The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in adults and children in relation to the dosage recommended for children

Tuberculosis

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 196-207

  Donald, P R ^a,b   Maritz, J S ^a   Diacon, A H ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Children; Dosage; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Rifampicin

Indexed keywords

DEACETYLRIFAMPICIN; DRUG METABOLITE; ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; RIFAMPICIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL; VOLUNTEER;

ADULT; ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CHILD; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RIFAMPIN; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

EID: 79955683627     PISSN: 14729792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. G.J. Archer, C. Henderson, and P.M. Grace Antituberculous drug doses in children Lancet 2 1983 1025 1026 (Pubitemid 14225075)
2. D.G. McCarver Applicability of the principles of developmental pharmacology to the study of environmental toxicants Pediatrics 113 2004 969 972 (Pubitemid 38437349)
3. R.N. Hines, and D.G. McCarver The ontogeny of human drug metabolizing enzymes: phase I oxidative enzymes J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300 2002 355 360 (Pubitemid 34106223)
4. D.G. McCarver, and R.N. Hines The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase II conjugation enzymes and regulatory mechanisms J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300 2002 361 366 (Pubitemid 34106224)
5. E.K. Johnsrud, S.B. Koukouritaki, K. Divakaran, L.L. Brunengraber, R.N. Hines, and D.G. McCarver Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307 2003 402 407 (Pubitemid 37151933)
6. S.B. Koukouritaki, J.R. Manro, S.A. Marsh, J.C. Stevens, A.E. Rettie, and D.G. McCarver Developmental expression of human hepatic CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308 2004 965 973
7. M. Zhu, J.R. Starke, W.J. Burman, P. Steiner, J.J. Stambaugh, and D. Ashkin Population pharmacokinetic modeling of pyrazinamide in children and adults with tuberculosis Pharmacother 22 2002 686 695 (Pubitemid 34596476)
8. H.S. Schaaf, D.P. Parkin, H.I. Seifart, C.J. Werely, P.B. Hesseling, and P.D. van Helden Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in children treated for respiratory tuberculosis Arch Dis Child 90 2005 614 618 (Pubitemid 40780724)
9. P.R. Donald, D. Maher, J.S. Maritz, and S. Qazi Ethambutol dosage for the treatment of children: literature review and recommendations Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 2006 1318 1330 (Pubitemid 44929444)
10. M.J. Blake, S.M. Abdel-Rahman, R.F. Jacobs, N.K. Lawery, T.R. Sterling, and G.L. Kearns Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in children Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 2006 405 409
11. S.M. Graham, D.J. Bell, S. Nyirongo, R. Hartkoorn, S.A. Ward, and E.M. Molyneux Low levels of pyrazinamide and ethambutol in children with tuberculosis and impact of age, nutritional status and human immunodeficiency virus infection Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 407 413 (Pubitemid 43190946)
12. A.M. Walker, and J.B. Barnwell Clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic drugs in tuberculosis Ann NY Acad Sci 52 1949 742 787
13. J. Crofton The clnical evaluation of antituberculosis drugs V.C. Barry, Chemotherapy of tuberculosis 1964 Butterworths London 228 247
14. P. Hopewell, M. Cynamon, J. Starke, M. Iseman, and R. O'Brien Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis Clin Infect Dis 15 Suppl. 1 1992 S282 S295
15. D.A. Mitchison Modern methods for assessing the drugs used in the chemotherapy of mycobacterial disease J Appl Bact 81 1996 72S 80S (Pubitemid 26419633)
16. D.A. Mitchison Assessment of new sterilizing drugs for treating pulmonary tuberculosis by culture at 2 months Am Rev Respir Dis 147 1993 1062 1063 (Pubitemid 23093839)
