Turkey's "Demonstrative Effect" and the Transformation of the Middle East

Insight Turkey

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 33-55

  KiriŞci, Kemal ^a  

^a BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 79955499248     PISSN: 1302177X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (107)

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4. "Tunuslu lider Gannuşi Zaman'a Konuştu," Zaman, February 23, 2011.
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6. "Star of Islam: A Survey of Turkey", The Economist, December 14, 1991.
7. For a discussion of Turkey as a model in BMENA.
8. see Hüseyin Baǧci and Bayram Sarikaya, "The Greater Middle East Initiative and Turkey: The AKP's Perspective," in Goren Nimrod and Nachmani Amikam (eds.) The Importance of Being European: Turkey, the EU and the Middle East (Jerusalem: The European Forum at the Hebrew University, 2007), pp. 165-77.
9. Meliha Altunişik-Benli, "The Turkish Model and Democratization in the Middle East," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.1&2 (2005), pp. 45-63.
10. For the discussion on Turkey as a "model" just before and after the BMENA initiative.
11. see Steven Everts, "An Asset but not a Model: Turkey, the EU and the Wider Middle East," Centre forn European Reform: Essays (2004).
12. Graham Fuller, "Turkey's Strategic Model: Myths and Realities," The Washington Quarterly, 2004;.
13. Meliha Altunisik-Benli, (2005).
14. Ömer Taşpinar, An Uneven Fit? The 'Turkish Model' and the Arab World (Washington DC: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, August 2003).
15. Bülent Aras, "Turkey and the GCC: An Emerging Relationship," Middle East Policy, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2005), pp. 89-97.
16. Haşim Salih, "Türkiye Başardi{dotless}, ya Biz," Şark-ül Evsat, December 25, 2005 (reproduced in Turkish in Radikal, January 4, 2005).
17. Yaser Ebu Hilal, "Bin Laden ile Erdoǧan Tarti{dotless}şi{dotless}yor," Urdu El Ghad, October 4, 2005 (reproduced in Radikal, November 1, 2005).
18. Saban Kardas, "Revolutions" in Egypt and Tunisia Highlight Dilemmas of Turkey's Democracy Promotion Agenda," Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.8, No.24 (February 3, 2011).
19. Gönül Tol, "Turkey as an Alternative Model for Democratization in the Middle East," Today's Zaman, February 13, 2011.
20. Burhanettin Duran and Nuh Yilmaz, "Whose Model? Which Turkey?," Foreign Policy Middle East Channel, February 8, 2011.
21. Mehmet Yeǧin, "Turkey as a 'Companion' not a 'Model' to the Middle East," Turkish Weekly, February 25, 2011.
22. Sinan Ülgen, "The Future of Democracy in the Arab World: How Relevant is the Turkish Experience?," ISSOpinion, February, 2011.
23. Norman Stone, "This Spring won't breed any more Turkeys", The Times (UK) April 5, 2011.
24. Mehmet Yeǧin, "Turkey as a 'Companion' not a 'Model' to the Middle East," Turkish Weekly, February 25, 2011.
25. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 101.
26. Huntington, "Democracy's Third Wave," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1991), p. 2.
27. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 105.
28. Laurence Whitehead, "Democracy and Decolonization: East-Central Europe," in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) p. 361.
29. Larry Diamond, The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008), p.109.
30. Sadik Al-Azm, "Islam and Secular Humanism" in Islam and Secularism, The Dialogue Series No. 2 (Antwerpen: Universitair Centrum Saint-Ignatius, 2005), p. 48.
31. Mensur Akgün et al. The Perception of Turkey in the Middle East (Istanbul: TESEV Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}, 2009), pp. 21-22.
32. These results were up by a few points in a re-run of the survey in 2010, see Mensur Akgün, Ortadoǧu'da Türkiye Algi{dotless}si{dotless} 2010 (Istanbul: TESEV Yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}, 2010).
33. Seymour Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review, Vol. 53 (March, 1959), pp. 69-105.
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35. Adam Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
36. Larry Diamond, The Spirit of Democracy, p. 98 and pp. 102-113.
37. Figures calculated from the Turkish Statistical Institute.
38. see www.tuik.gov.tr.
39. Yakup Kepenek and Nur Yentürk, Türkiye Ekonomisi (Istanbul: Remzi Kitapevi, 2009), p. 377.
40. Kemal Kirişci, "The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State," New Perspectives on Turkey, No. 40 (2009), pp. 29-57.
