Developmental effects of reward on sustained attention networks

NeuroImage

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 1693-1704

  Smith, Anna B ^a   Halari, Rozmin ^a   Giampetro, Vincent ^a   Brammer, Michael ^a   Rubia, Katya ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Continuous performance task (CPT); Development; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Incentive; Reward

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN MATURATION; BRAIN REGION; CHILD; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORPUS STRIATUM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN TISSUE; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INSULA; LIMBIC CORTEX; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NORMAL HUMAN; PARIETAL CORTEX; PARIETAL LOBE; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REWARD; SCHOOL CHILD; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; TASK PERFORMANCE; TEMPORAL LOBE; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGING; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; BRAIN; CEREBRAL CORTEX; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MALE; NERVE NET; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REWARD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79955476579     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.072     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Adams S., Kesner R.P., Ragozzino M.E. Role of the medial and lateral caudate-putamen in mediating an auditory conditional response association. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2001, 76(1):106-116.
2. Adleman N.E., Menon V., Blasey C.M., White C.D., Warsofsky I.S., Glover G.H., Reiss A.L. A developmental fMRI study of the stroop colour-word task. Neuroimage 2002, 61-75.
3. Allen G., McColl R., Barnard H., Ringe W.K., Fleckenstein J., Cullum C.M. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebellar-prefrontal and cerebellar-parietal functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2005, 28(1):39-48.
4. Anderson V.A., Anderson P., Northam E., Jacobs R., Catroppa C. Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2001, 20(1):385-406.
5. Ardekani B.A., Choi S.J., Hossein-Zadeh G.A., Porjesz B., Tanabe J.L., Lim K.O., Bilder R., Helpern J.A., Begleiter H. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity in the visual oddball task. Cogn. Brain Res. 2002, 14(3):347-356.
6. Arnett J. Reckless behavior in adolescence: a developmental perspective. Dev. Rev. 1992, 12:339-373.
7. Ashby F.G., Isen A.M., Turken U. A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychol. Rev. 1999, 106:529-550.
8. Baker S.C., Frith C.D., Dolan R.J. The interaction between mood and cognitive function studied with PET. Psychol. Med. 1997, 27(3):565-578.
9. Bjork J.M., Knutson B., Fong G.W., Caggiano D.M., Bennett S.M., Hommer D.W. Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: similarities and differences from young adults. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24(8):1793-1802.
10. Blakemore S.-J., Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2006, 47(3):296-312.
11. Bledowski C., Prvulovic D., Goebel R., Zanella F.E., Linden D.E.J. Attentional systems in target and distractor processing: a combined ERP and fMRI study. Neuroimage 2004, 22(2):530-540.
12. Bonnet M.C., Dilharreguy B., Allard M., Deloire M.S.A., Petry K.G., Brochet B. Differential cerebellar and cortical involvement according to various attentional load: role of educational level. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30:1133-1143.
13. Booth J.R., Burman D.D., Meyer J.R., Lei Z., Trommer B.L., Davenport N.D., Li W., Parrish T.B., Gitelman D.R., Mesulam M. Neural development of selective attention and response inhibition. Neuroimage 2003, 20:737-751.
14. Booth J.R., Burman D.D., Meyer J.R., Lei Z., Trommer B.L., Davenport N.D., Li W., Parrish T.B., Gitelman D.R., Mesulam M. Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2005, 46(1):94-111.
15. Brammer M.J., Bullmore E.T., Simmons A. Generic brain activation mapping in functional magnetic resonance imaging: a non-parametric approach. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1997, 15(7):763-770.
16. Bullmore E., Long C., Suckling J., Fadili J., Calvert G., Zelaya F., Carpenter T.A., Brammer M. Colored noise and computational inference in neurophysiological (fMRI) time series analysis: resampling methods in time and wavelet domains. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2001, 12(2):61-78.
17. Bullmore E.T., Brammer M.J., Rabe-Hesketh S., Curtis R.G., Williams S.C., Sharma T., McGuire P. Methods for diagnosis and treatment of stimulus-correlated motion in generic brain activation studies using fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1999, 7:38-48.
18. Bullmore E.T., Suckling J., Overmeyer S., Rabe-Hesketh S., Taylor E., Brammer M.J. Global, voxel, and cluster tests, by theory and permutation, for a difference between two groups of structural MR images of the brain. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 1999, 18(1):32-42.
