. Sov. Res., 2, 87-94.
11. _, 1987: Air-Sea Exchange of Heat and Moisture during Storms. D. Reidel, 194 pp.
12. Burk, S. D., 1984: The generation, turbulent transfer and deposition of the sea-salt aerosol. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3040-3051.
13. DeCosmo, J., 1991: Air-sea exchange of momentum, heat and water vapor over whitecap sea states. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 212 pp.
14. _, K. B. Katsaros, S. D. Smith, R. J. Anderson, W. A. Oost, K. Bumke, and H. Chadwick, 1996: Air-sea exchange of water vapor and sensible heat: The Humidity Exchange over the Sea (HEXOS) results. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 001-12 016.
15. de Leeuw, G., 1989: Modeling of extinction and backscatter profiles in the marine mixed layer. Appl. Opt., 28, 1356-1359.
16. Edson, J. B., and E. L. Andreas, 1997: Modeling the role of sea spray on air-sea heat and moisture exchange. Preprints, 12th Symp. on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 490-491.
17. _, S. Anquentin, P. G. Mestayer, and J. F. Sini, 1996: Spray droplet modeling 2. An interactive Eulerian-Lagrangian model of evaporating spray droplets. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1279-1293.
18. Fairall, C. W., and J. B. Edson, 1989: Modeling the droplet contribution to the sea-to-air moisture flux. The Climate and Health Implications of Bubble-Mediated Sea-Air Exchange, E. C. Monahan and M. A. Van Patten, Eds., Connecticut Sea Grant Program, Groton, CT, 121-146.
19. _, and S. E. Larsen, 1984: Dry deposition, surface production and dynamics of aerosols in the marine boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 18, 69-77.
20. _, K. L. Davidson, and G. E. Schacher, 1982: Meteorological models for optical properties in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Opt. Eng., 21, 847-857.
21. _, _, and _, 1983: An analysis of the surface production of sea-salt aerosols. Tellus, 35B, 31-39.
22. _, J. B. Edson, and M. A. Miller, 1990: Heat fluxes, whitecaps, and sea spray. Surface Waves and Fluxes, Vol. 1, G. L. Geernaert and W. J. Plant, Eds., Kluwer, 173-208.
23. _, J. D. Kepert, and G. J. Holland, 1994: The effect of sea spray on surface energy transports over the ocean. Global Atmos. Ocean Sys., 2, 121-142.
24. _, E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.
25. Gathman, S. G., 1982: A time-dependent oceanic aerosol profile model. NRL Rep. 8536, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 35 pp. [NTIS AD-A111148.]
26. _, 1983: Optical properties of the marine aerosol as predicted by the Navy aerosol model. Opt. Eng., 22, 57-62.
27. _, and K. L. Davidson, 1993: The Navy Oceanic Vertical Aerosol Model. Tech. Rep. 1634, Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, San Diego, CA, 107 pp. [NTIS AD-A278233.]
28. Geernaert, G. L., 1990: Bulk parameterizations for the wind stress and heat flux. Surface Waves and Fluxes. Vol. 1, G. L. Geernaert and W. L. Plant, Eds., Kluwer, 91-172.
29. Hoppel, W. A., J. W. Fitzgerald, G. M. Frick, R. E. Larson, and E. J. Mack, 1989: Atmospheric aerosol size distributions and optical properties found in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean. NRL Rep. 9188, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 75 pp. [NTIS AD-A210800.]
30. Iida, N., Y. Toba, and M. Chaen, 1992: A new expression for the production rate of sea water droplets on the sea surface. J. Oceanogr., 48, 439-460.
31. Katsaros, K. B., and G. de Leeuw, 1994: Comment on "Sea spray and the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes" by Edgar L Andreas. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14 339-14 343.
32. Kientzler, C. F., A. B. Arons, D. C. Blanchard, and A. H. Woodcock, 1954: Photographic investigation of the projection of droplets by bubbles bursting at a water surface. Tellus, 6, 1-7.
