Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1197-1211

  Konrad, C ^a,b   Geburek, A J ^b   Rist, F ^b   Blumenroth, H ^b   Fischer, B ^b   Husstedt, I ^b   Arolt, V ^b   Schiffbauer, H ^b,c   Lohmann, H ^b  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Brain injury; cognition; depression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EPISODIC MEMORY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; STATISTICS;

ADULT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY, EPISODIC; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOMETRICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79956037603     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291710001728     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Alexander MP (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology 45, 1253-1260.
2. Anderson T, Heitger M, Macleod AD (2006). Concussion and mild head injury. Practical Neurology 6, 342-357. (Pubitemid 44834789)
3. Arciniegas DB, Anderson CA, Topkoff J, McAllister TW (2005). Mild traumatic brain injury: a neuropsychiatric approach to diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 1, 311-327.
4. Aschenbrenner S, Tucha O, Lange K (2000). Regensburger Wortflüssigkeits-Test, Handanweisung [Manual for the Regensburger Word Fluency Test]. Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie: Göttingen.
5. Ashman TA, Spielman LA, Hibbard MR, Silver JM, Chandna T, Gordon WA (2004). Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85 (Suppl. 2), 36-42.
6. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, Lovell M, McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Schamasch P; Concussion in Sport Group (2002). Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine 36, 6-10.
7. Barth JT, Diamond R, Errico A (1996). Mild head injury and post concussion syndrome: does anyone really suffer? Clinical EEG (Electroencephalography) 27, 183-186.
8. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4, 561-571.
9. Belanger HG, Curtiss G, Demery JA, Lebowitz BK, Vanderploeg RD (2005). Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, 215-227. (Pubitemid 40790614)
10. Bernstein DM (2002). Information processing difficulty long after self-reported concussion. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, 673-682.
11. Bessell AL, Watkins ER, Williams WH (2008). Depressive rumination reduces specificity of autobiographical memory recall in acquired brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, 63-70.
12. Binder LM (1986). Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: a review of the postconcussive syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 8, 323-346.
13. Binder LM, Rohling ML, Larrabee GJ (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part I: Meta-analytic review of neuropsychological studies. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 19, 421-431. (Pubitemid 27316173)
14. Blanchet S, Paradis-Giroux AA, Pépin M, McKerral M (2009). Impact of divided attention during verbal learning in young adults following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 23, 111-122.
15. Boone KB, Lu P (2003). Noncredible cognitive performance in the context of severe brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 17, 244-254. (Pubitemid 37311121)
16. Bordini EJ, Chaknis MM, Ekman-Turner RM, Perna RB (2002). Advances and issues in the diagnostic differential of malingering versus brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 17, 93-104. (Pubitemid 36124644)
17. Bruns Jr. JJ, Jagoda AS (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York 76, 129-137.
18. Cantu RC, Aubry M, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, Lovell M, McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Schamasch P, Kevin M, Bruce SL, Ferrara MS, Kelly JP, McCrea M, Putukian M, McLeod TC (2006). Overview of concussion consensus statements since 2000. Neurosurgical Focus 21, E3.
19. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Holm L, Kraus J, Coronado VG (2004). Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 43 (Suppl.), 113-125. (Pubitemid 38291990)
20. Datta SG, Pillai SV, Rao SL, Kovoor JM, Chandramouli BA (2009). Post-concussion syndrome: correlation of neuropsychological deficits, structural lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and symptoms. Neurology India 57, 594-598.
21. Deb S, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C, Ali I, McCarthy G (1999). Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 374-378. (Pubitemid 29124157)
22. Dikmen SS, McLean A, Temkin N (1986). Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 491, 1227-1232. (Pubitemid 17174022)
23. Dikmen SS, Bombardier CH, Machamer JE, Fann JR, Temkin NR (2004). Natural history of depression in traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85, 1457-1464. (Pubitemid 39221084)
24. Dikmen SS, Corrigan JD, Levin HS, Machamer J, Stiers W, Weisskopf MG (2009). Cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 24, 430-438.
