Microstructure of dental hard tissues in fossil and recent xenarthrans (Mammalia: Folivora and Cingulata)

Journal of Morphology

Volumn 272, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 641-661

  Kalthoff, Daniela C ^a  

^a SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Odontoblastic process; Orthodentine; Osteodentine; Scanning electron microscopy; Vasodentine

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CEMENTUM; DENTIN; EDENTATA; FOSSIL; HISTOLOGY; SLOTH; TOOTH; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; DENTAL CEMENTUM; DENTIN; FOSSILS; SLOTHS; TOOTH; XENARTHRA;

ARMADILLO; CINGULATA; DASYPODIDAE; MAMMALIA; SLOTHS;

EID: 79955658503     PISSN: 03622525     EISSN: 10974687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10937     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Adam PJ. 1999. Choloepus didactylus. Mamm Spec 621: 1-8.
2. Archibald JD. 2003. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: Fossils and molecules compared. Mol Phylogenet Evol 28: 350-359.
3. Arsuffi E. 1938. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Vasodentins. Z Anat Entwgesch 108: 749-760.
4. Bargo MS. 2001. The ground sloth Megatherium americanum: Skull shape, bite forces and diet. Acta Pal Pol 46: 173-192.
5. Bargo MS, Toledo N, Vizcaíno SF. 2006. Muzzle of South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada). J Morphol 267: 248-263.
6. Bradford EW. 1967. Microanatomy and histochemistry of dentine. In: Miles AEW, editor. Structural and Chemical Organisation of Teeth, Vol. 2. New York/London: Academic Press. pp 3-34.
7. Carlini AA, Zurita AE, Aguilera OA. 2008. North American glyptodontines (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in the Upper Pleistocene of northern South America. Paläont Z 82: 125-138.
8. Carlson SJ. 1990. Vertebrate dental structures. In: Carter JG, editor. Skeletal Biomineralisation: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends, Vol. 1. New York: van Nostrand Reinhold. pp 531-556.
9. Delgado S, Vidal N, Veron G, Sire JY. 2008. Amelogenin, the major protein of tooth enamel: A new phylogenetic marker for ordinal mammal relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol 47: 865-869.
10. Delsuc F, Catzeflis FM, Stanhope MJ, Douzery EPJ. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: Implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 268: 1605-1615.
11. Delsuc F, Scally M, Madsen O, Stanhope MJ, Jong WWd, Catzeflis FM, Springer MS, Douzery EPJ. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Mol Biol Evol 19: 1656-1671.
12. Delsuc F, Vizcaíno SF, Douzery EPJ. 2004. Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: A relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. BMC Evol Biol 4: 1-13.
13. Dijk MAMv, Paradis E, Catzeflis FM, Jong WWd. 1999. The virtues of gaps: Xenarthran (edentate) monophyly supported by a unique deletion in A-Crystallin. Syst Biol 48: 94-106.
14. Engelmann GF. 1985. The phylogeny of Xenarthra. In: Montgomery GG, editor. The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp 51-63.
15. Epple M. 2003. Biomaterialien und Biomineralisation. Wiesbaden: Vieweg & Teubner. 161p.
16. Fariña RA, Vizcaíno SF. 2001. Carved teeth and strange jaws: How glyptodonts masticated. Acta Pal Pol 46: 219-234.
17. Ferigolo J. 1985. Evolutionary trends in the histological pattern in the teeth of Edentata (Xenarthra). Arch Oral Biol 30: 71-82.
18. Garberoglio R, Brännström M. 1976. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of human dentinal tubules. Arch Oral Biol 21: 355-363.
19. Gaudin TJ. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana: Geol New Ser 41: 1-38.
20. Gaudin TJ. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): The craniodental evidence. Zool J Linn Soc 140: 255-305.
21. Gaudin TJ, McDonald HG. 2008. Morphology-based investigations of the phylogenetic relationships among extant and fossil xenarthrans. In: Vizcaíno SF, Loughry WL, editors. The Biology of the Xenarthra. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp 24-36.
