메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 185-196

Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of mountain pine beetle population growth

Author keywords

Dendroctonus ponderosae; Density dependence; Environmental impact; Maximum rate of population increase; Pinus contorta; Resource depletion; Spatial scale; Weather effects

Indexed keywords

COLEOPTERA; DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE; PINUS CONTORTA; PINUS MUGO;

EID: 65249177238     PISSN: 14619555     EISSN: 14619563     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00408.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0001215440 scopus 로고
    • Mountain pine beetle brood production in relation to thickness of lodgepole pine phloem
    • Amman, G.D 1972) Mountain pine beetle brood production in relation to thickness of lodgepole pine phloem. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65, 138 140.
    • (1972) Journal of Economic Entomology , vol.65 , pp. 138-140
    • Amman, G.D.1
  • 2
    • 0011286810 scopus 로고
    • The biology, ecology and causes of outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests
    • Symposium Proceedings, April 25-27, 1978, Pullman WA, Moscow, ID. ed. by. A. Berryman. G. D. Amman. and. R. W. Stark. pp. University of Idaho, Forest. Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, Idaho.
    • Amman, G.D 1978) The biology, ecology and causes of outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests. Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Management in Lodgepole Pine Forests. Symposium Proceedings, April 25-27, 1978, Pullman WA, Moscow, ID (ed. by A. Berryman, G. D. Amman and R. W. Stark pp. 39 53. University of Idaho, Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, Idaho.
    • (1978) Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Management in Lodgepole Pine Forests. , pp. 39-53
    • Amman, G.D.1
  • 3
    • 0000888613 scopus 로고
    • Mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mortality in three types of infestations
    • Amman, G.D 1984) Mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mortality in three types of infestations. Environmental Entomology, 3, 184 191.
    • (1984) Environmental Entomology , vol.3 , pp. 184-191
    • Amman, G.D.1
  • 5
    • 33745111463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape level analysis of mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada: Spatiotemporal development and spatial synchrony within the present outbreak
    • Aukema, B.H., Carroll, A.L., Zhu, J., Raffa, K.F., Sickley, T.A. Taylor, S.W 2006) Landscape level analysis of mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada: spatiotemporal development and spatial synchrony within the present outbreak. Ecography, 29, 427 441.
    • (2006) Ecography , vol.29 , pp. 427-441
    • Aukema, B.H.1    Carroll, A.L.2    Zhu, J.3    Raffa, K.F.4    Sickley, T.A.5    Taylor, S.W.6
  • 7
    • 30744440897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire return rates on traverseability of lodgepole pine forests for mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and the use of patch metrics to estimate traverseability
    • Barclay, H.J., Li, C., Benson, L., Taylor, S. Shore, T 2005) Effects of fire return rates on traverseability of lodgepole pine forests for mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and the use of patch metrics to estimate traverseability. Canadian Entomologist, 137, 566 583.
    • (2005) Canadian Entomologist , vol.137 , pp. 566-583
    • Barclay, H.J.1    Li, C.2    Benson, L.3    Taylor, S.4    Shore, T.5
  • 8
    • 0005380970 scopus 로고
    • Relation between tree growth and outbreaks of the Black Hills beetle
    • Beal, J.A 1943) Relation between tree growth and outbreaks of the Black Hills beetle. Journal of Forestry, 41, 359 366.
    • (1943) Journal of Forestry , vol.41 , pp. 359-366
    • Beal, J.A.1
  • 10
    • 0024922050 scopus 로고
    • Interaction dynamics of bark beetle aggregation and conifer defense rates
    • Berryman, A.A., Raffa, K.F., Millstein, J.A. Stenseth, N.C 1989) Interaction dynamics of bark beetle aggregation and conifer defense rates. Oikos, 56, 256 263.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.56 , pp. 256-263
    • Berryman, A.A.1    Raffa, K.F.2    Millstein, J.A.3    Stenseth, N.C.4
  • 11
    • 0033231663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial population dynamics: Analyzing patterns and processes of population synchrony
    • Bjørnstad, O.N., Ims, R.A. Lambin, X 1999) Spatial population dynamics: analyzing patterns and processes of population synchrony. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 427 432.
    • (1999) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.14 , pp. 427-432
    • Bjørnstad, O.N.1    Ims, R.A.2    Lambin, X.3
  • 12
    • 84972029044 scopus 로고
    • Uncertain fate of spot infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins
    • Borden, J.H 1993) Uncertain fate of spot infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins. Canadian Entomologist, 127, 167 169.