25. Dikmen SS, Ross BL, Machamer JE, Temkin NR (1995). One year psychosocial outcome in head injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, 67-77.
26. Draper K, Ponsford J (2009). Long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury: a comparison of subjective reports by those injured and their relatives. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 19, 645-661.
27. Draper K, Ponsford J, Schönberger M (2007). Psychosocial and emotional outcomes 10 years following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 22, 278-287. (Pubitemid 47429014)
28. Ettenhofer ML, Abeles N (2009). The significance of mild traumatic brain injury to cognition and self-reported symptoms in long-term recovery from injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 31, 363-372.
29. Evans RW (1992). The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury. Neurologic Clinics 10, 815-847.
30. Fedoroff JP, Starkstein SE, Forrester AW, Geisler FH, Jorge RE, Arndt SV, Robinson RG (1992). Depression in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 918-923.
31. Flaro L, Green P, Robertson E (2007). Word Memory Test failure 23 times higher in mild brain injury than in parents seeking custody: the power of external incentives. Brain Injury 21, 373-383. (Pubitemid 46767354)
32. Frencham KA, Fox AM, Maybery MT (2005). Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury : a meta-analytic review of research since 1995. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 27, 334-351. (Pubitemid 40523419)
33. Gasquoine PG (1997). Postconcussion symptoms. Neuropsychology Review 7, 77-85. (Pubitemid 27373015)
34. Goldstein FC, Levin HS, Goldman WP, Clark AN, Altonen TK (2001). Cognitive and neurobehavioral functioning after mild versus moderate traumatic brain injury in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, 373-383. (Pubitemid 32294249)
35. Graham DI, McIntosh TK, Maxwell WL, Nicoll JA (2000). Recent advances in neurotrauma. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 59, 641-651. (Pubitemid 30626735)
36. Green P (2005). Green's Word Memory Test for Microsoft Windows, User's Manual. Green's Publishing Inc.: Edmonton.
37. Green P, Flaro L, Courtney J (2009). Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 23, 741-750.
38. Green P, Iverson GL, Allen L (1999). Detecting malingering in head injury litigation with the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury 13, 813-819. (Pubitemid 29488208)
39. Gupta A, Ghai D (1991). Memory in head injured patients. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies 7, 55-61.
40. Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ (2005). Definition, diagnosis, and forensic implications of postconcussional syndrome. Psychosomatics 46, 195-202. (Pubitemid 40594309)
41. Hall S, Bornstein RA (1991). Serial-position effects in paragraph recall following mild closed-head injury. Perceptual and Motor Skills 72, 1295-1298.
42. Härting C, Markowitsch HJ, Neufeld H, Calabrese P, Deisinger K, Kessler J (2000). Wechsler Gedächtnistest-Revidierte Fassung WMS-R, Deutsche Adaptation [Manual for the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, German adaptation]. Verlag Hans Huber: Bern.
43. Hautzinger M, Bailer M, Worall H, Keller F (1995). Beck-Depressions- Inventar (BDI), Testhandbuch [Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory, German adaptation]. Verlag Hans Huber: Bern.
44. Helmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S (1996). Verbaler Lern-und Merkfähigkeitstest, Test manual [Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), German adaptation]. Beltz Test GmbH: Göttingen.
45. Hetherington CR, Stuss DT, Finlayson MA (1996). Reaction time and variability 5 and 10 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain injury 10, 473-486. (Pubitemid 26232230)
46. Hibbard MR, Uysal S, Kepler K, Bogdany J, Silver J (1998). Axis I psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 13, 24-39. (Pubitemid 28419870)
47. Himanen L, Portin R, Isoniemi H, Helenius H, Kurki T, Tenovuo O (2006). Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. Neurology 66, 187-192. (Pubitemid 43970151)
48. Iverson GL, Green P, Gervais R, (1999). Using the Word Memory Test to detect biased responding in head injury litigation. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation 17, 4-8.
