Global Health philanthropy and institutional relationships: How should conflicts of interest be addressed?

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 7-

  Stuckler, David ^a,b   Basu, Sanjay ^c,d   McKee, Martin ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFLICT OF INTEREST; DRUG INDUSTRY; ETHICAL DECISION MAKING; FOOD INDUSTRY; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY; HEALTH PROMOTION; INVESTMENT; MEDICAL HUMANITIES; NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION; PROFIT; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC RELATIONS; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; SOCIAL WELFARE; TAX; DECISION MAKING; ECONOMICS; ETHICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS; POLICY;

CONFLICT OF INTEREST; DECISION MAKING; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL; FINANCING, ORGANIZED; FOUNDATIONS; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY; PUBLIC HEALTH; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 79955511516     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001020     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Yach D, Feldman ZA, Bradley DG, Khan M, (2010) Can the food industry help tackle the growing burden of undernutrition? Am J Public Health 100: 974-980.
2. Rampton S, Stauber J, (2010) Trust us, we're experts: How industry manipulates science and gambles with your future. Penguin.
3. Pinto S, Lipowski E, Segal R, Kimberlin C, Algina J, (2007) Physicians' intent to comply with the American Medical Association's guidelines on gifts from the pharmaceutical industry. J Med Ethics 33: 313-319.
4. Sufrin C, Ross JS, (2008) Pharmaceutical industry marketing: Understanding its impact on women's health. Obstet Gynecol Surv 63: 585-596.
5. Brownell K, Warner KE, (2009) The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food? Milbank Quarterly 87: 259-294.
6. Wiist W, (2010) The bottom line or public health: Tactics corporations use to influence health and health policy, and what we can do to counter them. New York Oxford University Press.
7. Moss M (29 May 2010) The hard sell on salt. New York Times. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/health/30salt.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
8. Wedel J, (2001) Collision and Collusion: The strange case of Western aid to Eastern Europe. New York St. Martin's.
9. Westad O, (2005) The global Cold War: Third world interventions and the making of our times. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
10. Easterly W, (2006) The white man's burden. Lancet 367: 2060.
11. Moyo D, (2009) Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa. New York Penguin.
12. Benatar S, (1998) Imperialism, research ethics and global health. J Med Ethics 24: 221-222.
13. Global Health Watch (2009) Global Health Watch 2. London: Zed Books. Available: http://www.ghwatch.org/ghw2/report-summary. Accessed 10 March 2011.
14. Klein N, (2008) The shock doctrine: The rise of disaster capitalism. London Penguin.
15. Chang H, (2009) Bad samaritans: The myth of free trade and the secret history of capitalism. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
16. Sridhar D, Batniji R, (2008) Misfinancing global health: A case for transparency in disbursements and decision making. Lancet 372: 1185-1191.
17. Stuckler D, Robinson H, McKee M, King L, (2008) World Health Organisation budget and burden of disease: A comparative analysis. Lancet 372: 1563-1569.
18. Farag M, Nandakumar AK, Wallack SS, Gaumer G, Hodgkin D, (2009) Does funding from donors displace government spending for health in developing countries? Health Affairs 28: 1045-1055.
19. Garner B, (2009) Black's Law dictionary. St Paul, MN West Publishing.
20. Wikipedia (2011) Conflict of interest. Wikipedia. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest. Accessed 10 March 2011.
21. Studdert D, Mello MM, Brennan TA, (2004) Financial conflicts of interest in physicians' relationships with the pharmaceutical industry - Self regulation in the shadow of federal prosecution. New Eng J Med 351: 1891-1900.
22. Barnes D, Bero LA, (1996) Industry-funded research and conflict of interest: an analysis of research sponsored by the tobacco industry through the Center for Indoor Air Research. J Health Polit Policy Law 21: 515-542.
23. World Health Organization. Roll Back Malaria Partnership: Conflict of interest policy and procedure. Available: http://www.rbm.who.int/docs/constituencies/RBMcoiPolicy.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
24. McCoy D, Kembhavi G, Patel J, Luintel A, (2009) The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's grant-making programme for global health. Lancet 373: 1645-1653.
25. Ravishankar N, Gubbins P, Cooley RJ, Leach-Kemon K, Michaud CM, Jamison DT, Murray CJ, (2009) Financing of global health: Tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007. Lancet 373: 2113-2124.
