Density-dependent population dynamics of mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned stands

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1031-1046

  MacQuarrie, Chris J K ^a,b   Cooke, Barry J ^a  

^a NORTHERN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

^b LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARK BEETLE; BASAL AREA; CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE; DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE; DENSITY-DEPENDENT; EPIDEMIC DYNAMICS; EPIDEMIC EQUILIBRIUM; FOREST MANAGERS; HOPKINS; LODGEPOLE PINE; MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE; PINUS CONTORTA; PINUS PONDEROSA; PONDEROSA PINES; POPULATION SIZES; PROXY MEASURE; REPRODUCTIVE RATES; SELECTIVE REMOVAL; VALIDATION TEST;

DYNAMICS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FORESTRY; LANDFORMS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION STATISTICS;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

BEETLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE VARIATION; CONIFEROUS TREE; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; FOREST MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY; SILVICULTURE; STAND DYNAMICS; THINNING;

BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS; DYNAMICS; FORESTRY; FORESTS; INSECTS; PINUS CONTORTA; PINUS PONDEROSA;

COLEOPTERA; DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE; PINUS CONTORTA; PINUS MUGO; PINUS PONDEROSA; SCOLYTINAE;

EID: 79955728332     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: 12086037     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x11-007     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Allee, W.C. 1931. Animal aggregations a study in general sociology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
2. Amman, G.D., and Cole, W.E. 1983. Mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests part II: population dynamics. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-145.
3. Amman, G.D., and Logan, J.A. 1998. Silvicultural control of mountain pine beetle: prescriptions and the influence of microclimate. Am. Entomol. 44(3): 166-177.
4. Amman, G.D., Lessard, G.D., Rasmussen, L.A., and O'Neil, C.G. 1988a. Lodgepole pine vigor, regeneration, and infestation by mountain pine beetle following partial cutting on the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-396.
5. Amman, G.D., McGregor, M.D., Schmitz, R.F., and Oakes, R.D. 1988b. Susceptibility of lodgepole pine to infestation by mountain pine beetles following partial cutting of stands. Can. J. For. Res. 18(6): 688-695. doi:10.1139/x88-105.
6. Aukema, B.H., Carroll, A.L., Zhu, J., Raffa, K.F., Sickley, T.A., and Taylor, S.W. 2006. Landscape level analysis of mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada: spatiotemporal development and spatial synchrony within the present outbreak. Ecography, 29(3): 427-441. doi:10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04445.x.
7. Aukema, B.H., Carroll, A.L., Zheng, Y., Zhu, J., Raffa, K.F., Moore, R.D., Stahl, K., and Taylor, S.W. 2008. Movement of outbreak populations of mountain pine beetle: influences of spatiotemporal patterns and climate. Ecography, 31(3): 348-358. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.05453.x.
8. Bartos, D.L., and Amman, G.D. 1989. Microclimate: an alternative to tree vigor as a basis for mountain pine beetle infestations. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-400.
9. Bentz, B.J., Amman, G.D., and Logan, J.A. 1993. A critical assessment of risk classification systems for the mountain pine beetle. For. Ecol. Manag. 61(3-4): 349-366. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(93)90211-5.
10. Berryman, A.A. 1976. Theoretical explanation of mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests. Environ. Entomol. 5(6): 1225-1233.
11. Berryman, A.A. 1979. Dynamics of bark beetle populations: analysis of dispersal and redistribution. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Suisse, 52: 227-234.
12. Berryman, A.A. 1982. Biological control, thresholds and pest outbreaks. Environ. Entomol. 11(3): 544-549.
13. Berryman, A.A. 1999. Principles of population dynamics and their application. Stanley Thorne Publishers, London, U.K.
14. Björklund, N., and Lindgren, B.S. 2009. Diameter of lodgepole pine and mortality caused by the mountain pine beetle: factors that influence their relationship and applicability for susceptibility rating. Can. J. For. Res. 39(5): 908-916. doi:10.1139/X09-020.
15. Brunelle, A., Rehfeldt, G.E., Bentz, B., and Munson, A.S. 2008. Holocene records of Dendroctonus bark beetles in high elevation pine forests of Idaho and Montana, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 255(3-4): 836-846. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.008.