49. Jacobson RR (1995). The post-concussional syndrome : physiogenesis, psychogenesis and malingering. An integrative model. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39, 675-693.
50. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT (1995). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. Journal of Neurology 242, 587-592.
51. Klein M, Houx PJ, Jolles J (1996). Long-term persisting cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury and the effect of age. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184, 459-467. (Pubitemid 26285725)
52. Konrad C, Engelien A, Schöning S, Zwitserlood P, Jansen A, Pletziger E, Beizai P, Kersting A, Ohrmann P, Luders E, Greb RR, Heindel W, Arolt V, Kugel H (2008). The functional anatomy of semantic retrieval is influenced by gender, menstrual cycle, and sex hormones. Journal of Neural Transmission 115, 1327-1337.
53. Koponen S, Taiminen T, Portin R, Himanen L, Isoniemi H, Heinonen H, Hinkka S, Tenovuo O (2002). Axis I and II psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1315-1321. (Pubitemid 34832712)
54. Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, Walker CJ, Sweeney JA, Little DM (2007). White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 130, 2508-2519. (Pubitemid 47511721)
55. Kumar R, Gupta RK, Husain M, Chaudhry C, Srivastava A, Saksena S, Rathore RK (2009a). Comparative evaluation of corpus callosum DTI metrics in acute mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: its correlation with neuropsychometric tests. Brain Injury 23, 675-685.
56. Kumar S, Rao SL, Chandramouli BA, Pillai SV (2009b). Reduction of functional brain connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury during working memory. Journal of Neurotrauma 26, 665-675.
57. Lee H, Wintermark M, Gean AD, Ghajar J, Manley GT, Mukherjee P (2008). Focal lesions in acute mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive outcome: CT versus 3T MRI. Journal of Neurotrauma 25, 1049-1056.
58. Leininger BE, Gramling SE, Farrell AD, Kreutzer JS, Peck EA (1990). Neuropsychological deficits in symptomatic minor head injury patients after concussion and mild concussion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 53, 293-296. (Pubitemid 20152008)
59. Levin HS, Goldstein FC, High WM, Eisenberg HM (1988). Disproportionately severe memory deficit in relation to normal intellectual functioning after closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 51, 1294-1301.
60. Lezak M, Howieson D, Loring D (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, 4th edn. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
61. Malojcic B, Mubrin Z, Coric B, Susnic M, Spilich GJ (2008). Consequences of mild traumatic brain injury on information processing assessed with attention and short-term memory tasks. Journal of Neurotrauma 25, 30-37. (Pubitemid 351161071)
62. Mathias JL, Coats JL (1999). Emotional and cognitive sequelae to mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 21, 200-215. (Pubitemid 29395534)
63. McAllister TW, Arciniegas D (2002). Evaluation and treatment of postconcussive symptoms. NeuroRehabilitation 17, 265-283. (Pubitemid 41615949)
64. McHugh T, Laforce R, Gallagher P, Quinn S, Diggle P, Buchanan L (2006). Natural history of the long-term cognitive, affective, and physical sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition 60, 209-211.
65. Merten T, Green P, Henry M, Blaskewitz N, Brockhaus R (2005). Analog validation of German-language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20, 719-726. (Pubitemid 40984657)
66. mTBI Committee (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee of the Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 8, 86-87.
67. Nolin P (2006). Executive memory dysfunctions following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 21, 68-75. (Pubitemid 44378468)
68. Paniak C, Reynolds S, Toller-Lobe G, Melnyk A, Nagy J, Schmidt D (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between financial compensation and symptoms after treated mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 24, 187-193. (Pubitemid 34496867)
69. Ponsford J, Draper K, Schönberger M (2008). Functional outcome 10 years after traumatic brain injury: its relationship with demographic, injury severity, and cognitive and emotional status. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, 233-242. (Pubitemid 351280002)
70. Ponsford J, Schönberger M (2010). Family functioning and emotional state two and five years after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, 306-317.
