메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2011, Pages

Dominant negative phenotype of bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab, Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba mutants suggest hetero-oligomer formation among different Cry toxins

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TOXIN; CRY11AA TOXIN; CRY1AB TOXIN; CRY1AC TOXIN; CRY1CA TOXIN; CRY1DA TOXIN; CRY1EA TOXIN; CRY1FA TOXIN; CRY4BA TOXIN; OLIGOMER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; ENDOTOXIN; HEMOLYSIN; INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEIN, BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS;

EID: 79956068802     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019952     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (37)
  • 1
    • 85006751997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacillus thuringiensis: mechanism and use
    • In: Gilbert LI, Gill SS, Iatrou K, editors, Elsevier
    • Bravo A, Soberón M, Gill SS, (2005) Bacillus thuringiensis: mechanism and use. In: Gilbert LI, Gill SS, Iatrou K, editors. Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science Elsevier pp. 175-206 Vol 6 ISBN: 0-44-451516-X.
    • (2005) Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science , vol.6 , pp. 175-206
    • Bravo, A.1    Soberón, M.2    Gill, S.S.3
  • 2
    • 67349236660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling versus punching hole: How do Bacillus thuringiensis toxins kill insect midgut cells?
    • Soberón M, Gill SS, Bravo A, (2009) Signaling versus punching hole: How do Bacillus thuringiensis toxins kill insect midgut cells? Cell Mol Life Sci 66: 1337-1349.
    • (2009) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.66 , pp. 1337-1349
    • Soberón, M.1    Gill, S.S.2    Bravo, A.3
  • 3
    • 70450265465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain II loop 3 of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin is involved in a "ping pong" binding mechanism with Manduca sexta aminopetidase-N and cadherin receptors
    • Pacheco S, Gómez I, Arenas I, Saab-Rincon G, Rodríguez-Almazán C, et al. (2009) Domain II loop 3 of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin is involved in a "ping pong" binding mechanism with Manduca sexta aminopetidase-N and cadherin receptors. J Biol Chem 284: 32750-32757.
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 32750-32757
    • Pacheco, S.1    Gómez, I.2    Arenas, I.3    Saab-Rincon, G.4    Rodríguez-Almazán, C.5
  • 4
    • 77951246496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of alkaline phosphatase from Manduca sexta in the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin
    • Arenas I, Bravo A, Soberón M, Gómez I, (2010) Role of alkaline phosphatase from Manduca sexta in the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin. J Biol Chem 285: 12497-12503.
    • (2010) J Biol Chem , vol.285 , pp. 12497-12503
    • Arenas, I.1    Bravo, A.2    Soberón, M.3    Gómez, I.4
  • 5
    • 34547138902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab mutants affecting oligomer formation are non toxic to Manduca sexta larvae
    • Jiménez-Juárez N, Muñoz-Garay C, Gómez I, Saab-Rincon G, Damian-Alamazo JY, et al. (2007) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab mutants affecting oligomer formation are non toxic to Manduca sexta larvae. J Biol Chem 282: 21222-21229.
    • (2007) J Biol Chem , vol.282 , pp. 21222-21229
    • Jiménez-Juárez, N.1    Muñoz-Garay, C.2    Gómez, I.3    Saab-Rincon, G.4    Damian-Alamazo, J.Y.5
  • 6
    • 43049150073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cysteine scanning mutagenesis of α-4 a putative pore lining helix of the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin Cry1Aa
    • Girard F, Vachon V, Prefontaine G, Marceau L, Su Y, et al. (2008) Cysteine scanning mutagenesis of α-4 a putative pore lining helix of the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin Cry1Aa. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 2566-2572.
    • (2008) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.74 , pp. 2566-2572
    • Girard, F.1    Vachon, V.2    Prefontaine, G.3    Marceau, L.4    Su, Y.5
  • 7
    • 0037076528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of helix 3 in pore formation by Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin Cry1Aa
    • Vachon V, Prefontaine G, Coux F, Rang C, Marceau M, et al. (2002) Role of helix 3 in pore formation by Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin Cry1Aa. Biochemistry 41: 6178-6184.
