Decline in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration: Lipid-lowering drugs, diet, or physical activity? Evidence from the Whitehall II study

Heart

Volumn 97, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 923-930

  Bouillon, Kim ^a,b   Singh Manoux, Archana ^a,b,c   Jokela, Markus ^a,d   Shipley, Martin J ^a   Batty, G David ^a   Brunner, Eric J ^a   Sabia, Séverine ^b   Tabák, Adam G ^a,e   Akbaraly, Tasnime ^a,f   Ferrie, Jane E ^a   Kivimäki, Mika ^a,g  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION HEALTH   (France)

^c Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines University   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^e SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE   (Hungary)

^f INSERM   (France)

^g FINNISH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOW FAT DIET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RED MEAT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WHITE MEAT;

ADULT; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIET; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; LIFE STYLE; LONDON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS;

EID: 79955880119     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: 1468201X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.216309     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
2. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, et al. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials. JAMA 1997;278:313-21. (Pubitemid 27339660)
3. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
4. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78.
5. Probstfield JL, Rifkind BM. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: design, results, and implications. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40(Suppl 1): S69-75.
6. Kuulasmaa K, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Dobson A, et al. Estimation of contribution of changes in classic risk factors to trends in coronary-event rates across the WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 2000;355:675-87. (Pubitemid 30107623)
7. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, et al; EUROASPIRE Study Group. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet 2009;373:929-40.
8. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981-2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention. BMJ 2005;331:614.
9. Berg CM, Lissner L, Aires N, et al. Trends in blood lipid levels, blood pressure, alcohol and smoking habits from 1985 to 2002: results from INTERGENE and GOT-MONICA. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005;12:115-25.
10. Ferrieres J, Bongard V, Dallongeville J, et al. Trends in plasma lipids, lipoproteins and dyslipidaemias in French adults, 1996-2007. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2009;102:293-301.
11. Serra-Majem L, Pastor-Ferrer MC, Castell C, et al. Trends in blood lipids and fat soluble vitamins in Catalonia, Spain (1992-2003). Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1379-88.
12. Grau M, Subirana I, Elosua R, et al. Trends in cardiovascular risk factor prevalence (1995-2000-2005) in northeastern Spain. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14:653-9.
13. Li M, Ong KL, Tse HF, et al. Utilization of lipid lowering medications among adults in the United States 1999-2006. Atherosclerosis 2010;208:456-60.
14. Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. JAMA 2005;294:1773-81.
15. Arnett DK, Jacobs DR Jr, Luepker RV, et al. Twenty-year trends in serum cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol medication use: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-1982 to 2000-2002. Circulation 2005;112:3884-91.
16. Kuklina EV, Yoon PW, Keenan NL. Trends in high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the United States, 1999-2006. JAMA 2009;302:2104-10.
17. Neutel CI, Morrison H, Campbell NR, et al. Statin use in Canadians: trends, determinants and persistence. Can J Public Health 2007;98:412-16.
18. Hobbs MS, Knuiman MW, Briffa T, et al. Plasma cholesterol levels continue to decline despite the rising prevalence of obesity: population trends in Perth, Western Australia, 1980-1999. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008;15:319-24.
19. Metcalf PA, Scragg RK, Swinburn BA, et al. Factors associated with changes in serum total cholesterol levels over 7 years in middle-aged New Zealand men and women: a prospective study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001;11:298-305. (Pubitemid 33687818)
20. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14(Suppl 2):S1-113.
21. Marmot M, Brunner E. Cohort profile: the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:251-6. (Pubitemid 40645308)
22. Brunner EJ, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, et al. Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia 1997;40:1341-9. (Pubitemid 27469676)
23. Warnick GR, Nauck M, Rifai N. Evolution of methods for measurement of HDL-cholesterol: from ultracentrifugation to homogeneous assays. Clin Chem 2001;47:1579-96. (Pubitemid 32782657)
24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
25. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, et al. Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1261-71. (Pubitemid 35416561)
26. Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:51-65. (Pubitemid 15010435)
27. Brunner E, Stallone D, Juneja M, et al. Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: comparison of 7 d diet diary and food-frequency questionnaire and validity against biomarkers. Br J Nutr 2001;86:405-14. (Pubitemid 32916198)
28. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, et al. Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents. Circulation 1994;90:583-612.
29. Rose GA, Blackburn H, Gillum RF, et al. Cardiovascular survey methods. 2nd edn. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1982.
30. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1997.
31. World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1995.
32. Morton V, Torgerson DJ. Effect of regression to the mean on decision making in health care. BMJ 2003;326:1083-4. (Pubitemid 36629731)
33. Chao YC, Zhao Y, Kupper LL, et al. Quantifying the relative importance of predictors in multiple linear regression analyses for public health studies. J Occup Environ Hyg 2008;5:519-29. (Pubitemid 351882407)
34. Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003. (Pubitemid 36712275)
35. Buyken AE, Flood V, Rochtchina E, et al. Modifications in dietary fat quality are associated with changes in serum lipids of older adults independently of lipid medication. J Nutr 2010;140:88-94.
36. Scranton R, Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, et al. Predictors of 14-year changes in the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in men. Am Heart J 2004;147:1033-8. (Pubitemid 38880960)
37. Ingelsson E, Massaro JM, Sutherland P, et al. Contemporary trends in dyslipidemia in the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:279-86.
38. Cui Y, Watson DJ, Girman CJ, et al. Effects of increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on the incidence of first acute coronary events (from the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study). Am J Cardiol 2009;104:829-34.
39. Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1155-63. (Pubitemid 44444932)
40. Brunner E, Rees K, Ward K, et al. Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD002128.
41. Howard BV, Van HL, Hsia J, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;295:655-66. (Pubitemid 43209067)
42. Varady KA, Jones PJ. Combination diet and exercise interventions for the treatment of dyslipidemia: an effective preliminary strategy to lower cholesterol levels? J Nutr 2005;135:1829-35.
43. Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, et al. Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. Metabolism 2007;56:444-50. (Pubitemid 46437252)
44. Wilund KR, Feeney LA, Tomayko EJ, et al. Effects of endurance exercise training on markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Physiol Res 2009;58:545-52.
45. Kimberly MM, Leary ET, Cole TG, et al. Selection, validation, standardization, and performance of a designated comparison method for HDL-cholesterol for use in the cholesterol reference method laboratory network. Clin Chem 1999;45:1803-12. (Pubitemid 29477339)
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory quality assurance and standardization programs: cholesterol reference method laboratory network. http://www.cdc.gov/labstandards/crmln.html (accessed 21 Dec 2010).
47. Bairaktari E, Elisaf M, Katsaraki A, et al. Homogeneous HDL-cholesterol assay versus ultracentrifugation/dextran sulfate-Mg2+ precipitation and dextran sulfate- Mg2+ precipitation in healthy population and in hemodialysis patients. Clin Biochem 1999;32:339-46. (Pubitemid 29416724)
48. NHS National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Prevention of cardiovascular disease at population level. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PH25 (accessed 21 Dec 2010).
49. Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000252.