19. Bunge S., Dudukovic N., Thomason M., Vaidya C., Gabrieli J. Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: evidence from fMRI. Neuron 2002, 33:301-311.
20. Christakou A., Giampietro V., Brammer M., Rubia K. Right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices mediate adaptive decisions under ambiguity by integrating choice utility and outcome evaluation. J. Neurosci. Meth. 2009, 29(35):11020-11028.
21. Christakou A, Halari R, Smith AB, Ifkovits E, Brammer M, Rubia K., 2009. Sex-dependent age modulation of frontostriatal and temporo-parietal activation during cognitive control. NeuroImage 48, 223-236.
22. Clark V.P., Fannon S., Lai S., Benson R., Bauer L. Responses to rare visual target and distractor stimuli using event-related fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 2000, 83:3133-3139.
23. Cohen J.D., Braver T.S., Brown J.W. Computational perspectives on dopamine function in prefrontal cortex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002, 12(223-229).
24. Cohen J.R., Asarnow R.F., Sabb F.W., Bilder R.M., Bookheimer S.Y., Knowlton B.J., Poldrack R.A. A unique adolescent response to reward prediction errors. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13(6):669-671.
25. Corbetta M., Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3(3):201-215.
26. Courchesne E. Neurophysiological correlates of cognitive development: changes in long-latency even-related potentials from childhood to adulthood. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1978, 45:468-482.
27. Critchley H.D., Mathias C.J., Dolan R.J. Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation. Neuron 2001, 29:537-545.
28. Crone E.A., van der Molen M.W. Developmental changes in real life decision making: performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2004, 25(3):251-279.
29. Delgado M.R., Locke H.M., Stenger V.A., Fiez J.A. Dorsal striatum responses to reward and punishment: effects of valence and magnitude manipulations. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2003, 3(1):27-38.
30. Durston S., Casey B. Response: a shift from diffuse to focal cortical activity with development: the authors' reply. Dev. Sci. 2006, 9(1):18-20.
31. Durston S., Davidson M.C., Tottenham N., Galvan A., Spicer J., Fossella J., Casey B. A shift from diffuse to focal cortical activity with development. Dev. Sci. 2006, 9(1):1-20.
32. Durston S., Hulshoff P.H.E., Casey B.J., Giedd J., Buitelaar J., van Engeland H. Anatomical MRI of the developing human brain: what have we learned?. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2001, 40:1012-1020.
33. Durston S., Thomas K., Yang Y., Uluǧ A.M., Zimmerman R.D., Casey B.J. A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control. Dev. Sci. 2002, 5(4):F9-F16.
34. Ernst M., Nelson E.E., Jazbec S., McClure E.B., Monk C.S., Leibenluft E., Blair J., Pine D.S. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. Neuroimage 2005, 25(4):1279-1291.
35. Ernst M., Nelson E.E., McClure E.B., Monk C.S., Munson S., Eshel N., Zarahn E., Leibenluft E., Zametkin A.J., Towbin K., et al. Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2004, 42:1585-1597.
36. Ernst M., Pine D.S., Hardin M. Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence. Psychol. Med. 2006, 36(03):299-312.
37. Eshel N., Nelson E.E., Blair R.J., Pine D.S., Ernst M. Neural substrates of choice selection in adults and adolescents: development of the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45(6):1270-1279.
38. Fuchigami T., Okubo O., Fujita Y., Okuni M., Noguchi Y., Yamada T. Auditory event-related potentials and reaction time in children evaluation of cognitive development. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1993, 35(3):230-237.
39. Funahashi S. Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Res. 2001, 39(2):147-165.
40. Galvan A., Hare T.A., Parra C.E., Penn J., Voss H., Glover G., Casey B.J. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(25):6885-6892.
41. Garavan H., Hester R., Murphy K.R., Fassbender C., Kelly C. Individual differences in the functional neuroanatomy of inhibitory control. Brain Res. 2006, 1105:130-142.
42. Giedd J.N. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2004, 1021:77-85. (Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities).
43. Gray J.R., Braver T.S., Raichle M.E. Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99(6):4115-4120.
44. Gross J., Timmermann L., Kujala J., Dirks M., Schmitz F., Salmelin R., Schnitzler A. The neural basis of intermittent motor control in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99(4):2299-2302.
45. Grossberg S. The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Conscious. Cogn. 1999, 8(1):1-44.
46. Gur R.C., Turetsky B.I., Loughead J., Waxman J., Snyder W., Ragland J.D., Elliott M.A., Bilker W., Arnold S.E., Gur R.E. Hemodynamic responses in neural circuitries for detection of visual target and novelty: an event-related fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007, 28(4):263-274.