22. Gaudin TJ, Wible JR. 2006. The phylogeny of living and extinct armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata): A craniodental analysis. In: Carrano MT, Gaudin TJ, Blob RW, Wible JR, editors. Amniote Paleobiology. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. pp 153-198.
23. Gotliv BA, Veis A. 2007. Peritubular dentin, a vertebrate apatitic mineralized tissue without collagen: Role of a phospholopid-proteolipid complex. Calcif Tissue Int 81: 191-205.
24. Gotliv BA, Veis A. 2008. The composition of bovine peritubular dentin: Matching TOF-SIMS, scanning electron microscopy and biochemical component distributions. Cells Tiss Org 189: 12-19.
25. Gotliv BA, Robach JS, Veis A. 2006. The composition and structure of bovine peritubular dentin: Mapping by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. J Struct Biol 156: 320-333.
26. Green JL. 2009. Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstruction the palaeodiet in extinct taxa: The case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae). Zool J Linn Soc 156: 201-222.
27. Habelitz S, Marshall SJ, Marshall GWJr, Balooch M. 2001. Mechanical properties of human dental enamel on the nanometre scale. Arch Oral Biol 46: 173-183.
28. Habelitz S, Rodriguez BJ, Marshall SJ, Marshall JrGW, Kalinin SV, Gruverman A. 2007. Peritubular dentin lacks piezoelectricity. J Dent Res 86: 908-911.
29. Hallström B, Kullberg M, Nilsson M, Janke A. 2007. Phylogenomic data analyses provide evidence that Xenarthra and Afrotheria are sister groups. Mol Biol Evol 24: 2059-2068.
30. Hoffstetter R. 1958. Xenarthra. In: Piveteau J, editor. Traité de Paléontologie, Vol. 2. Paris: Masson et Cie. pp 535-636.
31. Hofreiter M, Poinar HN, Spaulding WG, Bauer K, Martin PS, Possnert G, Pääbo S. 2000. A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation. Mol Ecol 9: 1975-1984.
32. Holmstedt JOV, McClugage JrSG, Clark JS, Guevara MJ. 1977. Osteodentine formation in continuously erupting teeth of guinea pigs. J Dent Res 56: 1569-1576.
33. Jacobshagen E. 1941. Grundlinien einer vergleichenden Anatomie des Zahnbeines und der Zaehne niederer Wirbeltiere. Z mikroskop-anat Forsch 49: 225-272.
34. Jong WWd, Zweers A, Joysey KA, Gleaves JT, Boulter D. 1985. Protein sequence analysis applied to xenarthran and pholidote phylogeny. In: Montgomery GG, editor. The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp 65-76.
35. Jörg ME. 1935. Estructura histólogica de los molares del fósil Octodontotherium crassidens Ameghino. Novena reunión de la Sociedad Argentina de Patología Regional 1935: 1657-1662.
36. Kalthoff DC. 2000. Die Schmelzmikrostruktur in den Incisiven der hamsterartigen Nagetiere und anderer Myomorpha (Rodentia, Mammalia). Palaeontographica A 259: 1-193.
37. Keil A, Venema B. 1963. Struktur und Mikrohärteuntersuchungen an Zähnen von Gürteltieren. Zool Beitr 9: 173-195.
38. Kinney JH, Balooch M, Marshall GW, Marshall SJ. 1999. A micromechanics model of the elastic properties of human dentine. Arch Oral Biol 44: 813-822.
39. Koenigswald Wv. 1980. Schmelzstruktur und Morphologie in den Molaren der Arvicolidae (Rodentia). Abh Senckenberg naturforsch Ges 539: 1-129.
40. Koenigswald Wv. 1997. Evolutionary trends in the differentiation of mammalian enamel ultrastructure. In: Koenigswald Wv, Sander PM, editors. Tooth Enamel Microstructure. Rotterdam: Balkema. pp 203-235.
41. Koenigswald Wv. 2004. The three elementary types of schmelzmuster in rodent molars and their occurrence in the various rodent clades. Palaeontographica A 270: 95-132.
42. Korvenkontio VA. 1934. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen an Nagerincisiven unter Hinweis auf die Schmelzstruktur der Backenzähne. Ann Zool Soc Zool-Bot Fenn Vanamo 2: 1-274.
43. Linde A, Goldberg M. 1993. Dentinogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4: 679-728.
44. Lowenstam HA. 1981. Minerals formed by organisms. Science 211: 1126-1131.
45. Lucas PW. 2004. Dental functional morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 355p.
46. Madsen O, Scally M, Douardy CJ, Kao DJ, DeBry RW, Adkins R, Amrine HM, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS. 2001. Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals. Nature 409: 610-614.