    • (1993) Canadian Entomologist , vol.127 , pp. 167-169
    • Borden, J.H.1
  • 13
    • 0013637737 scopus 로고
    • The application of behaviour-modifying chemicals to contain infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae
    • Borden, J.H., Chong, L.J., Pratt, K.E.G. Gray, D.R 1983) The application of behaviour-modifying chemicals to contain infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. Forestry Chronicle, 59, 235 239.
    • (1983) Forestry Chronicle , vol.59 , pp. 235-239
    • Borden, J.H.1    Chong, L.J.2    Pratt, K.E.G.3    Gray, D.R.4
  • 14
    • 33745970459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength of evidence for density dependence in abundance time series of 1198 species
    • Brook, B.W. Bradshaw, C.J.A 2006) Strength of evidence for density dependence in abundance time series of 1198 species. Ecology, 87, 1445 1451.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 1445-1451
    • Brook, B.W.1    Bradshaw, J.A.2
  • 15
    • 65249115014 scopus 로고
    • Canadian Forest Service. Annual Report. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Vernon, British Columbia.
    • Canadian Forest Service 1942) Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Annual Report. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory, Vernon, British Columbia.
    • (1942) Forest Insect and Disease Survey.
  • 16
    • 65249135251 scopus 로고
    • Canadian Forest Service. Annual Report. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory. Vernon, British Columbia.
    • Canadian Forest Service 1943) Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Annual Report. Vernon Forest Insect Laboratory, Vernon, British Columbia.
    • (1943) Forest Insect and Disease Survey.
  • 18
    • 51249184514 scopus 로고
    • Some risks and causes of mortality in mountain pine beetle populations: A long-term analysis
    • Cole, W.E 1981) Some risks and causes of mortality in mountain pine beetle populations: a long-term analysis. Researches in Population Ecology, 23, 116 144.
    • (1981) Researches in Population Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 116-144
    • Cole, W.E.1
  • 19
    • 0028180186 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: Estimation and testing
    • Dennis, B. Taper, M.L 1994) Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs, 64, 205 224.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 205-224
    • Dennis, B.1    Taper, M.L.2
  • 20
    • 16844373642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low energy reserves and energy allocation decisions affect reproduction by mountain pine beetles Dendroctonus ponderosae
    • Elkin, C.M. Reid, M.L 2005) Low energy reserves and energy allocation decisions affect reproduction by mountain pine beetles Dendroctonus ponderosae. Functional Ecology, 19, 102 109.
    • (2005) Functional Ecology , vol.19 , pp. 102-109
    • Elkin, C.M.1    Reid, M.L.2
  • 21
    • 0006443414 scopus 로고
    • Scolytids (Coleoptera) on snowfields above timberline in Oregon and Washington
    • Furniss, M.M. Furniss, R.L 1972) Scolytids (Coleoptera) on snowfields above timberline in Oregon and Washington. Canadian Entomologist, 104, 1471 1478.
    • (1972) Canadian Entomologist , vol.104 , pp. 1471-1478
    • Furniss, M.M.1    Furniss, R.L.2
  • 22
    • 0003293418 scopus 로고
    • On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies
    • Gompertz, B 1825) On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 115, 513 585.
    • (1825) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B , vol.115 , pp. 513-585
    • Gompertz, B.1
  • 23
    • 0000127105 scopus 로고
    • Pheromone production by the pine engraver Ips pini following flight and starvation
    • Gries, G., Bowers, W.W., Gries, R., Noble, M. Borden, J.H 1990) Pheromone production by the pine engraver Ips pini following flight and starvation. Journal of Insect Physiology, 36, 819 824.
    • (1990) Journal of Insect Physiology , vol.36 , pp. 819-824
    • Gries, G.1    Bowers, W.W.2    Gries, R.3    Noble, M.4    Borden, J.H.5
  • 25
    • 0001717061 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of dynamical behavior in single species populations
    • Hassell, M.P., Comins, H.N. May, R.M 1976) Patterns of dynamical behavior in single species populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 45, 471 486.
    • (1976) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 471-486
    • Hassell, M.P.1    Comins, H.N.2    May, R.M.3
  • 26
    • 0347124770 scopus 로고
    • The relation of diameter of lodgepole pine to incidence of attack by the bark beetle Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins
    • Hopping, G.R. Beall, G 1948) The relation of diameter of lodgepole pine to incidence of attack by the bark beetle Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins. Forestry Chronicle, 24, 141 145.