    • (2002) Biochemistry , vol.41 , pp. 6178-6184
    • Vachon, V.1    Prefontaine, G.2    Coux, F.3    Rang, C.4    Marceau, M.5
  • 8
    • 65849141019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant negative mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin function as anti-toxins: Demonstration of the role of oligomerization in toxicity
    • Rodríguez-Almazán C, Zavala LE, Muñoz-Garay C, Jiménez-Juárez N, Pacheco S, et al. (2009) Dominant negative mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin function as anti-toxins: Demonstration of the role of oligomerization in toxicity. PloS ONE 4: e5545.
    • (2009) PloS ONE , vol.4
    • Rodríguez-Almazán, C.1    Zavala, L.E.2    Muñoz-Garay, C.3    Jiménez-Juárez, N.4    Pacheco, S.5
  • 9
    • 10744221979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping dominant-negative mutations of anthrax protective antigen by scanning mutagenesis
    • Mourez M, Yan M, Lacy DB, Dillon L, Bentsen L, et al. (2003) Mapping dominant-negative mutations of anthrax protective antigen by scanning mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 13803-13808.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 13803-13808
    • Mourez, M.1    Yan, M.2    Lacy, D.B.3    Dillon, L.4    Bentsen, L.5
  • 10
    • 0035957753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant-negative mutants of a toxin subunit: an approach to therapy of anthrax
    • Sellman BR, Mourez M, Collier RJ, (2001) Dominant-negative mutants of a toxin subunit: an approach to therapy of anthrax. Science 292: 695-697.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 695-697
    • Sellman, B.R.1    Mourez, M.2    Collier, R.J.3
  • 11
    • 0042838115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of dominantly negative mutant ClyA Cytotoxin proteins in Escherichia coli
    • Wai SN, Westermark M, Oscarsson J, Jass J, Maier E, et al. (2003) Characterization of dominantly negative mutant ClyA Cytotoxin proteins in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 185: 5491-5499.
    • (2003) J Bacteriol , vol.185 , pp. 5491-5499
    • Wai, S.N.1    Westermark, M.2    Oscarsson, J.3    Jass, J.4    Maier, E.5
  • 12
    • 0033621333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dominant negative mutant of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin Vac A inhibits VacA-induced cell vacuolation
    • Vinion-Dubiel A, McClain MS, Czajkowsky DM, Iwamoto HYD, Cao P, et al. (1999) A dominant negative mutant of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin Vac A inhibits VacA-induced cell vacuolation. J Biol Chem 274: 37736-37742.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 37736-37742
    • Vinion-Dubiel, A.1    McClain, M.S.2    Czajkowsky, D.M.3    Iwamoto, H.Y.D.4    Cao, P.5
  • 13
    • 0037469231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant-negative suppression of HCN channels markedly reduces the native pacemaker current If and undermines spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiomyocytes
    • Er F, Larbig R, Ludwig A, Biel M, Hofmann F, et al. (2003) Dominant-negative suppression of HCN channels markedly reduces the native pacemaker current If and undermines spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Circulation 107: 485-489.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 485-489
    • Er, F.1    Larbig, R.2    Ludwig, A.3    Biel, M.4    Hofmann, F.5
  • 14
    • 67650503456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasporal body formation via overexpression of the Cry10Aa toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Cry10Aa-Cyt1Aa synergism
    • Hernandez-Soto A, Del Rincón-Castro MC, Espinoze AM, Ibarra JE, (2009) Parasporal body formation via overexpression of the Cry10Aa toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Cry10Aa-Cyt1Aa synergism. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 4661-4667.