47. Guyer A.E., Nelson E.E., Perez-Edgar K., Hardin M.G., Roberson-Nay R., Monk C.S., Bjork J.M., Henderson H.A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A., et al. Striatal functional alteration in adolescents characterized by early childhood behavioral inhibition. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(24):6399-6405.
48. Haber S.N., Kim K.-S., Mailly P., Calzavara R. Reward-related cortical inputs define a large striatal region in primates that interface with associative cortical connections, providing a substrate for incentive-based learning. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(32):8368-8376.
49. Hager F., Volz H.-P., Gaser C., Mentzel H.J., Kaiser W.A., Sauer H. Challenging the anterior attentional system with a continuous performance task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging approach. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1998, 248:161-170.
50. Hare T.A., O'Doherty J., Camerer C.F., Schultz W., Rangel A. Dissociating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum in the computation of goal values and prediction errors. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28(22):5623-5630.
51. Hooper C.J., Luciana M., Conklin H.M., Yarger R.S. Adolescents' performance on the Iowa gambling task: implications for the development of decision making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Dev. Psychol. 2004, 40(6):1148-1158.
52. Johnstone S.J., Barry R.J., Anderson J.W., Coyle S.F. Age-related changes in child and adolescent event-related potential component morphology, amplitude and latency to standard and target stimuli in an auditory oddball task. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 1996, 24(3):223-238.
53. Kelley A.E., Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:3306-3311.
54. Kiehl K.A., Laurens K.R., Duty T.L., Forster B.B., Liddle P.F. An event-related fMRI study of visual and auditory oddball tasks. J. Psychophysiol. 2001, 15(4):221-240.
55. Kirino E., Belger A., Goldman-Rakic P., McCarthy G. Prefrontal activation evoked by infrequent target and novel stimuli in a visual target detection task: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:6612-6618.
56. Kirsch P., Schienle A., Stark R., Sammer G., Blecker C., Walter B., Ott U., Burkart J., Vaitl D. Anticipation of reward in a nonaversive differential conditioning paradigm and the brain reward system: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003, 20:1086-1095.
57. Knutson B., Westdorp A., Kaiser E., Hommer D. FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. Neuroimage 2000, 12:20-27.
58. Krawczyk D.C., Gazzaley A., D'Esposito M. Reward modulation of prefrontal and visual association cortex during an incentive working memory task. Brain Res. 2007, 1141:168-177.
59. Kringelbach M.L. The human orbito-frontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:691-702.
60. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychol. Rev. 1990, 97(3):377-395.
61. Lawrence N.S., Ross T.J., Hoffmann R., Garavan H., Stein E.A. Multiple neuronal networks mediate sustained attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2003, 15(1028-1038).
62. Leon-Carrion J., Garcia-Orza J., Perez-Santamaria F.J. Development of the inhibitory component of the executive functions in children and adolescents. Int. J. Neurosci. 2004, 114:1291-1311.
63. Leon M.I., Shadlen M.N. Effect of expected reward magnitude on the responses of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Neuron 1999, 24(415-425).
64. Levy F. The development of sustained attention (vigilance) and inhibition in children: some normative data. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1980, 21(1):77-84.
65. Lewin J.S., Friedman L., Wu D., Miller D.A., Thompson L.A., Klein S.K., Wise A.L., Hedera P., Buckley P., Meltzer H., et al. Cortical localization of human sustained attention: detection with Functional MR using a visual vigilance paradigm. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1996, 20(5):695-701.
66. Lin C., Hsiao C., Chen W. Development of sustained attention assessed using the continuous performance test among children 6-15years of age. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 1999, 27(5):403-412.
67. Luciana M., Conklin H.M., Hooper C.J., Yarger R.S. The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents. Child Dev. 2005, 76(3):697-712.
68. Luna B., Garver K.E., Urban T.A., Lazar N.A., Sweeney J.A. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev. 2004, 75(5):1357-1372.
69. Luna B., Thulborn K.R., Munoz D.P., Merriam E.P., Garver K.E., Minshew N.J., Keshavan M.S., Genovese C.R., Eddy W.F., Sweeney J.A. Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. Neuroimage 2001, 13(5):786-793.
70. Madden D.J., Whiting W.L., Provenzale J.M., Huettel S.A. Age-related changes in neural activity during visual target detection measured by fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:143-155.