47. Martin BE. 1916. Tooth replacement in Dasypus novemcinctus. J Morphol 27: 647-682.
48. Martin T. 1992. Schmelzmikrostruktur in den Inzisiven alt- und neuweltlicher hystricognather Nagetiere. Palaeovertebrata Mém extra: 1-168.
49. Martin T. 2004. Evolution of incisor enamel microstructure in Lagomorpha. J Vert Paleontol 24: 414-429.
50. McKenna MC, Bell S. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. 631p.
51. McKenna MC, Bell S. 2002. Unitaxon data base. Available at
52. Meredith RW, Gatesy J, Murphy WJ, Ryder OA, Springer MS. 2009. Molecular decay of the tooth gene enamelin (ENAM) mirrors the loss of enamel in the fossil record of placental mammals. PLoS Genet 5: 1-12.
53. Mjör IA, Nordahl I. 1996. The density and branching of dentinal tubules in human teeth. Arch Oral Biol 41: 401-412.
54. Möller-Krull M, Delsuc F, Churakov G, Marker C, Superina M, Brosius J, Douzery EPJ, Schmitz J. 2007. Retroposed elements and their flanking regions resolve the evolutionary history of xenarthran mammals (armadillos, anteaters, sloths). Mol Biol Evol 24: 2573-2582.
55. Mörs T, Kalthoff DC. 2004. A new species of Karydomys (Rodentia, Mammalia) and a systematic re-evaluation of this rare Eurasian Miocene hamster. Palaeontology 47: 1387-1405.
56. Muizon Cd, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M. 2004. The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus. J Vert Paleontol 24: 398-410.
57. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ. 2001. Molecular phylogenies and the origin of placental mammals. Nature 409: 614-618.
58. Naples VL. 1982. Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. Am Mus Nov 2739: 1-41.
59. Owen R. 1840-1845. Odontography; or, a Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth; their Physiological Relations, Mode of Development, and Microscopic Structure, in Vertebrate Animals. London: Hippolyte Bailliere Publisher. 665p.
60. Owen R. 1842. Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth, Mylodon robustus, Owen. with observations on the osteology, natural affinities, and probable habits of the megatheroid quadruped in general. London: Taylor. 176p.
61. Patterson B, Pascual R. 1972. The fossil mammal fauna of South America. In: Keast A, Erk FC, Glass BP, editors. Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents. Albany: State University New York Press. pp 247-309.
62. Patterson B, Segall W, Turnbull WD. 1989. The ear region in xenarthrans (=Edentata, Mammalia). Part I. Cingulates. Fieldiana: Geol New Ser 18: 1-46.
63. Patterson B, Segall W, Turnbull WD, Gaudin TJ. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (=Edentata, Mammalia). Part II. Sloths, anteaters, palaeanodonts, and miscellany. Fieldiana: Geol, New Ser 24: 1-79.
64. Poinar HN, Hofreiter M, Spaulding WG, Martin PS, Stankiewicz BA, Bland H, Evershed RP, Possnert G, Pääbo S 1998. Molecular coproscopy; dung and diet of the extinct ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. Science 281: 402-407.
65. Prasad AB, Allard MW, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Green ED. 2008. Confirming the phylogeny of mammals by use of large comparative sequence data sets. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1795-1808.
66. Retzius A. 1837. Bemerkungen über den inneren Bau der Zähne mit besonderer Rücksicht auf den in Zahnknochen vorkommenden Röhrenbau. Arch pathol Anat Physiol klin Med 1837: 486-566.
67. Rose KD, Emry RJ, Gaudin TJ, Storch G. 2005. Xenarthra and Pholidota. In: Rose KD, Archibald JD, editors. The Rise of Placental Mammals. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp 106-126.
68. Saal Rv. 1930. Beobachtungen über den feineren Bau des menschlichen Zahnbeines (Zahnstudie IV). Z Zellforsch mikroskop Anat 11: 638-657.
69. Salmi M. 1955. Additional information on the findings in the Mylodon Cave at Ultima Esperanza. Acta Geogr 14: 314-333.
70. Schmidt WJ. 1924. Über das Dentin von Bradypus tridactylus. Anat Anz 58: 97-107.
71. Schmidt WJ, Keil A. 1958. Die gesunden und die erkrankten Zahngewebe des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere im Polarisationsmikroskop. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. 386p.