41. Yakup Kepenek and Nur Yentürk, Türkiye Ekonomisi, p. 334.
42. "54. Ramstore Üsküp'e," Radikal, October 3, 2005.
43. "Investment in Joint Russian-Turkish Projects to Top 25 Billion USD," Ria Novosti, May 12, 2010.
44. "Şantiyeye dönen Batum'da Türkler Başrolde." Radikal, September 28, 2010.
45. Reported by Radikal, 28 March 2008. "Şişecam Komşu'da milyar dolara gidiyor."
46. Kurdistan Region Economic Development Assessment (USAID Report, December 2008), p. 26.
47. Aras, "Turkey and the GCC," p. 96.
48. "Inverview: Syria's Investment Drive Gathers Steam," Reuters Africa, October 4, 2010.
49. "Conference on Investment in Syrian Coast Kicks off/60 Turkish Firms Participating," Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA), October 3, 2010.
50. Interview with businessman in Istanbul representing the Süzer Holding in northern Iraq and a former president of the Diyarbaki{dotless}r Chamber of Commerce (DTO), October 2009.
51. Interview held with the current secretary general of UBBCE, August 2009.
52. Interview with a leading member of Women for Women's Human Rights (WWHR) August 2009, Istanbul, and a Syrian women activist, October 2009, Damascus.
53. Abdullah Gül, Horizons of Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Century (Ankara, TC Di{dotless}şişleri Bakanli{dotless}ǧi{dotless} Yayi{dotless}ni{dotless}, 2007) p. 528.
54. Interview with a diplomat at the Turkish embassy in Washington DC, September 2009.Similar observation were also made by an AKP member of parliament familiar with issues of democratic assistance, August 2009 and a high ranking official from the Office of the Prime Minister, October 2009. Both remarks were made during interviews held in Ankara.
55. Yousef Al Sharif and Samir Saha, "Turkey's European Membership: The Arab Perspective, Notes from the Arab Media," in Reflections of EU-Turkey Relations in the Muslim World (Istanbul: Open Society Foundation, 2009), p. 25.
56. Interviews with representatives of European Stability Initiative, Hollings Center and the Henrich Böll Foundation. For similar observations, see also İbrahim Kali{dotless}n, "Debating Turkey in the Middle East: The Dawn of a New Geopolitical Imagination," Insight Turkey, Vol. 11. No. 1 (2009), pp. 83-96.
57. "Türkiye Ortadoǧu'da 1.5 trilyonluk Levant Birliǧi Kurdu," Euractiv, December 4, 2010, available at euroactive.com.tr.
58. Mehmet Özkan and Birol Akgün, "Turkey's Opening to Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), pp. 539-540.
59. Interview with high ranking official from the Prime Minister's Office, October 2009.
60. Interview with a high ranking official at the Prime Minister's Office, October 2009.
61. Interview in Baku, October 2009.
62. Cheng Tun-jen, "Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan," World Politics, Vol. 41, No. 4 (1989), pp. 471-499.
63. For recent literature examining Turkey's "new" foreign policy, see special issues of Turkish Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2009).
64. New Perspectives on Turkey, No. 40 (2009); Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2011).
65. Dietrich Jung, "Turkey and the Arab World: Historical Narratives and New Political Realities," Mediterranean Politics, Vol.10, No.1 (2004), p.12.
66. Tarik Oǧuzlu, "Middle Easternization of Turkey's Foreign Policy," Turkish Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2008), p. 16.
67. Tarik Oǧuzlu, "Middle Easternization of Turkey's Foreign Policy".
68. Şaban Kardaş, "Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map or Building Sandcastles?," Middle East Policy, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2010), pp. 115-136.
69. International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203, April 7, 2010, p. 11-21.
70. Şaban Kardaş, "Türk Di{dotless}ş Politikasi{dotless}nda Eksen Kaymasi{dotless} mi{dotless}?," Akademik Orta Doǧu, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 19-42.
71. For a discussion of how AKP is received in the Arab world, see Mounir Shafiq, "Turkey's Justice and Development Party through Arab Eyes," Insight Turkey, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2009), pp. 33-41.
72. Ahmet Davutoǧlu, "Turkey's Zero-Problems Foreign Policy" Foreign Policy, May 20, 2010.
73. Joint Declaration on Establishing "Close Neighbors Economic and Trade Association Council" for a Free Trade Area between Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, July 31, 2010.