17. A. Jindani, V.R. Aber, E.A. Edwards, and D.A. Mitchison The early bactericidal activity of drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 121 1980 939 949 (Pubitemid 10118376)
18. R. Brindle, J. Odhiambo, and D.A. Mitchison Serial counts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum as surrogate markers of the sterilizing activity of rifampicin and pyrazinamide in treating pulmonary tuberculosis BMC Pulm Med 1 2001 2 9
19. P. Sensi, P. Margilith, and M.T. Timbal Rifamycin, a new antibiotic. Preliminary report Farmaco Ed Sci 14 1959 146 147
20. N. Maggi, R. Palanza, and P. Sensi New derivatives of rifamycin SV Antimicrob Agents Chemother 5 1965 765 769
21. F. Grumbach, G. Canetti, and M. LeLirzin Rifampicin in daily and intermittent treatment of experimental murine tuberculosis with emphasis on late results Tubercle 50 1969 250 293
22. L. Verbist, and A. Gyselen Antituberculous activity of rifampin in vitro and in vivo and the concentrations attained in human blood Am Rev Respir Dis 98 1968 923 932
23. M.D. Iseman, and J.A. Sbarbaro Short-course chemotherapy of tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 143 1991 697 698
24. D.A. Mitchison, G.A. Ellard, and W. Fox Studies on the treatment of tuberculosis undertaken by the British Medical Research Council Tuberculosis Units, 1946-1986, with relevant subsequent publications Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 1999 S231 S279
25. World Health Organization Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines 4th ed. 2010 WHO Geneva, Switzerland WHO/HTM/TB/ 2009.420
26. G. Acocella, V. Pagani, M. Marchetti, G.C. Baroni, and F.B. Nicolis Kinetic studies on rifampicin Chemotherapy 16 1971 356 370
27. S. Furesz, R. Scotti, R. Pallanza, and E. Mapelli Rifampicin: a new rifamycin Arznei-forsch 17 1967 534 537
28. D.I. Siegler, D.M. Burley, M. Bryant, K.M. Citron, and S.M. Standen Effect of meals on rifampicin absorption Lancet 2 1974 197 198
29. G. Buniva, V. Pagani, and A. Carozzi Bioavailability of rifampicin capsules Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 21 1983 404 409 (Pubitemid 13031147)
30. K. Polasa, and K. Krishnaswamy Effect of food on bioavailability of rifampicin J Clin Pharmacol 23 1983 433 437 (Pubitemid 14228777)
31. C.A. Peloquin, R. Namdar, M.D. Singleton, and D.E. Nix Pharmacokinetics of rifampin under fasting conditions, with food and with antacids Chest 115 1999 12 18 (Pubitemid 29047048)
32. G.P. Vello, and G. Vittori Ricerche sull'assorbimento orale e sulla eliminaxione urinaria della rifampicina Gazz Internaz Med Chir 1968 73 1968 2799 2804
33. G. Acocella, M. Bonollo, M. Garimoldi, M. Mainardi, L.T. Tenconi, and F.B. Nicolis Kinetics of rifampicin and isoniazid administered alone and in combination to normal subjects and patients with liver disease Gut 13 1972 47 53
34. G. Boman, and V.A. Ringberger Binding of rifampicin by human plasma proteins Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7 1974 369 373
35. W.J. Burman, K. Gallicano, and C. Peloquin Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifamycin antibacterials Clin Pharmacokinet 40 2001 327 341 (Pubitemid 32565595)
36. G. Binda, E. Domenichini, A. Gottardi, B. Orlandi, E. Ortelli, and B. Pacini Rifampicin, a general review Arzneimittel-Froschung 21 1971 1907 1962
37. M.W. Long, D.E. Snider, and L.S. Farer U.S. Public Health Service trial of three rifampin-isoniazid regimens in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis Am Rev Respir Dis 119 1979 879 894 (Pubitemid 9208241)
38. C.W.L. Jeanes, A.G. Jessamine, and L. Eidus Treatment of chronic drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with rifampin and ethambutol Can Med J 106 1972 884 888
39. V. Nitti Antituberculosis activity of rifampin Chest 61 Suppl. 1972 589 598
40. S.L. Chan, W.W. Yew, W.K. Ma, D.J. Girling, V.R. Aber, and D. Felmingham The early bactericidal activity of rifabutin measured by sputum viable counts in Hong Kong patients with pulmonary tuberculosis Tuber Lung Dis 73 1992 33 38