26. Ooms G, Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, (2010) Financing the Millennium Development Goals for health and beyond: Sustaining the 'Big Push'. Globalization and Health 6: 17. Available: http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/6/1/17. Accessed 10 March 2011.
27. McCoy D, Chand S, Sridhar D, (2009) Global health funding: How much, where it comes from and where it goes. Health Policy Plan 24: 407-417.
28. Abelson R (11 June 2000) Charities' Investing: Left hand, meet right. New York Times. New York. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/business/charities-investing-left-hand-meet-right.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
29. Hilton Foundation (2011) Hilton in the community foundation: About us. Hilton Foundation. Available: http://www.hilton-foundation.org.uk/about%20us.htm. Accessed 10 March 2011.
30. Werbel J, Carter SM, (2002) The CEO's influence on corporate foundation giving. J Bus Ethics 40: 47-60.
31. Domhoff G, (2009) The power elite and their challengers. Am Behav Sci 52: 955-973.
32. Bond M, Glouharova S, Harrigan N, (2006) The effects of intercorporate networks on corporate social and political behaviour: ESRC Final Report. Available: http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/nharrigan/2006,%20ESRC%20Final%20Report.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
33. Mills C, Wolfe A, (2000) The power elite. Oxford Oxford University Press.
34. Domhoff G, (1967) Who rules America? Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall.
35. Domhoff G, (2009) How to do power structure research. University of California Santa Cruz. Available: http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/methods/how-to-do-power-structure-research.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
36. Nader L, (1972) Up the anthropologist - Perspectives gained from studying up. Rethinking anthropology. Pantheon Books.
37. Smith D, (2005) Institutional ethnography: A sociology for people. Oxford AltaMira Press.
38. Marcus G, (1998) Ethnography through thick and thin. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.
39. Stone D, (2001) Policy paradox: The art of political decision-making. W W Norton & Co Inc.
40. Nye J, (2004) Soft power. Foreign Policy 80: 153-171.
41. Lukes S, (1974) Power: A radical view. London Macmillan Press.
42. Foucault M, Gordon C, (1980) Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977: Pantheon.
43. Buffett W, (2010) My philanthropic pledge. Forbes. Available: http://money.cnn.com/2010/06/15/news/newsmakers/Warren_Buffett_Pledge_Letter.fortune/. Accessed 10 March 2011.
44. Securities and Exchange Commission (2010) Edgar database. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust filings. Available: http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001166559&owner=exclude&count=40. Accessed 10 March 2011.
45. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (2009) Return of Private Foundation. Form 990-PF. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Available: http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/showOrgsByCategory.php?group=pf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
46. Hodgson J, (2009) Gates Foundation sells off pharmaceutical holdings. New York: Wall Street Journal. Available: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125029373754433433.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
47. MarketWatch (22 April 2010) As American as whole-grain chips: PepsiCo tries to appeal to our better angels. Available: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/pepsico-appeals-to-our-better-angels-2010-04-22. Accessed 10 March 2011.
48. CNBC (1 July 2010) Warren Buffett's $1.6 billion stock donation to Gates Foundation lifts 5-Year total to $8 billion. Available: http://www.cnbc.com/id/38046115/Warren_Buffett_s_1_6_Billion_Stock_Donation_to_Gates_Foundation_Lifts_5_Year_Total_to_8_Billion. Accessed 10 March 2011.
49. National Center for Charitable Statistics (2011) NCCS P990 Internal Revenue Service Database: Urban Institute. http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/990search.php/. Accessed 10 March 2011.
50. Ford Foundation (2009) Return of Private Foundation. Form 990-PF: Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Available: http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/showOrgsByCategory.php?group=pf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
51. Rockefeller Foundation (2009) Return of Private Foundation. Form 990-PF: Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service.
52. W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009) Return of Private Foundation. Form 990-PF: Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Available: http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/showOrgsByCategory.php?group=pf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
53. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009) Return of private foundation. Form I990-PF: Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Available: http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/showOrgsByCategory.php?group=pf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
54. Rockefeller Foundation (2011) Social investment guidelines. New York: Rockefeller Foundation. Available: http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/af34dcb4-1000-4dde-9748-df58eafc7ae2.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
55. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2010) Conflict of interest policy. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/Documents/Conflict_of_Interest_Policy.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2011.