16. Cerezke, H.F. 1995. Egg gallery, brood production, and adult characteristics of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in three pine hosts. Can. Entomol. 127(6): 955-965. doi:10.4039/Ent127955-6.
17. Dahlsten, D.L. 1982. Relationships between bark beetles and their natural enemies. In Bark beetles in North American conifers: a system for the study of evolutionary biology. Edited by J. Mitton and K. Sturgeon. University of Texas Press, Austin, Tex. pp. 140-182.
18. Dahlsten, D.L., and Stephen, F.M. 1974. Natural enemies and insect associates of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in sugar pine. Can. Entomol. 106(11): 1211-1217. doi:10.4039/Ent1061211-11.
19. Fettig, C.J., Klepzig, K.D., Billings, R.F., Munson, A.S., Nebeker, T. E., Negron, J.F., and Nowak, J.T. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. For. Ecol. Manag. 238(1-3): 24-53. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.011.
20. Furniss, M.M., and Schenk, J.A. 1969. Sustained natural infestation by the mountain pine beetle in seven new Pinus and Picea hosts. J. Econ. Entomol. 62(2): 518-519.
21. Furniss, R.L., and Carolin, V.M. 1977. Western forest insects. U.S. For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 1339.
22. Geiszler, D.R., and Gara, R.I. 1978. Mountain pine beetle attack dynamics in lodgepole pine. In Theory and practice of mountain pine beetle management in lodgepole pine forests. Edited by A.A. Berryman, G.D. Amman, R.W. Stark, and D.L. Kibbee. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; USDA For. Serv. For. Insect Dis. Res., Washington, D.C.; and USDA For. Serv. Intermountain For. Range Exp. Station, Ogden, Utah. pp. 182-187.
23. Gibson, K.E. 1990. Permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots: an update 1989. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Rep. 90-7.
24. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, R.D. 1987. Mountain pine beetle status reportNorthern Region 1986.U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Rep. 87-7.
25. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, R.D. 1988. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1987. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Rep. 88-4.
26. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, R.D. 1989. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1988. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Rep. 89-7.
27. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, R.D. 1990. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1989. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Timber Coop. For. Pest Manag. Rep. 90-9.
28. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, B. 1993. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1992. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. For. Pest Manag. Rep. 93-3.
29. Gibson, K.E., and Oakes, B. 1994. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1993. U.S.DA For. Serv. North. Reg. For. Pest Manag. Rep. 94-3.
30. Hamel, D.R. 1978. Results of harvesting strategies for management of mountain pine beetle infestations in lodgepole pine on the Gallatin National Forest, Montana. In Theory and practice of mountain pine beetle management in lodgepole pine forests. Edited by A.A. Berryman, G.D. Amman, R.W. Stark, and D.L. Kibbee. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; USDA For. Serv. For. Insect Dis. Res., Washington, D.C.; and USDA For. Serv. Intermountain For. Range Exp. Station, Ogden, Utah. pp. 192-196.
31. Hopping, G.R., and Mathers, W.G. 1943. E.30.19-3 - Bark beetle control and sample plot studies. In Annual report 1943 Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C. pp. 56-71.
32. Klein, W.H., Parker, D.L., and Jensen, C.E. 1978. Attack, emergence, and stand depletion trends of mountain pine beetle in a lodgepole pine stand during an outbreak. Environ. Entomol. 7(5): 732-737.
33. Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., Stinson, G., Rampley, G., Neilson, E.T., Carroll, A.L., Ebata, T., and Safranyik, L. 2008. Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452(7190): 987-990. doi:10.1038/nature06777. PMID:18432244.
34. Langor, D., Rice, A., and Williams, D. 2007. Mountain pine beetle invasions of boreal forests. Can. Silvicult. 2007(1): 5-7.
35. Logan, J.A., and Powell, J.A. 2001. Ghost forests, global warming and the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Am. Entomol. 47(3): 160-172.
36. Macias Fauria, M., and Johnson, E.A. 2009. Large-scale climatic patterns and area affected by mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 114(G1): G01012. doi:10.1029/2008JG000760.