74. Kemal Kirişci, "Comparing the Neighborhood Policies of Turkey and the EU in the Mediterranean," in Meliha Benli-Altunişik, Kemal Kirişci and Nathalie Tocci (eds.), Turkey: Reluctant Mediterranean Power, (GMF, Mediterranean Paper Series, February 2011).
75. See also Nathalie Tocci and Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Rethinking the EU's Mediterranean Policies Post 1/11," IAI Working Papers 11/06, March 2011.
76. Serah Kekeç, "Türkiye'nin Avrupa-Akdeniz Ortaklari{dotless} ile Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmalari{dotless}," Ortadoǧu Analiz, Vol. 2, No. 24 (2011), pp. 85-93 and p. 91.
77. "Yeni Bir Ortadoǧu Doǧuyor," Milliyet, June 10, 2010.
78. Juliette Tolay, "Coming and Going: Changes in Turkish Foreign Policy and Migration" in Ronald H. Linden (ed.) Turkey and Its Neighbors (forthcoming). For a similar perspective, see also İhsan Daǧi{dotless}, "The Liberal Turn in Turkish Foreign Policy," Today's Zaman, February 23, 2009.
79. Interview with a high ranking official at the Prime Minister's Office, October 2009.
80. Hüsnü Mahalli, "Gerçek Devrim," HaberVakti, January 18, 2011.
81. For the notion of "getting to zero",
82. see Ahmet Evin et. al. Getting to Zero: Turkey, Its Neighborhood and the West (Washington DC: Transatlantic Academy, 2010).
83. Ian O. Lesser, "The Revolutions in Turkey's Near Abroad," GMF Analysis on Turkey, February 16, 2011, pp. 1-3.
84. For a discussion of "soft power" aspect of Turkish foreign policy,
85. see Tarik Oǧuzlu, "Soft Power in Turkish Foreign Policy," Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1 (2007), pp. 81-97.
86. Meliha Benli-Altunk, "The Possibilities and Limits of Turkey's Soft Power in the Middle East," Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No.2 (2008), pp. 41-54.
87. Ilter Turan, "Turkey and Egypt: A Partisan for Democracy or an Unwanted Intruder?," GMF Analysis on Turkey, February 16, 2011, p. 3.
88. Kadri Kaan Renda, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence," Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2011), p. 106.
89. Kemal Kirişci, "Democracy Diffusion: The Turkish Experience" in Ronald H. Linden (ed.), Turkey and Its Neighbors.
90. Fuat Keyman, "Globalization, Modernity and Democracy: In Search of a Viable Domestic Polity for a Sustainable Turkish Foreign Policy," New Perspectives on Turkey, No. 40 (2009), pp. 7-27.
91. The total GDP for Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Syria amounted to just under 400 billion USD compared to Turkey's more than 730 billion USD. Calculated from the World Bank Quick Query Database.
92. For a discussion of Turkey as a "hegemon" in the Arab world.
93. see Malik Mufti, "A Little America: the Emergence of Turkish Hegemony," Middle East Brief (Crown Center, Brandeis University, forthcoming).
94. Ziya Öniş, "Multiple Faces of the 'New' Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique," Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2011), p. 59.
95. Fuat Keyman, "Globalization, modernity and democracy";
96. Mustafa Aydin and Sinem A. Açi{dotless}kmeşe, "Europeanization through EU Conditionality: Understanding the New Era in Turkish Foreign Policy," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2007), pp. 263-74.
97. Thomas Straubhaar, "Turkey as an Economic Neighbor" in Ronald H. Linden (ed.), Turkey and Its Neighbors.
98. The desire to emulate the experience of the EU in regional integration has been noted by İbrahim Kali{dotless}n, the chief advisor of the prime minister as well as by some EU officials,
99. see International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," p. 11.
100. Mensur Akgün et al. Orta Doǧu'da Türkiye Algi{dotless}si{dotless}.
101. International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East", p. ii.
102. Kemal Kirici, "Comparing the Neighborhood Policies of Turkey and the EU in the Mediterranean," p. 40.
103. Stanley Hoffman, "Europe's identity Crisis revisited," Daedalus, Vol. 123, No. 2 (1994), p. 20.
104. Philip H. Gordon and Omer Taspinar, Winning Turkey: How America, Europe and Turkey can revive a fading partnership (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2008).
105. Lesser, "The Revolutions in Turkey's Near Abroad", p. 4.
106. Saban Kardas, "Turkey Diverges from Western Position on Libya," Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 8, No. 44 (March 4, 2011).
107. Interview with Ertuǧrul Özkök in Hürriyet, November 8, 2009