56. Ford Foundation (2011) Mission: Ford Foundation. Available: http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/mission. Accessed 10 March 2011.
57. Rockefeller Foundation (2011) Moments in time: 1913-1919. Rockefeller Foundation. Available: http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/who-we-are/our-history/1913-1919/. Accessed 10 March 2011.
58. Gates B, (2010) 2010 Annual letter from Bill Gates. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/annual-letter/2010/Pages/bill-gates-annual-letter.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
59. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2011) Kate James, Chief Communication Officer Foundation Operations. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/leadership/Pages/kate-james.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
60. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2011) Tachi Yamada, President Global Health Program: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/leadership/Pages/tachi-yamada.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
61. Reuters (31 March 2010) Merck exec to be Gates Foundation CFO. Reuters. Seattle. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3120892820100331. Accessed 10 March 2011.
62. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2011) United States program advisory panel: Anne Fudge. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/united-states/Pages/program-advisory-panel.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
63. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (2010) The Coca-Cola Company, TechnoServe and The Gates Foundation partner to boost incomes of 50K small-scale farmers in East Africa. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/press-releases/Pages/technoserv-empowers-farmers-in-uganda-and-kenya-100120.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
64. Gates M, (2010) What we can learn from Coke. TEDxChange. Available: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/tedxchange/Pages/tedxchange-2010.aspx. Accessed 10 March 2011.
65. Johnson & Johnson Foundation (2009) Novel partnerships evolve drug development. Our Responsibility. 2009 Sustainability Report. Available: http://www.investor.jnj.com/2009sustainabilityreport/society/partnerships2.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
66. Ebrahim S, Smith GD, (2001) Exporting failure? Coronary heart disease and stroke in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 30: 201-205.
67. World Health Organization (2009) Mortality and burden of disease estimates for WHO Member States in 2004. Geneva World Health Organization.
68. Suhrcke M, Nugent R, Stuckler D, Rocco L, (2006) Chronic disease: An economic perspective. London Oxford Health Alliance.
69. Montague D, Feachem R, Feachem NS, Koehlmoos TP, Kinlaw H, et al. (2009) Oxfam must shed its ideological bias to be taken seriously. BMJ 338: b1202.
70. Piller C, Sanders E, Dixon R, (7 January 2007) Dark cloud over good works of Gates Foundation. Los Angeles Times. Available: http://www.latimes.com/news/la-na-gatesx07jan07,0,2533850.story. Accessed 10 March 2011.
71. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, et al. (2010) Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 362: 590-599.
72. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2010) More than a decade of helping smokers quit: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Investment in Tobacco Cessation. Appendix 1: Major Tobacco-Cessation Grants of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Available: http://www.rwjf.org/pr/product.jsp?id=63799. Accessed 10 March 2011.
73. McNeil D, (16 February 2008) Gates Foundation's influence criticized. New York Times. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/16/science/16malaria.html?_r=3&ref=health&oref=slogin&oref=login. Accessed 10 March 2011.
74. Ooms G, Hammond R, (2009) Scaling up global social health protection: Prerequisite reforms to the International Monetary Fund. Int J Health Serv 39: 795-801.
75. Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, (2011) International Monetary Fund and aid displacement. Int J Health Services 41: 67-76.
76. Rutledge P, Crookes D, McKinstry B, Maxwell SR, (2003) Do doctors rely on pharmaceutical industry funding to attend conferences and do they perceive that this creates a bias in their drug selection? Results from a questionnaire survey. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 12: 663-667.
77. Wazana A, (2000) Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: Is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA 283: 373-380.
78. Lexchin J, (1993) Interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: What does the literature say? CMAJ 149: 1401-1407.
79. Spurling GK, Mansfield PR, Montgomery BD, Lexchin J, Doust J, et al. (2010) Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians' prescribing: A systematic review. PLoS Med 7: e1000352 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000352.
80. Singer N, (4 August 2009) Medical papers by ghostwriters pushed therapy. New York Times. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/health/research/05ghost.html. Accessed 10 March 2011.
81. Wiist B, (2010) The corporate playbook, health, and democracy: the snack food and beverage industry's tactics in context. Ch 6 In: Stuckler D, Siegel K, editors. Sick Societies: Responding to the Global Challenge of Chronic Disease. Oxford University Press. In press.