Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant-frugivore network differ among forest strata

Ecology

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 26-36

  Schleuning, Matthias ^a,d   Blüthgen, Nico ^b   FlöRchinger, Martina ^a   Braun, Julius ^c,e   Schaefer, H Martin ^c   BÖhing Gaese, Katrin ^a,d  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^d BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH CENTRE BIK F   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Africa; Birds; Coevolution; Diet specialization; Frugivory; Jakamega Forest; Kenya; Monkeys; Mutualistic network; Plant animal interactions; Rain forest; Seed dispersal

Indexed keywords

BIRD; COEVOLUTION; DIET; FRUGIVORY; FRUIT; MUTUALISM; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; PRIMATE; RAINFOREST; SEED DISPERSAL; SPECIALIZATION; TROPICAL FOREST; UNDERSTORY;

KENYA;

ANIMALIA; AVES;

EID: 79955528335     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/09-1842.1     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Bascompte, J., P. Jordano, C. J. Melián, and J. M. Olesen. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:9383-9387. (Pubitemid 37033937)
2. Bascompte, J., P. Jordano, and J. M. Olesen. 2006. Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance. Science 312:431-434.
3. Bennun, L. C., C. Dranzoa, and D. Pomeroy. 1996. The forest birds of Kenya and Uganda. Journal of East African Natural History 85:23-48.
4. Berens, D. G., N. Farwig, G. Schaab, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2008. Exotic guavas are foci of forest regeneration in Kenyan farmland. Biotropica 40:104-112.
5. Bleher, B., D. Uster, and T. Bergsdorf. 2006. Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega forest, Kenya. Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1159-1177. (Pubitemid 43951848)
6. Blüthgen, N. 2010. Why network analysis is often disconnected from community ecology: a critique and an ecologist's guide. Basic and Applied Ecology 11:185-195.
7. Blüthgen, N., J. Fründ, D. P. Vá zquez, and F. Menzel. 2008. What do interaction network metrics tell us about specialization and biological traits? Ecology 89:3387-3399.
8. Blüthgen, N., F. Menzel, and N. Blüthgen. 2006. Measuring specialization in species interaction networks. Montecarlo statistics on R3C matrices. BMC [BioMedCentral] Ecology 6:9. (http://rxc.sys-bio.net/)
9. Blüthgen, N., F. Menzel, T. Hovestadt, B. Fiala, and N. Blüthgen. 2007. Specialization, constraints, and conflicting interests in mutualistic networks. Current Biology 17:341-346. (Pubitemid 46241882)
10. Bolker, B. 2009. bbmle: Tools for general maximum likelihood estimation. R package version 0.9.3. (http://cran.r-project. org/web/packages/bbmle/index. htmli
11. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference. Second edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
12. Carlo, T. A., J. A. Collazo, and M. J. Groom. 2003. Avian fruit preferences across a Puerto Rican forested landscape: pattern consistency and implications for seed removal. Oecologia 134:119-131. (Pubitemid 36174806)
13. Carnicer, J., P. Jordano, and C. J. Meliá n. 2009. The temporal dynamics of resource use by frugivorous birds: a network approach. Ecology 90:1958-1970.
14. Clements, J. F. 2008. The Clements checklist of birds of the world. Sixth edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
15. Cordeiro, N. J., and H. F. Howe. 2003. Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispersers and an endemic African tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:14052-14056. (Pubitemid 37499189)
16. Cords, M. 1986. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in diet of two forest guenons, Cercopithecus ascanius and C. mitis. Journal of Animal Ecology 55:811-827.
17. Dormann, C. F., J. Fründ, N. Blüthgen, and B. Gruber. 2009. Indices, graphs and null models: analyzing bipartite ecological networks. The Open Ecology Journal 2:7-24.
18. Eshiamwata, G. W., D. G. Berens, B. Bleher, W. R. J. Dean, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2006. Bird assemblages in isolated Ficus trees in Kenyan farmland. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22:723-726. (Pubitemid 44621703)
19. Farwig, N., K. Böhning-Gaese, and B. Bleher. 2006. Enhanced seed dispersal of Prunus africana in fragmented and disturbed forests? Oecologia 147:238-252. (Pubitemid 43228180)
20. Farwig, N., N. Sajita, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2008. Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya. Forest Ecology and Management 255:3885-3892.
21. Farwig, N., N. Sajita, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2009. Corrigendum to ''Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya'' [Forest Ecology and Management 255:3885-3892]. Forest Ecology and Management 258:1731-1734.