    • (2009) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 4661-4667
    • Hernandez-Soto, A.1    Del Rincón-Castro, M.C.2    Espinoze, A.M.3    Ibarra, J.E.4
  • 15
    • 42949119751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anopheles gambiae cadherin AgCad1 binds the Cry4Ba toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and a fragment of AgCad1 synergizes toxicity
    • Hua G, Zhang R, Abdullah MA, Adang MJ, (2008) Anopheles gambiae cadherin AgCad1 binds the Cry4Ba toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and a fragment of AgCad1 synergizes toxicity. Biochemistry 47: 5101-5110.
    • (2008) Biochemistry , vol.47 , pp. 5101-5110
    • Hua, G.1    Zhang, R.2    Abdullah, M.A.3    Adang, M.J.4
  • 16
    • 70450205302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aedes aegypti cadherin serves as a putative receptor of the Cry11Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
    • Chen J, Aimanova K, Fernandez L, Bravo A, Soberón M, et al. (2009) Aedes aegypti cadherin serves as a putative receptor of the Cry11Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Biochem J 424: 191-200.
    • (2009) Biochem J , vol.424 , pp. 191-200
    • Chen, J.1    Aimanova, K.2    Fernandez, L.3    Bravo, A.4    Soberón, M.5
  • 17
    • 33746874443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba toxin-binding aminopeptidase from the mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus
    • Abdullah MA, Valaitis AP, Dean DH, (2006) Identification of a Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba toxin-binding aminopeptidase from the mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus. BMC Biochem 7: 16.
    • (2006) BMC Biochem , vol.7 , pp. 16
    • Abdullah, M.A.1    Valaitis, A.P.2    Dean, D.H.3
  • 18
    • 54849424737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 106-kDa aminopeptidase is a putative receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba toxin in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae
    • Zhang R, Hua G, Andacht TM, Adang MJ, (2008) A 106-kDa aminopeptidase is a putative receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba toxin in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Biochemistry 47: 11263-11272.
    • (2008) Biochemistry , vol.47 , pp. 11263-11272
    • Zhang, R.1    Hua, G.2    Andacht, T.M.3    Adang, M.J.4
  • 19
    • 32944464814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase is a functional midgut receptor of Cry11Aa toxin in Aedes aegypti larvae
    • Fernandez LE, Aimanova KG, Gill SS, Bravo A, Soberón M, (2006) A GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase is a functional midgut receptor of Cry11Aa toxin in Aedes aegypti larvae. Biochem J 394: 77-84.
    • (2006) Biochem J , vol.394 , pp. 77-84
    • Fernandez, L.E.1    Aimanova, K.G.2    Gill, S.S.3    Bravo, A.4    Soberón, M.5
  • 20
    • 77954860412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-Concentration Tests Show Synergism Among Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Toxins Against the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles albimanus
    • Fernandez-Luna MT, Tabaschnik B, Lanz-Mendoza H, Bravo A, Soberón M, et al. (2010) Single-Concentration Tests Show Synergism Among Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Toxins Against the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles albimanus. J Invertebr Pathol 104: 231-233.
    • (2010) J Invertebr Pathol , vol.104 , pp. 231-233
    • Fernandez-Luna, M.T.1    Tabaschnik, B.2    Lanz-Mendoza, H.3    Bravo, A.4    Soberón, M.5
  • 21
    • 0001086517 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of synergistic interaction among CryIVA, CryIVB and CryIVD toxic components of B. thuringiensis subs israelensis crystals
    • Poncet S, Delecluse A, Klier A, Rapoport G, (1995) Evaluation of synergistic interaction among CryIVA, CryIVB and CryIVD toxic components of B. thuringiensis subs israelensis crystals. J Invertebr Pathol 66: 131-135.
    • (1995) J Invertebr Pathol , vol.66 , pp. 131-135
    • Poncet, S.1    Delecluse, A.2    Klier, A.3    Rapoport, G.4
  • 22
    • 0029080964 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of the individual components of the δ-endotoxin crystal to the mosquitocidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis
    • Crickmore N, Bone EJ, Williams JA, Ellar D, (1995) Contribution of the individual components of the δ-endotoxin crystal to the mosquitocidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis. FEMS microbial Lett 131: 249-254.