37. McGregor, M.D., Oakes, R.D., and Meyer, H.E. 1983. Status of mountain pine beetle Northern Region 1982. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. State and Private For. Rep. 83-16.
38. McGregor, M.D., Gibson, K.E., Tunnock, S., Stipe, L.E., Meyer, H. E., and Oakes, R.D. 1985. Status of mountain pine beetle infestations Northern Region 1984. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. State and Private For. Rep. 85-5.
39. McGregor, M.D., Amman, G.D., Schmitz, R.F., and Oakes, R.D. 1987. Partial cutting lodgepole pine stands to reduce losses to the mountain pine beetle. Can. J. For. Res. 17(10): 1234-1239. doi:10.1139/x87-191.
40. Mitchell, R.G., Waring, R.H., and Pitman, G.B. 1983. Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain pine beetle. For. Sci. 29(1): 204-211.
41. Nelson, W.A., and Lewis, M.A. 2008. Connecting host physiology to host resistance in the conifer -bark beetle system. Theor. Ecol. 1(3): 163-177. doi:10.1007/s12080-008-0017-1.
42. Nelson, W.A., Potapov, A., Lewis, M.A., Hundsdorfer, A.E., and He, F. 2008. Balancing ecological complexity in predictive models: a reassessment of risk models in the mountain pine beetle system. J. Appl. Ecol. 45(1): 248-257. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01374.x.
43. Oakes, R.D., and Gibson, K.E. 1991. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1990. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. For. Pest Manag. Rep. 91-06.
44. Oakes, R.D., and Gibson, K.E. 1992. Bark beetle conditions Northern Region 1991. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. For. Pest Manag. Rep. 92-5.
45. Parker, D.L. 1973. Trend of a mountain pine beetle outbreak. J. For. 71(11): 698-700.
46. Powell, J.A., and Bentz, B.J. 2009. Connecting phenological predictions with population growth rates for mountain pine beetle, an outbreak insect. Landsc. Ecol. 24(5): 657-672. doi:10.1007/s10980-009-9340-1.
47. Powell, J., Kennedy, B., White, P., Bentz, B., Logan, J., and Roberts, D. 2000. Mathematical elements of attack risk analysis for mountain pine beetles. J. Theor. Biol. 204(4): 601-620. doi:10.1006/jtbi.2000.1080. PMID:10833359.
48. R Development Core Team. 2008. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
49. Raffa, K.F., and Berryman, A.A. 1983. The role of host plant resistance in the colonization behavior and ecology of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecol. Monogr. 53(1): 27-49. doi:10.2307/1942586.
50. Raffa, K.F., Aukema, B.H., Bentz, B.J., Carroll, A.L., Hicke, J.A., Turner, M.G., and Romme, W.H. 2008. Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: the dynamics of bark beetle eruptions. Bioscience, 58(6): 501-517. doi:10.1641/B580607.
51. Régnière, J., and Bentz, B. 2007. Modeling cold tolerance in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. J. Insect Physiol. 53(6): 559-572. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.02.007. PMID:17412358.
52. Rice, A.V., Thormann, M.N., and Langor, D.W. 2007a. Mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi cause lesions on jack pine, lodgepole pine, and lodgepole × jack pine hybrids in Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 85(3): 307-315. doi:10.1139/B07-014.
53. Rice, A.V., Thormann, M.N., and Langor, D.W. 2007b. Virulence of, and interactions among, mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi on two pine species and their hybrids in Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 85(3): 316-323. doi:10.1139/B07-016.
54. Royama, T. 1992. Analytical population dynamics. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
55. Royama, T., MacKinnon, W.E., Kettela, E.G., Carter, N.E., and Hartling, L.K. 2005. Analysis of spruce budworm outbreak cycles in New Brunswick, Canada, since 1952. Ecology, 86(5): 1212-1224. doi:10.1890/03-4077.
56. Safranyik, L. 2004. Mountain pine beetle epidemiology in lodgepole pine. In Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions, 30-31 October 2003, Kelowna, B.C. Edited by T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, and J.E. Stone. Nat. Resour. Can. Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep. BC-X-399. pp. 33-40.
57. Safranyik, L., and Carroll, A.L. 2006. The biology and epidemiology of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests. In The mountain pine beetle: a synthesis of biology, management and impacts on lodgepole pine. Edited by L. Safranyik and B. Willson. Nat. Resour. Can. Can. For. Serv., Victoria, B.C. pp. 3-66.
58. Safranyik, L., Shore, T.L., Carroll, A.L., and Linton, D.A. 2004. Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) diversity in spaced and unmanaged mature lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) in southeastern British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manag. 200(1-3): 23-38. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.004.