41. F.A. Sirgel, F.J.H. Botha, D.P. Parkin, B.W. Van de Wal, P.R. Donald, and P. Clark The early bactericidal activity of rifabutin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis measured by sputum viable counts: a new method of drug assessment J Antimicrob Chemother 32 1993 867 875 (Pubitemid 24026587)
42. A.H. Diacon, R.F. Patientia, A. Venter, P.D. van Helden, P.J. Smith, and H. McIlleron Early bactericidal activity of high-dose riampin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis evidenced by positive sputum smears Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 1994 2990
43. C.A. Peloquin Therapeutic drug monitoring: principles and applications in mycobacterial infections Drug Ther 22 1992 31 36
44. F.A. Sirgel, P.B. Fourie, P.R. Donald, N. Padayatchi, R. Rustomjee, and J. Levin The early bactericidal activities of rifampin and rifapentine in pulmonary tuberculosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 2005 128 135 (Pubitemid 40923325)
45. P. Constans, A. Baron, R. Parrot, and C. Coury A study of 200 cases of active recent pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampin-isoniazid Chest 61 Suppl. 1972 539 544
46. I. Kofman, H. Galimberti, and R. Mara Niveles séricos y urinarios de rifampicina en niňos El Dia Méd 41 1969 477 479
47. A.H. Duarte, R.I. Bucio, B.L. Anzures, D.M. Bessudo, and E.J. Calderon Infeccion urinaria en Niños Prensa Med Mex 34 1969 204 210
48. H. Hussels, U. Kroening, and K. Magdorf Ethambutol and rifampicin serum levels in children: second report on the combined administration of ethambutol and rifampicin Pneumonologie 149 1973 31 38
49. N. Bergamini, L. Matnardi, and F. Rosaschino Tassi ematici eliminazione urinaria di Rifampicina nei lattanti Aggiorn Pediat 21 1970 191 197
50. G. Acocella, G. Buniva, U. Flauto, and F.B. Nicolis Absorption and elimination of the antibiotic rifampicin in newborns and children Proc 6th Int Congress of Chemotherapy; Tokyo 1969 vol. 2 1970 Univ Tokyo Press Tokyo 755 760
51. G.H. McCracken, C.M. Ginsburg, T.C. Zweighaft, and J. Clahsen Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in infants and children: relevance to prophylaxis against Haemophilus influenzae type B disease Pediatrics 66 1980 17 21 (Pubitemid 10033797)
52. M.C. Nahata, P. Fan-Havard, W.J. Barson, H.M. Bartkowski, and E.J. Kosnik Pharmacokinetics, cerebrospinal fluid concentration, and safety of intravenous rifampin in pediatric patients undergoing shunt placements Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38 1990 515 517 (Pubitemid 20181285)
53. T.Q. Tan, E.O. Mason, C.-N. Ou, and S.L. Kaplan Use of intravenous rifampin in neonates with persistent staphylococcal bacteraemia Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 2401 2406 (Pubitemid 23324463)
54. Y. De Rautlin de la Roy, A. Hoppeler, G. Creusot, and A.M. Bruault Taux de rifampicine dans le sérum et le liquide céphalo-racidiene chez l'enfant Arch France Péd 31 1974 477 488
55. V. Seth, A. Beotra, A. Bagga, and S. Seth Drug therapy in malnutrition Indian Pediatr 29 1992 1341 1346
56. V. Seth, A. Beotra, S.D. Seth, O.P. Semwal, S. Kabra, and Y. Jain Serum concentrations of rifampicin and isoniazid in tuberculosis Indian Pediatr 30 1993 1091 1098 (Pubitemid 23296039)
57. M. Mahajan, D. Rohatgi, V. Talwar, S.K. Patni, P. Mahajan, and D.S. Agarwal Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of rifampicin at two dose levels in children with tuberculous meningitis J Commun Dis 29 1997 269 274 (Pubitemid 127517797)
58. H.S. Schaaf, M. Willemse, K. Cilliers, D. Labadarios, J.S. Maritz, and G.D. Hussey Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunofeciciency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis BMC Med 22 2009 e19
59. Krauer B. The pharmacokinetics of rimactane in children. In: Dettli L. editor, Symposium on Rimactane. Basel; 1968. p. 5.