    • (1995) FEMS Microbial Lett , vol.131 , pp. 249-254
    • Crickmore, N.1    Bone, E.J.2    Williams, J.A.3    Ellar, D.4
  • 23
    • 0035647335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directed mutagenesis of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11A toxin reveals a crucial role in larvicidal activity of arginine136 in helix 4
    • Angsuthanasombat Ch, Keeratichamreon S, Leetacheewa S, Katzenmeier G, Panyim S, (2001) Directed mutagenesis of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11A toxin reveals a crucial role in larvicidal activity of arginine136 in helix 4. J Biochem Mol Biol 34: 402-407.
    • (2001) J Biochem Mol Biol , vol.34 , pp. 402-407
    • Angsuthanasombat, C.H.1    Keeratichamreon, S.2    Leetacheewa, S.3    Katzenmeier, G.4    Panyim, S.5
  • 24
    • 0035761118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charged residue screening in helix 4 of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4B toxin reveals one critical residue for larvicidal activity
    • Sramala I, Leetacheewa S, Krittanai Ch, Katzenmeier G, Panyim S, et al. (2001) Charged residue screening in helix 4 of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4B toxin reveals one critical residue for larvicidal activity. J Biochem Mol Biol Biophys 5: 219-225.
    • (2001) J Biochem Mol Biol Biophys , vol.5 , pp. 219-225
    • Sramala, I.1    Leetacheewa, S.2    Krittanai, C.H.3    Katzenmeier, G.4    Panyim, S.5
  • 25
    • 79951509059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Cry4Ba to Cyt1Aa has an important role in synergism
    • Canton PE, Reyes EZ, RuizdeEscudero I, Bravo A, Soberón M, (2010) Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Cry4Ba to Cyt1Aa has an important role in synergism. Peptides 32: 595-600.
    • (2010) Peptides , vol.32 , pp. 595-600
    • Canton, P.E.1    Reyes, E.Z.2    RuizdeEscudero, I.3    Bravo, A.4    Soberón, M.5
  • 26
    • 72949100332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligomerization of Cry11Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis has an important role in toxicity against Aedes aegypti
    • Muñoz-Garay C, Rodríguez-Almazán C, Aguilar JN, Portugal L, Gómez I, et al. (2009) Oligomerization of Cry11Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis has an important role in toxicity against Aedes aegypti. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 7548-7550.
    • (2009) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 7548-7550
    • Muñoz-Garay, C.1    Rodríguez-Almazán, C.2    Aguilar, J.N.3    Portugal, L.4    Gómez, I.5
  • 27
    • 79960374816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined molecular dynamics and continuum solvent studies of the pre-pore Cry4Aa trimer suggest its stability in solution and how it may form pore
    • Taveecharoenkool T, Angsuthanasombat Ch, Kantchanawarin Ch, (2010) Combined molecular dynamics and continuum solvent studies of the pre-pore Cry4Aa trimer suggest its stability in solution and how it may form pore. PMC Biophysics 3: 1-16.
    • (2010) PMC Biophysics , vol.3 , pp. 1-16
    • Taveecharoenkool, T.1    Angsuthanasombat, C.H.2    Kantchanawarin, C.H.3
  • 28
    • 0024837128 scopus 로고
    • A deleted variant of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen is non-toxic and blocks anthrax toxin action in vivo
    • Singh Y, Chaudhary VK, Leppla SH, (1989) A deleted variant of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen is non-toxic and blocks anthrax toxin action in vivo. J Biol Chem 264: 19103-19107.
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 19103-19107
    • Singh, Y.1    Chaudhary, V.K.2    Leppla, S.H.3
  • 29
    • 77953529605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic activity between Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins against maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe)
    • Sharma A, Nain V, Lakhanpaul S, Kumar PA, (2010) Synergistic activity between Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins against maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe). Lett Appl Microbiol 51: 42-47.