59. Safranyik, L., Carroll, A., Regniere, J., Langor, D.W., Riel, W.G., Shore, T.L., Peter, B., Cooke, B.J., Nealis, V.G., and Taylor, S.W. 2010. Potential for range expansion of mountain pine beetle into the boreal forest of North America. Can. Entomol. 142(5): 415-442. doi:10.4039/n08-CPA01.
60. Schmid, J.M., Mata, S.A., and Schmidt, R.A. 1991. Bark temperature patterns in ponderosa pine stands and their possible effects on mountain pine beetle behaviour. Can. J. For. Res. 21(10): 1439-1446. doi:10.1139/x91-203.
61. Schmid, J.M., Mata, S.A., and Schmidt, R.A. 1992. Bark temperature patterns in mountain pine beetle susceptible stands of lodgepole pine in the central Rockies. Can. J. For. Res. 22(11): 1669-1675. doi:10.1139/x92-220.
62. Schmid, J.M., Mata, S.A., Kessler, R.R., and Popp, J.B. 2007. The influence of partial cutting on mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Black Hills ponderosa pine stands. U.S. For. Ser. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-68.
63. Shore, T. L., and Safranyik, L. 1992. Susceptibility and risk rating system for the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands. For. Can. Inf. Rep. BC-X-336.
64. Shore, T.L., Safranyik, L., and Lemieux, J.P. 2000. Susceptibility of lodgepole pine stands to the mountain pine beetle: testing of a rating system. Can. J. For. Res. 30(1): 44-49. doi:10.1139/cjfr-30-1-44.
65. Taylor, C.M., and Hastings, A. 2005. Allee effects in biological invasions. Ecol. Lett. 8(8): 895-908. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00787.x.
66. Taylor, S., and Carroll, A. 2004. Disturbance, forest age, and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in British Columbia: a historical perspective. In Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions, 30-31 October 2003, Kelowna, B.C. Edited by T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, and J.E. Stone. Nat. Resour. Can. Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep. BC-X-399. pp. 41-51.
67. Trzcinski, M.R., and Reid, M.R. 2009. Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of mountain pine beetle population growth. Agric. For. Entomol. 11(2): 185-196. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00408.x.
68. Tunnock, S. 1970. A chronic infestation of mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in Glacier National Park, Montana. J. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 67(1): 23.
69. Tunnock, S., McGregor, M.D., Oakes, R.D., and Meyer, H.E. 1986. Mountain pine beetle infestations in the Northern Region during 1985. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. State and Private For. Rep. 86-9.
70. Waring, R.H., and Pitman, G.B. 1985. Modifying lodgepole pine stands to change susceptibility to mountain pine beetle attack. Ecology, 66(3): 889-897. doi:10.2307/1940551.
71. Whitehead, R.J., and Russo, G.L. 2005. Beetle-proofed lodgepole pine stands in interior British Columbia have less damage from mountain pine beetle. Nat. Resour. Can. Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep. BC-X-402.
72. Whitehead, R.J., Safranyik, L., and Shore, T.L. 2006. Preventative management. In The mountain pine beetle: a synthesis of biology, management and impacts on lodgepole pine. Edited by L. Safranyik and B. Willson. Nat. Resour. Can. Can. For. Serv., Victoria, B.C. pp. 173-192.
73. Wulder, M.A., Ortlepp, S.M., White, J.C., Coops, N.C., and Coggins, S.B. 2009. Monitoring the impacts of mountain pine beetle mitigation. For. Ecol. Manag. 258(7): 1181-1187. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.008.
74. Yang, Y., Monserud, R.A., and Huang, S. 2004. An evaluation of diagnostic tests and their roles in validating forest biometric models. Can. J. For. Res. 34(3): 619-629. doi:10.1139/x03-230.
75. Amman, G.D., Lessard, G.D., Rasmussen, L.A., and O'Neil, C.G. 1988. Lodgepole pine vigor, regeneration, and infestation by mountain pine beetle following partial cutting on the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-396.
76. Berryman, A.A. 1979. Dynamics of bark beetle populations: analysis of dispersal and redistribution. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Suisse, 52: 227-234.
77. Berryman, A.A. 1999. Principles of population dynamics and their application. Stanley Thorne Publishers, London, U.K.
78. Burns, R.M., and Honkala, B.H. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 654.
79. Cole, W.E., Cahill, D.B., and Lessard, G.D. 1983. Harvesting strategies for management of mountain pine beetle infestations in lodgepole pine: preliminary evaluation, East Long Creek demonstration area, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note INT-333.
80. Gibson, K.E. 1990. Permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots: an update 1989. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. Rep. 90-7.