60. J. Llorens, R.J. Serrano, and R. Sanchez Pharmacodynamic interference between rifampicin and isoniazid Chemotherapy 24 1978 97 103 (Pubitemid 8251918)
61. J.R. Koup, J. Williams-Warren, C.T. Viswanathan, A. Weber, and A.L. Smith Pharmacokinetics of oral rifampin in children II. Oral bioavailability Ther Drug Monitor 8 1986 17 22 (Pubitemid 16166117)
62. G. Acocella A metabolic and kinetic study on the association rifampicin-isoniazid Respiration 28 Suppl. 1971 1 6
63. K. Polasa, K.J.R. Murthy, and K. Krishnaswamy Rifampicin kinetics in undernutrition Br J Clin Pharm 17 1984 481 484 (Pubitemid 14055282)
64. K. Polasa, and K. Krishnaswamy Rifampicin (600 mg) kinetics in the undernourished Ind J Med Res 83 1986 175 178 (Pubitemid 16029078)
65. G. Acocella, M. Luisetti, G.G. Grassi, V. Peona, E. Pozzi, and C. Grassi Bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide (in free combination or fixed triple formulation) in niteermittent antituberculous chemotherapy Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 48 1993 205 209 (Pubitemid 23288180)
66. C.A. Peloquin, G.S. Jaresko, C.-L. RYong, A.C.F. Keung, A.E. Bulpitt, and R.W. Jelliffe Population pharmacokinetic modeling of isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 1997 2670 2679 (Pubitemid 27524738)
67. Z. Zwolska, H. Niemirowska-Mikulska, H. Augustynowicz-Kopec, R. Walkiewicz, H. Stambrowska, and A. Safianowska Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide from fixed-dose combination capsules Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 1998 824 830 (Pubitemid 28461998)
68. P. Gurumurthy, G. Ramachandran, S. Vijayalakshmi, A.K.H. Kumar, P. Venkatesan, and V. Chandrasekaran Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a triple drug formulation: comparison of plasma and urine kinetics Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 1999 119 125 (Pubitemid 29151814)
69. R. Pachagnula, K.J. Kaur, I. Singh, and C.L. Kaul Bioequivalence of rifampicin when administered as fixed-dose combined formulation of four drugs versus separated formulations Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 22 2000 689 694 (Pubitemid 32216824)
70. A. Pargal, and S. Rani Non-linear pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in healthy Asian Indian volunteers Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 2001 70 79 (Pubitemid 32401879)
71. R. van Crevel, R.H. Nelwan, F. Borst, E. Sahiratmadja, J. Cox, and W. van der Meij Bioavailability of rifampicin in Indonesian subjects: a comparison of different local drug manufacturers Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 2004 500 503 (Pubitemid 38624860)
72. J. Sahai, K. Gallicano, L. Swick, S. Tailor, G. Garber, and S. Walker Reduced plasma concentrations of antituberculosis drugs in patients with HIV infection Ann Intern Med 127 1997 289 293 (Pubitemid 27352050)
73. M. Weiner, W. Burman, C.-C. Luo, C.A. Peloquin, M. Engle, and S. Goldberg Effects of rifampin and multidrug resistance gene polymorphism on concentrations of moxifloxacin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2007 2861 2866 (Pubitemid 47206223)
74. L. Verbist Rifampicin blood levels in man Acta Tuberc Pneumol Belg 3-4 1969 288 298
75. L. Verbist Pharmacological study of rifampicin after repeated high dosage during intermittent combined therapy Respiration 28 Suppl. 1971 7 16 Int Symp Rifampicin, Davos 1970
76. G. Curci, N. Bergamini, F. Delli Veneri, A. Ninni, and V. Nitti Half-life of rifampicin after repeated administration of different doses in humans Chemotherapy 17 1972 373 381
77. G. Boman Serum concentration and half-life of rifampicin after simultaneous oral administration of aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7 1974 217 225
78. J.M. Dickinson, D.A. Mitchison, S.K. Lee, Y.Y. Ong, M.G. O'Mahoney, and D.J. Girling Serum rifampicin concentration related to dose size and to the incidence of the 'flu' syndrome during intermittent rifampicin administration J Antimicrob Chemother 3 1977 445 452 (Pubitemid 8186493)
79. P. Gurumurthy, F. Rahman, A.S.L. Narayana, and G.R. Sarma Salivary levels of isoniazid and rifampicin in tuberculous patients Tubercle 71 1990 29 33 (Pubitemid 20095021)
80. R.S. Bhatia, R. Uppal, R. Malhi, D. Behera, and S.K. Jindal Drug interaction between rifampicin and cotrimoxazole in patients with tuberculosis Hum Exp Toxicol 10 1991 419 421