33. Koga, M., 1981: Direct production of droplets from breaking windwaves - its observation by a multi-colored overlapping exposure photographing technique. Tellus, 33, 552-563.
34. Large, W. G., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324-336.
35. Ling, S. C., 1993: Effect of breaking waves on the transport of heat and water vapor fluxes from the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2360-2372.
36. _, T. W. Kao, and A. I. Saad, 1980: Microdroplets and transport of moisture from ocean. Proc. ASCE J. Eng. Mech. Div., 106, 1327-1339.
37. Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger, 1979: Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1722-1735.
38. Mestayer, P. G., J. B. Edson, C. W. Fairall, S. E. Larsen, and D. E. Spiel, 1989: Turbulent transport and evaporation of droplets generated at an air-water interface. Turbulent Shear Flows 6, J.-C. André, J. Cousteix, F. Durst, B. E. Launder, F. W. Schmidt, and J. H. Whitelaw, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 129-147.
39. _, A. M. J. Van Eijx, G. de Leeuw, and B. Tranchant, 1996: Numerical simulation of the dynamics of sea spray over the waves. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 20 771-20 797.
40. Miller, M. A., 1987: An investigation of aerosol generation in the marine planetary boundary layer. M.S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 142 pp.
41. _, and C. W. Fairall, 1988: A new parameterization of spray droplet production by oceanic whitecaps. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 174-177.
42. Monahan, E. C., 1986: The ocean as a source for atmospheric particles. The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, P. Buat-Ménard, Ed., D. Reidel, 129-163.
43. _, K. L. Davidson, and D. E. Spiel, 1982: Whitecap aerosol productivity deduced from simulation tank measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8898-8904.
44. _, D. E. Spiel, and K. L. Davidson, 1986: A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption. Oceanic Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange, E. C. Monahan and G. Mac Niocaill, Eds., D. Reidel, 167-174.
45. Montgomery, R. B., 1940: Observations of vertical humidity distribution above the ocean surface and their relation to evaporation. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor., 7 (4), 30 pp.
46. Rouault, M. P., P. G. Mestayer, and R. Schiestel, 1991: A model of evaporating spray droplet dispersion. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7181-7200.
47. Smith, M. H., P. M. Park, and I. E. Consterdine, 1993: Marine aerosol concentrations and estimated fluxes over the sea. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 809-824.
48. Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709-726.
49. _, 1988: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15 467-15 472.
50. _, K. B. Katsaros, W. A. Oost, and P. G. Mestayer, 1996: The impact of the HEXOS programme. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 78, 121-141.
51. Spiel, D. E., 1994: The sizes of the jet drops produced by air bubbles bursting on sea- and fresh-water surfaces. Tellus, 46B, 325-338.
52. _, 1995: On the birth of jet drops from bubbles bursting on water surfaces. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4995-5006.
53. Stramska, M., 1987: Vertical profiles of sea salt aerosol in the atmospheric surface layer: A numerical model. Acta Geophys. Polonica, 35, 87-100.
54. Woodcock, A. H., 1953: Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force. J. Meteor., 10, 362-371.
55. Woolf, D. K., P. A. Bowyer, and E. C. Monahan, 1987: Discriminating between the film drops and jet drops produced by a simulated whitecap. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5142-5150.
56. _, E. C. Monahan, and D. E. Spiel, 1988: Quantification of the marine aerosol produced by whitecaps. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 182-185.
57. Wu, J., 1979: Oceanic whitecaps and sea state. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 1064-1068.
58. _, 1988: Variations of whitecap coverage with wind stress and water temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1448-1453.
59. _, 1992: Bubble flux and marine aerosol spectra under various wind velocities. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2327-2333.
60. _, 1993: Production of spume drops by the wind tearing of wave crests: The search for quantification. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18 221-18 227.
61. _, 1994: Film drops produced by air bubbles bursting at the surface of seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16 403-16 407.
62. _, J. J. Murray, and R. J. Lai, 1984: Production and distribution of sea spray. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 8163-8169.