    • (1948) Forestry Chronicle , vol.24 , pp. 141-145
    • Hopping, G.R.1    Beall, G.2
  • 27
    • 0004900808 scopus 로고
    • Observations on outbreaks and control of the mountain pine beetle in the lodgepole pine stands of Western Canada
    • Hopping, G.R. Mathers, W.G 1945) Observations on outbreaks and control of the mountain pine beetle in the lodgepole pine stands of Western Canada. Forestry Chronicle, 21, 98 108.
    • (1945) Forestry Chronicle , vol.21 , pp. 98-108
    • Hopping, G.R.1    Mathers, W.G.2
  • 28
    • 18444381364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insightful Corporation. Insightful Corporation. Seattle, Washington.
    • Insightful Corporation (2003) S-PLUS, version 6.2. Insightful Corporation, Seattle, Washington.
    • (2003) S-PLUS, Version 6.2.
  • 29
    • 0034626803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchronization of vole population dynamics by predatory birds
    • Ims, R.A. Andreassen, H.P 2000) Spatial synchronization of vole population dynamics by predatory birds. Nature, 408, 194 196.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 194-196
    • Ims, R.A.1    Andreassen, H.P.2
  • 33
    • 65249155676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological insights gained from model analysis of mountain pine beetle outbreaks
    • North Carolina St. University. Raleigh, NC. ed. by. J. E. Cook. and. B. P. Oswald. pp. Forest Ecology Working Group, Society of American Foresters.
    • Logan, J.A., White, P., Bentz, B.J. Powell, J.W 1997) Ecological insights gained from model analysis of mountain pine beetle outbreaks. First Biennial North American Forest Ecology Workshop, 1997, North Carolina St. University, Raleigh, NC (ed. by J. E. Cook and B. P. Oswald pp. 163 176. Forest Ecology Working Group, Society of American Foresters.
    • (1997) First Biennial North American Forest Ecology Workshop, 1997 , pp. 163-176
    • Logan, J.A.1    White, P.2    Bentz, B.J.3    Powell, J.W.4
  • 35
    • 0033901075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental effects on constitutive and inducible resin defences of Pinus taeda
    • Lombardero, M.J., Ayres, M.P., Lorio, P.L. Jr. Ruel, J.J 2000) Environmental effects on constitutive and inducible resin defences of Pinus taeda. Ecology Letters, 3, 329 339.
    • (2000) Ecology Letters , vol.3 , pp. 329-339
    • Lombardero, M.J.1    Ayres, M.P.2    Lorio, Jr.P.L.3    Ruel, J.J.4
  • 36
    • 0002061874 scopus 로고
    • Environmental stress and whole-tree physiology
    • ed. by. T. D. Schowalter. and. G. M. Filip. pp. Academic Press. New York, New York.
    • Lorio, P.L 1993) Environmental stress and whole-tree physiology. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests (ed. by T. D. Schowalter and G. M. Filip pp. 81 101. Academic Press, New York, New York.
    • (1993) Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests , pp. 81-101
    • Lorio, P.L.1
  • 37
    • 0017185443 scopus 로고
    • Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics
    • May, R.M 1976) Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261, 459 467.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.261 , pp. 459-467
    • May, R.M.1
  • 38
    • 0028176025 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in theory and practice
    • Murdoch, W.W 1994) Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology, 75, 271 287.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 271-287
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 40
    • 84970556051 scopus 로고
    • An outline of the dynamics of animal populations
    • Nicholson, A.J 1954) An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Australian Journal of Zoology, 2, 9 65.
    • (1954) Australian Journal of Zoology , vol.2 , pp. 9-65
    • Nicholson, A.J.1
  • 41
    • 33644835877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A resource-depletion model of forest insect outbreaks
    • Økland, B. Bjørnstad, O.N 2006) A resource-depletion model of forest insect outbreaks. Ecology, 87, 283 290.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 283-290
    • Økland, B.1    Bjørnstad, O.N.2
  • 44
    • 0002873712 scopus 로고
    • The role of host plant resistance in the colonization behavior and ecology of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
    • Raffa, K.F. Berryman, A.A 1983) The role of host plant resistance in the colonization behavior and ecology of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecological Monographs, 53, 27 49.
    • (1983) Ecological Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 27-49
    • Raffa, K.F.1    Berryman, A.A.2
  • 45
    • 0022825194 scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic computer model of mountain pine beetle populations interacting with lodgepole pine stand and its implications for forest managers
    • Raffa, K.F. Berryman, A.A 1986) A mechanistic computer model of mountain pine beetle populations interacting with lodgepole pine stand and its implications for forest managers. Forest Science, 32, 789 805.