22. Fashing, P. J. 2001. Feeding ecology of guerezas in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya: the importance of Moraceae fruit in their diet. International Journal of Primatology 22:579-609. (Pubitemid 32665259)
23. Fleming, T. H., D. L. Venable, and L. G. Herrera. 1993. Opportunism vs. specialization: the evolution of dispersal strategies in fleshy-fruited plants. Vegetatio 108:107-120. (Pubitemid 24406505)
24. Flörchinger, M., J. Braun, K. Böhning-Gaese, and H. M. Schaefer. 2010. Fruit size, crop mass, and plant height explain differential fruit choice of primates and birds. Oecologia. [doi: 10.1007/s00442-010-1655-8]
25. Gittleman, J. L., and M. Kot. 1990. Adaptation: statistics and a null model for estimating phylogenetic effects. Systematic Zoology 39:227-241.
26. Herrera, C. M. 1985. Determinants of plant-animal coevolution: the case of mutualistic dispersal of seeds by vertebrates. Oikos 44:132-141. (Pubitemid 16275102)
27. Holbrook, K. M., and T. B. Smith. 2000. Seed dispersal and movement patterns in two species of Ceratogymna hornbills in a West African tropical lowland forest. Oecologia 125: 249-257.
28. Howe, H. F., and J. Smallwood. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 201-218.
29. Jordano, P. 1987. Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: connectance, dependence, asymmetries, and coevolution. American Naturalist 129:657-677.
30. Jordano, P. 2000. Fruits and frugivory. 125-165 in M. Fenner, editor. Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities. Second edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
31. Jordano, P., C. García, J. A. Godoy, and J. L. García-Castãno. 2007. Differential contribution of frugivores to complex seed dispersal patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:3278-3282. (Pubitemid 46364150)
32. Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. Academic Press, London, UK.
33. Kirika, J. M., B. Bleher, K. Böhning-Gaese, R. Chira, and N. Farwig. 2008a. Fragmentation and local disturbance of forests reduce frugivore diversity and fruit removal in Ficus thonningii. Basic and Applied Ecology 9:663-672.
34. Kirika, J. M., N. Farwig, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2008b. Effects of local disturbance of tropical forests on frugivores and seed removal of a small-seeded Afrotropical tree. Conservation Biology 22:318-328. (Pubitemid 351503420)
35. Kissling, W. D., K. Böhning-Gaese, and W. Jetz. 2009. The global distribution of frugivory in birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18:150-162.
36. Kissling, W. D., C. Rahbek, and K. Böhning-Gaese. 2007. Food plant diversity as broad-scale determinant of avian frugivore richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 799-808. (Pubitemid 47056759)
37. Kokwaro, J. O. 1988. Conservation status of the Kakamega Forest in Kenya: the easternmost relic of the equatorial rainforest of Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25:471-489.
38. Kunz, B. K., and K. E. Linsenmaier. 2007. The disregarded West: diet and behavioural ecology of Olive Baboons in the Ivory Coast. Folia Primatologica 79:31-51. (Pubitemid 350256658)
39. Levey, D. J. 1988. Spatial and temporal variation in Costa Rican fruit and fruit-eating bird abundance. Ecological Monographs 58:251-269. (Pubitemid 19322138)
40. Levey, D. J., and C. W. Benkman. 1999. Fruit-seed disperser interactions: timely insights from a long-term perspective. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:41-43. (Pubitemid 29135087)
41. Loiselle, B. A., and J. G. Blake. 1990. Diets of understory fruiteating birds in Costa Rica: seasonality and resource abundance. Studies in Avian Biology 13:91-103.
42. Loiselle, B. A., P. G. Blendinger, J. G. Blake, and T. B. Ryder. 2007. Ecological redundancy in seed dispersal systems: a comparison between Manakins (Aves: Pipridae) in two tropical forests. 178-195 in A. J. Dennis, E. W. Schupp, R. Green, and D. Westcott, editors. Frugivory and seed dispersal: theory and applications in a changing world. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
43. Lomáscolo, S. B., P. Speranza, and R. Kimball. 2008. Correlated evolution of fig size and color supports the dispersal syndromes hypothesis. Oecologia 156:783-796.
44. Malmborg, P. K., and M. F. Willson. 1988. Foraging ecology of avian frugivores and some consequences for seed dispersal in an Illinois woodlot. Condor 90:173-186.
45. McGill, B. J., et al. 2007. Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecology Letters 10:995-1015. (Pubitemid 47383385)
46. Memmot, J., N. M. Waser, and M. V. Price. 2004. Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271:2605-2611.
47. Mitchell, N., G. Schaab, and W. Wägele. 2009. Kakamega Forest ecosystem: An introduction to the natural history and he human context. Karlsruher Geowissenschaftliche Schriften, Reihe A, Band 17, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe, Germany.