71. Manes F., Sahakian B., Clark L., Rogers R., Antoun N., Aitken M., Robbins T. Decision-making processes following damage to the prefrontal cortex. Brain 2002, 125(3):624-639.
72. Marsh R., Gerber A.J., Peterson B.S. Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2008, 47(11):1233-1251.
73. Martin-Soelch C., Leenders K.L., Chevalley A.F., Missimer J., Kunig G., Magyar S., Mino A., Schultz W. Reward mechanisms in the brain and their role in dependence: evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies. Brain Res. Rev. 2001, 36(2):139-149.
74. Martin C.A., Kelly T.H., Rayens M.K., Brogli B.R., Brenzel A., Smith W.J., Omar H.A. Sensation seeking, puberty, and nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana use in adolescence. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2002, 41(12):1495-1502.
75. McClure E.B., Laibson D.I., Loewenstein G., Cohen J.D. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 2004, 306:503-507.
76. Mesulam M.M., Nobre A.C., Kim Y.H., Parrish T.B., Gitelman D.R. Heterogeneity of cingulate contributions to spatial attention. Neuroimage 2001, 13(6):1065-1072.
77. Mohanty A., Gitelman D.R., Small D.M., Mesulam M.M. The spatial attention network interacts with limbic and monoaminergic systems to modulate motivation-induced attention shifts. Cereb. Cortex 2008, 18(11):2604-2613.
78. Montague P.R., Hyman S.E., Cohen J.D. Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 2004, 431:760-767.
79. Moses P., Roe K., Buxton R.B., Wong E.C., Frank L.R., Stiles J. Functional MRI of global and local processing in children. Neuroimage 2002, 16(2):415-424.
80. Mueller V., Brehmer Y., von Oertzen T., Li S.C., Lindenberger U. Electrophysiological correlates of selective attention: a lifespan comparison. BMC Neurosci. 2008, 9(18).
81. Mulert C., Jäger L., Schmitt R., Bussfeld P., Pogarell O., Möller H.-J., Juckel G., Hegerl U. Integration of fMRI and simultaneous EEG: towards a comprehensive understanding of localization and time-course of brain activity in target detection. Neuroimage 2004, 22(1):83-94.
82. O'Doherty J.P., Deichmann R., Critchley H.D., Dolan R.J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 2002, 33:815-826.
83. Oades R.D., Dmittmann-Balcar A., Zerbin D. Development and topography of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs): mismatch and processing negativity in individuals 8-22years of age. Psychophysiology 1997, 34(6):677-693.
84. Pisa M., Cyr J. Regionally selective roles of the rat's striatum in modality-specific discrimination learning and forelimb reaching. Behav. Brain Res. 1990, 37:281-292.
85. Pochon J.B., Levy R., Fossati P., Lehericy S., Poline J.B., Pillon B., Le Bihan D., Dubois B. The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 2002, 99(8):5669-5674.
86. Ramnani N., Miall R.C. Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation. Cereb. Cortex 2003, 13(3):318-327.
87. Raven J., Raven J.C., Court J.H. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales, Section 3: The Standard Progressive Matrices 1998, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
88. Rothermund K., Wentura D., Bak P.M. Automatic attention to stimuli signalling chances and dangers: moderating effects of positive and negative goal and action effects. Cogn. Emotion 2001, 15(2):231-248.
89. Rubia K. Neuro-anatomic evidence for the maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:19663-19664.
90. Rubia, K., Halari, R., Christakou, A., Taylor, E., 2009. Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 1919-1931.
91. Rubia, K, Hyde, Z, Halari, R, Giampetro, V, Smith, A., 2010. Effects of age and sex on developmental neural networks of visual-spatial attention allocation. Neuroimage 51, 817-827.
92. Rubia K., Overmeyer S., Taylor E., Brammer M., Williams S., Simmons A., Andrew C., Bullmore E. Functional frontalisation with age: mapping neurodevelopmental trajectories with fMRI. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000, 24(1):13-19.
93. Rubia K., Smith A., Taylor E., Brammer M. Linear age-correlated functional development of right inferior fronto-striato-cerebellar networks during response inhibition and anterior cingulate during error-related processes. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007, 28:1163-1177.
94. Rubia K., Smith A.B., Halari R., Matsakura F., Mohammed M., Taylor E., Brammer M.J. Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during sustained attention. Am. J. Psychiatry 2009, 166:83-94.