    • (1986) Forest Science , vol.32 , pp. 789-805
    • Raffa, K.F.1    Berryman, A.A.2
  • 46
    • 0030304897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, are we searching at the wrong scale?
    • Ray, C. Hastings, A 1996) Density dependence, are we searching at the wrong scale? Journal of Animal Ecology, 65, 556 566.
    • (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 556-566
    • Ray, C.1    Hastings, A.2
  • 47
    • 84958469904 scopus 로고
    • Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia I. Life cycle, brood development, and flight periods
    • Reid, R.W 1962) Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia I. Life cycle, brood development, and flight periods. Canadian Entomologist, 94, 531 538.
    • (1962) Canadian Entomologist , vol.94 , pp. 531-538
    • Reid, R.W.1
  • 48
    • 0000338947 scopus 로고
    • Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia III. Interaction between the beetle and its host, with emphasis on brood mortality
    • Reid, R.W 1963) Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae, Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia III. Interaction between the beetle and its host, with emphasis on brood mortality. Canadian Entomologist, 95, 225 238.
    • (1963) Canadian Entomologist , vol.95 , pp. 225-238
    • Reid, R.W.1
  • 49
    • 0023496983 scopus 로고
    • A dynamics systems perspective on vegetation theory
    • Roberts, D.W 1987) A dynamics systems perspective on vegetation theory. Vegetatio, 69, 27 33.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.69 , pp. 27-33
    • Roberts, D.W.1
  • 50
    • 34250859426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountain pine beetle dispersal: Spatial-temporal interaction of infestations
    • Robertson, C., Nelson, T.A. Boots, B 2007) Mountain pine beetle dispersal: spatial-temporal interaction of infestations. Forest Science, 53, 395 405.
    • (2007) Forest Science , vol.53 , pp. 395-405
    • Robertson, C.1    Nelson, T.A.2    Boots, B.3
  • 52
    • 0001962514 scopus 로고
    • Effects of climate and weather on mountain pine beetle populations
    • ed. by. D. L. Kibbee. A. A. Berryman. G. D. Amman. and. R.W. Stark. pp. Symposium Proceedings. University of Idaho. Moscow, Idaho.
    • Safranyik, L 1978) Effects of climate and weather on mountain pine beetle populations. Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Management in Lodgepole Pine Forests ed. by D. L. Kibbee, A. A. Berryman, G. D. Amman and R.W. Stark pp. 77 84. Symposium Proceedings, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
    • (1978) Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Management in Lodgepole Pine Forests , pp. 77-84
    • Safranyik, L.1
  • 53
    • 3142642257 scopus 로고
    • Estimating attack and brood totals and densities of the mountain pine beetle in individual lodgepole pine trees
    • Safranyik, L 1988) Estimating attack and brood totals and densities of the mountain pine beetle in individual lodgepole pine trees. Canadian Entomologist, 120, 323 331.
    • (1988) Canadian Entomologist , vol.120 , pp. 323-331
    • Safranyik, L.1
  • 54
    • 33746352113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biology and epidemiology of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests
    • ed. by. L. Safranyik. and. B. Willson. pp. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Victoria, British Columbia.
    • Safranyik, L. Carroll, A.L 2006) The biology and epidemiology of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests. The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine (ed. by L. Safranyik and B. Willson pp. 3 66. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.
    • (2006) The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine , pp. 3-66
    • Safranyik, L.1    Carroll, A.L.2
  • 55
    • 3242818306 scopus 로고
    • Unseasonably low fall and winter temperatures affecting mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle populations and damage in the British Columbia Chilcotin region
    • Safranyik, L. Linton, D.A 1991) Unseasonably low fall and winter temperatures affecting mountain pine beetle and pine engraver beetle populations and damage in the British Columbia Chilcotin region. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 88, 17 21.
    • (1991) Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia , vol.88 , pp. 17-21
    • Safranyik, L.1    Linton, D.A.2
  • 56
    • 0003388529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of mountain pine beetle larvae, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in logs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) at constant low temperatures
    • Safranyik, L. Linton, D.A 1998) Mortality of mountain pine beetle larvae, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in logs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) at constant low temperatures. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 95, 81 87.
    • (1998) Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia , vol.95 , pp. 81-87
    • Safranyik, L.1    Linton, D.A.2
  • 57
    • 44849126553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Victoria, British Columbia.
    • Safranyik, L. Wilson, A.L 2006) The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.
    • (2006) The Mountain Pine Beetle.