71. Rapoport MJ, Herrmann N, Shammi P, Kiss A, Phillips A, Feinstein A (2006). Outcome after traumatic brain injury sustained in older adulthood: a one-year longitudinal study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 14, 456-465.
72. Rapoport MJ, McCullagh S, Streiner D, Feinstein A (2003). Age and major depression after mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 11, 365-369. (Pubitemid 36523306)
73. Reitan RM (1958). The validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills 8, 271-276.
74. Rey A (1964). L'examen clinique en psychologie [Clinical Examination in Psychology]. Presses Universitaires de France: Paris.
75. Rickels E, Wild Kv, Wenzlaff P, Bock WJ (2006). Schädel-Hirn- Verletzung, Epidemiologie und Versorgung, Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie [Traumatic Brain Injury, Epidemiology and Health-care-Results of a Prospective Investigation]. Mü nchen: Zuckschwerdt.
76. Rimel RW, Giordani B, Barth JT, Boll TJ, Jane JA (1981). Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery 9, 221-228. (Pubitemid 11061166)
77. Ruff R (2009). Best practice guidelines for forensic neuropsychological examinations of patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 24, 131-140.
78. Ruff RM, Iverson GL, Barth JT, Bush SS, Broshek DK (2009). Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 24, 3-10.
79. Rutgers DR, Fillard P, Paradot G, Tadié M, Lasjaunias P, Ducreux D (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging characteristics of the corpus callosum in mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29, 1730-1735.
80. Schöning S, Zwitserlood P, Engelien A, Behnken A, Kugel H, Schiffbauer H, Lipina K, Pachur C, Kersting A, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Zwanzger P, Reker T, Heindel W, Arolt V, Konrad C (2009). Working-memory fMRI reveals cingulate hyperactivation in euthymic major depression. Human Brain Mapping 30, 2746-2756.
81. Schretlen DJ, Shapiro AM (2003). A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 15, 341-349. (Pubitemid 37421586)
82. Segalowitz SJ, Bernstein DM, Lawson S (2001). P300 event-related potential decrements in well-functioning university students with mild head injury. Brain and Cognition 45, 342-356. (Pubitemid 32381015)
83. Sim A, Terryberry-Spohr L, Wilson KR (2008). Prolonged recovery of memory functioning after mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent athletes. Journal of Neurosurgery 108, 511-516. (Pubitemid 351357983)
84. Smith DH, Meaney DF, Shull WH (2003). Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 18, 307-316. (Pubitemid 36899043)
85. Spreen O, Strauss E (1998). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests. Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford University Press: New York.
86. Stein SC, Burnett MG, Glick HA (2006). Indications for CT scanning in mild traumatic brain injury: a cost-effectiveness study. Journal of Trauma 61, 558-566. (Pubitemid 44400931)
87. Sterr A, Herron KA, Hayward C, Montaldi D (2006). Are mild head injuries as mild as we think? Neurobehavioral concomitants of chronic post-concussion syndrome. BMC Neurology 6, 7.
88. Teasdale G, Jennett B (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2, 81-84.
89. Temkin NR, Corrigan JD, Dikmen SS, Machamer J (2009). Social functioning after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 24, 460-467.
90. Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Belanger HG (2005). Long-term neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS 11, 228-236. (Pubitemid 40790615)
91. Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Luis CA, Salazar AM (2007). Long-term morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 29, 585-598. (Pubitemid 47254604)
92. Whelan-Goodinson R, Ponsford J, Johnston L, Grant F (2009). Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: their nature and frequency. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 24, 324-332.
93. Wittchen HU, Zaudig M, Fydrich T (1997). SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV (Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine deutschsprachige, erweiterte Bearbeitung der amerikanischen Originalversion des SCID-I) [German adaptation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV)]. Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie: Göttingen.
94. Zimmermann P, Fimm B (1992). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprü fung, Testmanual [Manual for the Tests for Attentional Performance]. Psytest: Freiburg.