95. Rubia K., Smith A.B., Woolley J., Nosarti C., Heyman I., Brammer M., Taylor E. Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event-related tasks of cognitive control. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2006, 27(12):973-993.
96. Sarter M., Givens B., Bruno J.P. The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Res. Rev. 2001, 35(2):146-160.
97. Scheres A., Milham M.P., Knutson B., Castellanos F.X. Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61(5):720-724.
98. Schmitz N., Rubia K., Daly E., Smith A., van Amelsvoort T., Murphy D. Neural substrates of monetary reward in autism. Br. J. Psychiatry 2008, 192(1):19-24.
99. Shaw P., Eckstrand K., Sharp W., Blumenthal J., Lerch J.P., Greenstein D., Clasen L., Evans A., Giedd J., Rapoport J.L. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:19649-19654.
100. Silveri M.M., Tzilos G.K., Pimentel P.J., Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Trajectories of adolescent emotional and cognitive development: effects of sex and risk for drug use. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2004, 1021:363-370. (Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities).
101. Small D.M., Gitelman D., Simmons K., Bloise S.M., Parrish T., Mesulam M. Monetary incentives enhance processing in brain regions mediating top-down control of attention. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15(12):1855-1865.
102. Small D.M., Gitelman D.R., Gregory M.D., Nobre A.C., Parrish T.B., Mesulam M.M. The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the anticipatory allocation of spatial attention. Neuroimage 2003, 18(3):633-641.
103. Smith S.M. Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2002, 17(3):143-155.
104. Sowell E.R., Thompson P.M., Holmes C.J., Jernigan T.L., Toga A.W. In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nat. Neurosci. 1999, 2:859-861.
105. Sowell E.R., Thompson P.M., Welcome S.E., Henkenius A.L., Toga A.W., Peterson B.S. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2003, 362(9397):1699-1707.
106. Steinberg L. Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005, 9(2):69-75.
107. Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain 1988, Thieme Medical, New York.
108. Tamm L., Menon V., Reiss A.L. Maturation of brain function associated with response inhibition. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2002, 41(10):1232-1238.
109. Taylor M.J., Eals M. An event-related potential study of development using visual semantic tasks. J. Psychophysiol. 1996, 10:125-139.
110. Thirion B., Pinel P., Meriaux S., Roche A., Dehaene S., Poline J.-B. Analysis of a large fMRI cohort: statistical and methodological issues for group analysis. Neuroimage 2007, 35:105-120.
111. Thut G., Schultz W., Roelcke U., Nienhusmeier M., Missimer J., Maguire R.P., Leenders K.L. Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. NeuroReport 1997, 8:1225-1228.
112. Tomporowski P.D., Tinsley V.F. Effects of memory demand and motivation on sustained attention in young and older adults. Am. J. Psychol. 1996, 109(2):187-204.
113. Tripp G., Alsop B. Age-related changes in sensitivity to relative reward frequency. NZ J. Psychol. 1999, 28(1):30-36.
114. van Leijenhorst L., Crone E.A., Bunge S.A. Neural correlates of developmental differences in risk estimation and feedback processing. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44(11):2158-2170.
115. Vickers D. Decision Processes in Visual Perception 1979, Academic Press, New York.
116. Voisin J., Bidet-Caulet A., Bertrand O., Fonlupt P. Listening in silence activates auditory areas: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:273-278.
117. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.-J., Swanson J.M., Telang F. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results of imaging studies and treatment implications. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64(11):1575-1579.
118. Weiss E.M., Seidentopf C.M., Hofer A., Deisenhammer E.A., Hoptman M.J., Kremser C., Golaszewski S., Felber S., Fleischhacker W.W., Delazer M. Sex differences in brain activation pattern during a visuospatial cognitive task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy volunteers. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 344:169-172.
119. Welsh M.C., Pennington B.F. Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: views from developmental psychology. Dev. Neuropsychol. 1988, 4(3):199-230.
120. Wu Z., Guo A. Selective visual attention in a neurocomputational model of phase oscillators. Biol. Cybern. 1999, 80(3):157-225.
121. Zalla T., Koechlin E., Pietrini P., Basso G., Aquino P., Grafman J. Differential amygdala responses to winning and losing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:1764-1770.
122. Zelazo P.D., Müller U. Executive function in typical and atypical development. Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development 2002, Blackwell, Oxford. U. Goswami (Ed.).
123. Zhang H., Nichols T.E., Johnson T.D. Cluster mass inference via random field theory. Neuroimage 2009, 44(1):51-61.