81. S.H. Choudhri, M. Hawken, S. Gathua, G.O. Minyiri, W. Watkins, and J. Sahai Pharmacokinetics of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with tuberculosis, AIDS and diarrhea Clin Infect Dis 25 1997 104 111 (Pubitemid 27293083)
82. S. Jarutanasirikul The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in AIDS patients J Med Asoc Thailand 81 1998 25 28
83. B. Taylor, and P.J. Smith Does AIDS impair the absorption of antituberculosis agents Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 1998 670 675
84. J. Prakash, T. Velpandian, J.N. Pande, and S.K. Gupta Serum rifampicin levels in patients with tuberculosis Clin Drug Invest 23 2003 463 472
85. P. Gurumurthy, G. Ramachandran, A.K.H. Kumar, S. Rajasekaran, C. Padmapriyadarsini, and S. Swaminathan Decreased bioavailability of rifampin and other antituberculosis drugs in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 2004 4473 4475 (Pubitemid 39434921)
86. D.C. Perlman, Y. Segal, S. Rosenkranz, P.M. Rainey, R.P. Remmel, and N. Saloman The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1638 1647 (Pubitemid 41691604)
87. J.W. Tappero, W.Z. Bradford, T.B. Agerton, P. Hopewell, A.L. Reingold, and S. Lockman Serum concentrations of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Botswana Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 461 469 (Pubitemid 41099637)
88. H. McIlleron, P. Wash, A. Burger, J. Norman, P.I. Folb, and P. Smith Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 2006 1170 1177
89. V.G.F. Pinheiro, L.M.A. Ramos, H.S.A. Monteiro, E.C. Barroso, O.Y. Bushen, and M.C. Faanha Intestinal permeability and malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid in active pulmonary tuberculosis Brazil J Infect Dis 10 2006 374 379 (Pubitemid 46585565)
90. S.-W. Um, S.W. Lee, S.Y. Kwon, H.I. Yoon, K.U. Park, and J. Song Low serum concentrations of anti-tuberculosis drugs and determinants of their serum levels Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 2007 972 978 (Pubitemid 47425023)
91. H.C. Ansel, and M.J. Stoklosa Calculation of doses Pharmaceutical calculations 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 63 91
92. C.W. Hufeland Lehrbuch der allgemeine Heilkunde: Zweite Auflage, aus dem System der praktischen Heilkunde besonders abgedruckt zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen 2nd ed 1830 F Fromann Jenna
93. J.D. Crawford, M.E. Terry, and G.M. Rourke Simplification of drug dosage calculation by application of the surface area principle Pediatrics 5 1950 783 790
94. A.K. Dole Developmental pharmacology Clin Pharmacol Ther 5 1964 432 479
95. G.M. Maxwell Paediatric drug dosing. Bodyweight versus surface area Drugs 37 1989 113 115 (Pubitemid 20303066)
96. H. Gurney Dose calculation of anticancer drugs: a review of the current practice and introduction of an alternative J Clin Oncol 14 1996 2590 2611 (Pubitemid 26300128)
97. M.J. Ratain Body surface area as a basis for dosing of anticancer agents J Clin Oncol 16 1998 2297 2298 (Pubitemid 28309019)
98. A. Felici, J. Verweij, and A. Sparreboom Dosing strategies for anticancer drugs: the good, the bad and body-surface area Eur J Cancer 38 2002 1677 1684
99. P.J. Weidle, E.J. Abrams, R. Gvetadze, E. Rivadeneira, and M.W. Kline A simplified weight-based method for pediatric drug dosing for zidovudine and didanosine in resource-limited settings Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 2006 59 64 (Pubitemid 43361478)
100. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 2003 603 662
101. R.F. Jacobs Tuberculosis F.D. Burg, J.R. Ingelfinger, E.R. Wald, R.A. Polin, Current pediatric therapy 1996 WB Saunders Company Philadelphia 625 629
102. World Health Organization Dosing instructions for the use of currently available fixed-dose combination TB medicines for children 2009 WHO Geneva, Switzerland http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/interim-paediatric-fdc-dosing- instructions-sept09.pdf [accessed 08.10.10]
103. M. Weiner, C. Peloquin, W. Burman, C.-C. Luo, M. Engle, and T.J. Prihoda The effects of tuberculosis, race and human gene SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on rifampin concentrations Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 4192 4200
104. R. Cavenaghi Rifampicin raw material characteristics and their effect on bioavailability Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 64 1989 36 37 (Pubitemid 19139212)
105. A. Vernon A trial involving HIV-tuberculosis in India. The minute particulars Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181 2010 652 654