48. Nathan, R., and H. C. Muller-Landau. 2000. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:278-285. (Pubitemid 30409537)
49. Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O'Hara, G. K. Simpson, M. H. H. Stevens, and H. Wagner. 2008. Vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 1.13-0. (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html)
50. Olesen, J. M., J. Bascompte, Y. L. Dupont, and P. Jordano. 2007. The modularity of pollination networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:19891-19896.
51. Paradis, E., J. Claude, and K. Strimmer. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289-290. (Pubitemid 38195693)
52. R Development Core Team. 2009. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
53. Saracco, J. F., J. A. Collazo, and M. J. Groom. 2004. How do frugivores track resources? Insights from spatial analyses of bird foraging in a tropical forest. Oecologia 139:235-245. (Pubitemid 38583728)
54. Schaefer, H. M., V. Schmidt, and J. Wesenberg. 2002. Vertical stratification and caloric content of the standing fruit crop in a tropical lowland forest. Biotropica 34:244-253. (Pubitemid 34763192)
55. Schleuning, M., V. Huamá n, and D. Matthies. 2008. Flooding and canopy dynamics shape the demography of a clonal Amazon understorey herb. Journal of Ecology 96:1045-1055.
56. Schleuning, M., V. Huamá n, and D. Matthies. 2009. Experimental assessment of factors limiting seedling recruitment of an Amazonian understory herb. Biotropica 41:57-65.
57. Sekercioglu, C. H. 2006. Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 464-471. (Pubitemid 44066614)
58. Shanahan, M., and S. G. Compton. 2001. Vertical stratification of figs and fig-eaters in a Bornean lowland rain forest: how is the canopy different? Plant Ecology 153:121-132. (Pubitemid 32900902)
59. Stang, M., P. G. L. Klinkhamer, and E. van der Meijden. 2007. Asymmetric specialization and extinction risk in plant-flower visitor webs: a matter of morphology or abundance? Oecologia 151:442-453. (Pubitemid 46363427)
60. Stevens, P. F. 2008. Angiosperm phylogeny website. Version 9. (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/i
61. Sun, C., A. R. Ives, H. J. Kraeuter, and T. C. Moermond. 1997. Effectiveness of three turacos as seed dispersers in a tropical montane forest. Oecologia 112:94-103. (Pubitemid 27419553)
62. Tellería, J. L., A. Ramirez, and J. Pérez-Tris. 2008. Fruit tracking between sites and years by birds in Mediterranean wintering grounds. Ecography 31:381-388. (Pubitemid 351799694)
63. Thompson, J. N. 2005. The geographical mosaic of coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
64. Vá zquez, D., N. Blüthgen, L. Cagnolo, and N. P. Chacoff. 2009a. Uniting pattern and process in plant-animal mutualistic networks: a review. Annals of Botany 103:1445-1457.
65. Vá zquez, D., N. P. Chacoff, and L. Cagnolo. 2009b. Evaluating multiple determinants of the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Ecology 90:2039-2046.
66. Vá zquez, D. P., C. J. Meliá n, N. M. Williams, N. Blüthgen, B. R. Krasnov, and R. Poulin. 2007. Species abundance and asymmetric interaction strength in ecological networks. Oikos 116:1120-1127. (Pubitemid 46961694)
67. Vá zquez, D., W. F. Morris, and P. Jordano. 2005. Interaction frequency as a surrogate for the total effect of animal mutualists on plants. Ecology Letters 8:1088-1094. (Pubitemid 41345839)
68. Wallace, R. B. 2006. Seasonal variations in black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) habitat use and ranging behavior in a southern Amazonian tropical forest. American Journal of Primatology 68:313-332.
69. Wendeln, M. C., J. R. Runkle, and E. K. V. Kalko. 2000. Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica 32:489-501.
70. Westcott, D. A., and D. L. Graham. 2000. Patterns of movement and seed dispersal of a tropical frugivore. Oecologia 122:249-257. (Pubitemid 30096244)
71. Wheelwright, N. T. 1985. Fruit size, gape width, and the diets of fruit-eating birds. Ecology 66:808-818. (Pubitemid 16279718)
72. Wheelwright, N. T. 1988. Fruit-eating birds and bird-dispersed plants in the tropics and temperate zone. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3:270-274.
73. Whelan, C. J., K. A. Schmidt, B. B. Steele, W. J. Quinn, and S. Dilger. 1998. Are bird-consumed fruits complementary resources? Oikos 83:195-205. (Pubitemid 28428568)
74. Yumoto, T., K. Kimura, and A. Nishimura. 1999. Estimation of the retention times and distances of seed dispersed by two monkey species, Alouatta seniculus and Lagothrix lagotricha, in a Colombian forest. Ecological Research 14:179-191. (Pubitemid 29273090)
75. Zimmermann, D. A., D. A. Turner, and D. J. Pearson. 1998. Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Christopher Helm, London, UK.