    • Safranyik, L.1    Wilson, A.L.2
  • 58
    • 85015724681 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of released mountain pine beetles under the canopy of a mature lodgepole pine stand
    • Safranyik, L., Linton, D.A., Silversides, R. McMullen, L.H 1992) Dispersal of released mountain pine beetles under the canopy of a mature lodgepole pine stand. Journal of Applied Entomology, 113, 441 450.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Entomology , vol.113 , pp. 441-450
    • Safranyik, L.1    Linton, D.A.2    Silversides, R.3    McMullen, L.H.4
  • 59
    • 22744432661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish and insects
    • Sibly, R.M., Barker, D., Denham, M.C., Hone, J. Pagel, M 2005) On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish and insects. Science, 309, 607 610.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 607-610
    • Sibly, R.M.1    Barker, D.2    Denham, M.C.3    Hone, J.4    Pagel, M.5
  • 61
    • 12944267527 scopus 로고
    • The factors determining the distribution of North American bark-beetles
    • Swaine, J.M 1925) The factors determining the distribution of North American bark-beetles. Canadian Entomologist, 57, 261 266.
    • (1925) Canadian Entomologist , vol.57 , pp. 261-266
    • Swaine, J.M.1
  • 62
    • 0000301505 scopus 로고
    • The stability and intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations
    • Tanner, J.T 1975) The stability and intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations. Ecology, 56, 855 867.
    • (1975) Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 855-867
    • Tanner, J.T.1
  • 63
    • 33846480737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest, climate and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in Western Canada
    • ed. by. L. Safranyik. and. B. Willson. pp. Natural Resources Canada. Canadian Forest Service. Victoria, British Columbia.
    • Taylor, S.W., Carroll, A.L., Alfaro, R.I. Safranyik, L 2006) Forest, climate and mountain pine beetle outbreak dynamics in Western Canada. The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine (ed. by L. Safranyik and B. Willson pp. 67 94. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.
    • (2006) The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine , pp. 67-94
    • Taylor, S.W.1    Carroll, A.L.2    Alfaro, R.I.3    Safranyik, L.4
  • 64
    • 0021618257 scopus 로고
    • Weather associated with the start of mountain pine beetle outbreaks
    • Thomson, A.J. Shrimpton, D.M 1984) Weather associated with the start of mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 255 258.
    • (1984) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.14 , pp. 255-258
    • Thomson, A.J.1    Shrimpton, D.M.2
  • 65
    • 65249145783 scopus 로고
    • A chronic infestation of mountain pine beetles in lodgepole pine in Glacier National Park, Montana
    • Tunnock, S 1970) A chronic infestation of mountain pine beetles in lodgepole pine in Glacier National Park, Montana. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 67, 23.
    • (1970) Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia , vol.67 , pp. 23
    • Tunnock, S.1
  • 66
    • 0003215456 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: Old arguments and new synthesis
    • ed. by. N. Cappuccino. and. P. Price. pp. Academic Press. New York, New York.
    • Turchin, P 1995). Population regulation: old arguments and new synthesis. Population Dynamics (ed. by N. Cappuccino and P. Price pp. 19 40. Academic Press, New York, New York.
    • (1995) Population Dynamics , pp. 19-40
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 67
    • 0032987907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: A synthetic review
    • Turchin, P 1999) Population regulation: a synthetic review. Oikos, 84, 153 159.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.84 , pp. 153-159
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 69
    • 23044440232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic framework for modeling temperature-dependent consumer-resource dynamics
    • Vasseur, D.A. McCann, K.S 2005) A mechanistic framework for modeling temperature-dependent consumer-resource dynamics. American Naturalist, 166, 184 198.
    • (2005) American Naturalist , vol.166 , pp. 184-198
    • Vasseur, D.A.1    McCann, K.S.2
  • 70
    • 49749101677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics in the management of mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia: A synthesis
    • ed. by. L. Safranyik. and. B. Willson. pp. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Victoria, British Columbia.
    • Wagner, W.L., Wilson, B., Peter, B., Wang, S. Stennes, B 2006) Economics in the management of mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia: a synthesis. The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine (ed. by L. Safranyik and B. Willson pp. 277 300. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.
    • (2006) The Mountain Pine Beetle. A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine , pp. 277-300
    • Wagner, W.L.1    Wilson, B.2    Peter, B.3    Wang, S.4    Stennes, B.5
  • 71
    • 0033805461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial scale and the detection of density dependence in spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America
    • Williams, D.W. Liebhold, A.M 2000) Spatial scale and the detection of density dependence in spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America. Oecologia, 124, 544 552.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.124 , pp. 544-552
    • Williams, D.W.1    Liebhold, A.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.