81. Gibson, K.E., McGregor, M.D., and Bennett, D.D. 1980. Establishment report: permanent mountain pine beetle population trend plots, Montana, 1979. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. State and Private For. Rep. 80-8.
82. Hamel, D.R. 1978. Results of harvesting strategies for management of mountain pine beetle infestations in lodgepole pine on the Gallatin National Forest, Montana. In Theory and practice of mountain pine beetle management in lodgepole pine forests. Edited by A.A. Berryman, G.D. Amman, R.W. Stark, and D.L. Kibbee. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; USDA For. Serv. For. Insect Dis. Res., Washington, D.C.; and USDA For. Serv. Intermountain For. Range Exp. Station, Ogden, Utah. pp. 192-196.
83. Hopping, G.R., and Mathers, W.G. 1943. E.30.19-3 - Bark beetle control and sample plot studies. In Annual report 1943 Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C. pp. 56-71.
84. Hopping, G.R., Mathers, W.G., and Morgan, C.V.G. 1942. E.30.19- 3 - Bark beetle control and sample plot studies. In Annual report 1942 Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C. pp. 40-86.
85. Klein, W.H., Parker, D.L., and Jensen, C.E. 1978. Attack, emergence, and stand depletion trends of mountain pine beetle in a lodgepole pine stand during an outbreak. Environ. Entomol. 7(5): 732-737.
86. Mata, S.A., Schmid, J.M., and Olsen, W.K. 2003. Growth of lodgepole pine stands and its relation to mountain pine beetle susceptibility. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-42.
87. McGregor, M.D. 1979. A demonstration of lodgepole pine management to prevent mountain pine beetle outbreaks Yaak and Thompson River drainages progress report. U.S. For. Serv. North. Reg. State and Private For. Rep. 79-14.
88. McGregor, M.D., Amman, G.D., Schmitz, R.F., and Oakes, R.D. 1987. Partial cutting lodgepole pine stands to reduce losses to the mountain pine beetle. Can. J. For. Res. 17(10): 1234-1239. doi:10.1139/x87-191.
89. Parker, D.L. 1973. Trend of a mountain pine beetle outbreak. J. For. 71(11): 698-700.
90. Richmond, H.A. 1936. Reconnaiseance [sic] and sample plot studies, Kootenay National Park, B.C. In 1935 Annual report of the Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Edited by R. Hopping. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C. pp. 295-305.
91. Richmond, H.A. 1937. Kootenay park, insect reconnaiseance [sic], 1936. In Annual report of the Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1937. Edited by R. Hopping. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C. pp. 101-139.
92. Schmid, J.M., and Mata, S.A. 1992. Stand density and mountain pine beetle-caused mortality in ponderosa pine stands. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-515.
93. Schmid, J.M., Mata, S.A., and Schmidt, R.A. 1991. Bark temperature patterns in ponderosa pine stands and their possible effects on mountain pine beetle behaviour. Can. J. For. Res. 21(10): 1439-1446. doi:10.1139/x91-203.
94. Schmid, J.M., Mata, S.A., Kessler, R.R., and Popp, J.B. 2007. The influence of partial cutting on mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Black Hills ponderosa pine stands. U.S. For. Ser. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-68.
95. Trzcinski, M.R., and Reid, M.R. 2009. Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of mountain pine beetle population growth. Agric. For. Entomol. 11(2): 185-196. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00408.x.
96. Tunnock, S. 1970. A chronic infestation of mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in Glacier National Park, Montana. J. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 67(1): 23.
97. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. 1938a. Annual report of the Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1938. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C.
98. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. 1938b. Annual report of the Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory for the year 1938. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C.
99. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. 1939. Annual report Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory 1939. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C.
100. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. 1941. Annual report Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory 1941. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C.
101. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. 1945. Annual report Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory 1945. Department of Mines and Resources, Lands, Parks and Forest Branch, Dominion Forest Service, Vernon, B.C.