72. Schmidt WJ, Keil A. 1971. Polarizing Microscopy of Dental Tissues: Theory, Methods and Results from the Structural Analysis of Normal and Diseased Hard, Dental Tissues and Tissues Associated with them in Man and Other Vertebrates. Oxford/New York: Pergamon Press. 584p.
73. Schöne BR, Dunca E, Fiebig J, Pfeiffer M. 2005. Mutvei's solution: An ideal agent for resolving microgrowth structures of biogenic carbonates. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 228: 149-166.
74. Shoshani J, McKenna MC. 1998. Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 9: 572-584.
75. Sigogneau-Russell D, Bonaparte JF, Frank RM, Escribano V. 1991. Ultrastructure of dental hard tissues of Gondwanatherium and Sudamerica (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria). Lethaia 24: 27-38.
76. Simpson GG. 1932. Enamel on the teeth of an Eocene edentate. Am Mus Nov 567: 1-4.
77. Solounias N, Semprebon GM. 2002. Advances in the reconstruction of ungulate ecomorphology with application to early fossil equids. Am Mus Nov 3366: 1-49.
78. Stampanoni M, Groso A, Isenegger A, Mikuljan G, Chen Q, Bertrand A, Henein S, Betemps R, Frommherz U, Böhler P, Meister D, Lange M, Abela R. 2006. Trends in synchrotron-based tomographic imaging: The SLS experience. In: Bonse U, editor. Developments in X-Ray Tomography. V. Proc SPIE 6318, 63180M, 1605-7422.
79. Teaford MF. 1991. Dental microwear: What can it tell us about diet and dental function? In: Kelley MA, Larsen CS, editors. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss Inc. pp 341-356.
80. Teaford MF, Walker A. 1983. Dental microwear in adult and still-born guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Arch Oral Biol 28: 1077-1081.
81. Ten Cate AR. 1998. Oral Histology, 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. 497p.
82. Thenius E. 1989. Zähne und Gebiss der Säugetiere. Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 8, Part 56. Berlin/New York: de Gryter. 513p.
83. Vizcaíno SF. 2009. The teeth of the "toothless": Novelties and key innovations in the evolution of xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Paleobiol 35: 343-366.
84. Vizcaíno SF, Bargo MS. 1998. The masticatory apparatus of the armadillo Eutatus (Mammalia, Cingulata) and some allied genera: Paleobiology and evolution. Paleobiol 24: 371-383.
85. Vizcaíno SF, Bargo MS, Cassini GH. 2006. Dental occlusion surface area in relation to body mass, food habits and other biological features in fossil xenarthrans. Ameghiniana 43: 11-26.
86. Vizcaíno SF, Bargo MS, Fariña RA. 2008. Form, function, and paleobiology in xenarthrans. In: Vizcaíno SF, Loughry WL, editors. The Biology of the Xenarthra. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp 86-99.
87. Vizcaíno SF, Iuliis Gd, Bargo MS. 1998. Skull shape, masticatory apparatus, and diet of Vassallia and Holmesinia (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): when anatomy constrains destiny. J Mamm Evol 5: 291-322.
88. Waddell PJ, Shelley S. 2003. Evaluating placental inter-ordinal phylogenies with novel sequences including RAG1, c-fibrinogen, ND6, and mt-tRNA, plus MCMC-driven nucleotide, amino acid, and codon models. Mol Phylogenet Evol 28: 197-224.
89. Wahlert JH. 1968. Variability of rodent incisor enamel as viewed in thin section, and the microstructure of the enamel in fossil and recent rodent groups. Breviora, Mus Comp Zool 309: 1-18.
90. Wang RZ, Weiner S. 1998. Strain-structure relations in human teeth using Moir'e fringes. J Biomech 31: 135-141.
91. White TE. 1959.The endocrine glands and evolution, no. 3: os cementum, hypsodonty, and diet. Contr Mus Paleontol, Univ Michigan 13: 211-265.
92. Whitenack LB, Simkins JrDC, Motta PJ, Hirai M, Kumar A. 2010. Young's modules and hardness of shark tooth biomaterials. Arch Oral Biol 55: 203-209.
93. Wilson DE, Reeder DM. editors. 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2142p.
94. Woodburne MO, Rich TH, Springer MS. 2003. The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades. Mol Phylogenet Evol 28: 360-385.