    • (2010) Lett Appl Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 42-47
    • Sharma, A.1    Nain, V.2    Lakhanpaul, S.3    Kumar, P.A.4
  • 30
    • 0029668246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins CryIAa and CryIAc on the Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar
    • Lee MK, Curtiss A, Alcantara E, Dean DH, (1996) Synergistic effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins CryIAa and CryIAc on the Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 583-586.
    • (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 583-586
    • Lee, M.K.1    Curtiss, A.2    Alcantara, E.3    Dean, D.H.4
  • 31
    • 57849119321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F insecticidal protoxin against heliothines (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)
    • Willrich Siebert M, Nolting S, Leonard BR, Braxton LB, All JN, et al. (2008) Efficacy of transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac and Cry1F insecticidal protoxin against heliothines (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 101: 1950-1959.
    • (2008) J Econ Entomol , vol.101 , pp. 1950-1959
    • Willrich Siebert, M.1    Nolting, S.2    Leonard, B.R.3    Braxton, L.B.4    All, J.N.5
  • 32
    • 0027418862 scopus 로고
    • High-level cryIVD and cytA gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis does not require the 20-kilodalton protein and the coexpressed gene products are synergistic in their toxicity to mosquitoes
    • Chang C, Yu YM, Dai SM, Law SK, Gill SS, (1993) High-level cryIVD and cytA gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis does not require the 20-kilodalton protein and the coexpressed gene products are synergistic in their toxicity to mosquitoes. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 815-821.
    • (1993) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 815-821
    • Chang, C.1    Yu, Y.M.2    Dai, S.M.3    Law, S.K.4    Gill, S.S.5
  • 33
    • 0027490539 scopus 로고
    • Expression of cryIVA and cryIVB genes independently or in combination in a crystal negative strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subs israelensis
    • Delecluse A, Poncet S, Klier A, Rapoport G, (1993) Expression of cryIVA and cryIVB genes independently or in combination in a crystal negative strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subs israelensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3922-3927.
    • (1993) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 3922-3927
    • Delecluse, A.1    Poncet, S.2    Klier, A.3    Rapoport, G.4
  • 34
    • 0025786601 scopus 로고
    • Construction of cloning vectors for Bacillus thuringiensis
    • Arantes O, Lereclus D, (1991) Construction of cloning vectors for Bacillus thuringiensis. Gene 108: 115-119.
    • (1991) Gene , vol.108 , pp. 115-119
    • Arantes, O.1    Lereclus, D.2
  • 35
    • 33846282048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permeability changes of Manduca sexta midgut brush border membranes induced by oligomeric structures of different Cry toxins
    • Muñoz-Garay C, Sánchez J, Darszon A, de Maagd RA, Bakker P, et al. (2006) Permeability changes of Manduca sexta midgut brush border membranes induced by oligomeric structures of different Cry toxins. J Membr Biol 212: 61-68.
    • (2006) J Membr Biol , vol.212 , pp. 61-68
    • Muñoz-Garay, C.1    Sánchez, J.2    Darszon, A.3    de Maagd, R.A.4    Bakker, P.5
  • 36
    • 0022907544 scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715
    • Höfte H, Grave H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, et al. (1986) Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715. Eur J Biochem 161: 273-280.
    • (1986) Eur J Biochem , vol.161 , pp. 273-280
    • Höfte, H.1    Grave, H.2    Seurinck, J.3    Jansens, S.4    Mahillon, J.5
  • 37
    • 0020645619 scopus 로고
    • Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis crystal delta-endotoxin: effects on insect and mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo
    • Thomas WE, Ellar DJ, (1983) Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis crystal delta-endotoxin: effects on insect and mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Sci 60: 181-197.
    • (1983) J Cell Sci , vol.60 , pp. 181-197
    • Thomas, W.E.1    Ellar, D.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.