Role of gibberellins in regulation of source- sink relations under optimal and limiting environmental conditions

Current Science

Volumn 100, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 998-1007

  Iqbal, Noushina ^a   Nazar, Rahat ^a   Khan, M Iqbal R ^a   Masood, Asim ^a   Khan, Nafees A ^a  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Gibberellins; Invertase; Phloem loading; Sink; Source; Stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955430611     PISSN: 00113891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Yamaguchi, S., Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2008, 59, 225-251.
2. Khan, N. A., Singh, S., Nazar, R. and Lone, P. M., The source- sink relationship in mustard. Asian Aust. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol., 2007, 1, 10-18.
3. Steveninck, R. F. M. V., Effect of hormones and related substances on transport. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (eds Lüttge, U. and Pitman, M. G.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976, pp. 307-342.
4. Marschner, H. (ed.), Growth. In Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Academic Press, New York, 1986, pp. 269-340.
5. Khan, N. A., Mobin, M. and Samiullah, The influence of gibberellic acid and sulphur fertilization rate on growth and S-use efficiency of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plant Soil, 2005, 270, 269-274.
6. Zamski, E. and Schaffer, A. A., Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source-Sink Relationships, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996.
7. Alonso-Ramírez, A. et al., Evidence for a role of gibberellins in salicylic acid-modulated early plant responses to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol., 2009, 150, 1335-1344.
8. Alonso-Ramírez, A. et al., Cross-talk between gibberellins and salicylic acid in early stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Plant Signal. Behav., 2009, 48, 750-751.
9. Vettakkorumakankav, N. A., Crucial role for gibberellin in stress protecting of plants. Plant Cell Physiol., 1999, 40, 542-548.
10. Ghorbanli, M., Kaveh, S. H. and Sepehr, F. M., Effects of cadmium and gibberellin on growth and photosynthesis of Glycine max. Photosynthetica, 1999, 17, 627-631.
11. MacMillan, J., Occurrence of gibberellins in vascular plants, fungi and bacteria. J. Plant Growth. Regul., 2002, 20, 387-420.
12. Martin, G. C., Commercial uses of gibberellins. In The Biochemistry and Physiology of Gibberellins (ed. Crozier, A.), Praeger, New York, 1983, pp. 395-444.
13. Takahashi, N., Yamaguchi, I. and Yamane, H., Gibberellins. In Chemistry of Plant Hormones (ed. Takahashi, N.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1986, pp. 57-151.
14. Gilroy, S. and Jones, R. L., Perception of gibberellin and abscisic acid at the external face of the plasma membrane of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone protoplasts. Plant Physiol., 1994, 104, 1185-1192.
15. Jones, R. L., Smith, S. J., Desikan, R., Plakidou-Dymock, S., Lovegrove, A. and Hooley, R., Heterotrimeric G proteins are implicated in gibberellin induction of amylase gene expression in wild oat aleurone. Plant Cell, 1982, 10, 245-253.
16. Kasahara, H., Hanada, A., Kuzuyama, T., Takagi, M., Kamiya, Y. and Yamag, S., Contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthesis of gibberellins in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem., 1982, 277, 45188-45194.
17. Hedden, P. and Kamiya, Y., Gibberellin biosynthesis: enzymes, genes and their regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol., 1997, 48, 431-460.
18. Talon, M., Koorneef, M. and Zeevaart, J. A., Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semi dwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 87, 7983-7987.
19. Chauhan, J. S., Tomar, Y. K., Badoni, A., Singh, N. I., Ali, S. and Debarati, Morphology, germination and early seedling growth in Phaseolus mungo L. with reference to the influence of various plant growth substances. J. Am. Sci., 2010, 6, 34-41.
20. Pressman, E. and Shaked, R., Regulation of stem elongation in Chinese cabbage by inflorescence removal and application of growth regulators. J. Plant Growth Regul., 1991, 10, 225-228.
21. Venkataramaiah, V. and Swamy, P. M., Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and net assimilation rate of Pterocarpus samtalinus L. Indian J. For., 1981, 4, 91-94.
22. Sidiras, N. and Karsioti, S., Effects of seed size and seed substances of lupins on seedling emergence and root system development in relation to sowing depth, soil water and gibberellin. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 1996, 177, 73-83.
23. Khan, N. A., Effect of gibberellic acid on carbonic anhydrase, photosynthesis, growth and yield of mustard. Biol. Plant., 1996, 38, 145-147.
24. Khan, N. A., Ansari, H. R. and Mobin, M., Effect of gibberellic acid and nitrogen on carbonic anhydrase activity and mustard biomass. Biol. Plant., 1996, 38, 601-603.
25. Khan, N. A., Mir, R., Khan, M., Javid, S. and Samiullah, Effects of gibberellic acid spray on nitrogen yield efficiency of mustard grown with different nitrogen levels. Plant Growth Regul., 2002, 38, 243-247.
26. Ashraf, M., Karim, F. and Rasul, E., Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Growth Regul., 2002, 36, 49-59.
27. Sun, T. P. and Gubler, F., Molecular mechanism of gibberellins signalling in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2004, 55, 197-223.
28. Nishimura, A., Tamaoki, M., Sato, Y. and Matsuoka, M., The expression of tobacco knotted 1-type class1 homeobox genes correspond to regions predicted by the cytohistological zonation model. Plant J., 1999, 18, 337-347.
29. Reiser, L., Sánchez-Baracaldo, P. and Hake, S., Knots in the family tree: evolutionary relationships and functions of KNOX homeobox genes. Plant Mol. Biol., 2000, 42, 151-166.
30. Sakamoto, T., Kamiya, N., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Iwahori, S. and Matsuoka, M., KNOX homeodomain protein directly suppresses the expression of a gibberellin biosynthetic gene in the tobacco shoot apical meristem. Genes Dev., 2001, 15, 581-590.
31. Kuiper, D., Sink strength: established and regulated by plant growth regulators. Plant Cell Environ., 1993, 16, 1025-1026.
32. Davies, P. J., Plant Hormones, Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995.
33. Paul, M. J. and Foyer, C. H., Sink regulation of photosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot., 2001, 2, 1383-1400.
34. Khan, N. A., Ansari, H. R. and Samiullah, Effect of gibberellic acid spray during ontogeny of mustard on growth, nutrient uptake and yield characteristics. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 1998, 181, 61-63.
35. Brian, P. W., Elson, G. W., Hemming, H. G. and Radley, M., The plant-growth-promoting properties of gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2006, 5, 602-612.
36. Khan, N. A. and Samiullah, Comparative effect of modes of gibberellic acid application on photosynthetic biomass distribution and productivity of rapeseed-mustard. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plant, 2003, 9, 141-145.
37. Arteca, R. N. and Dong, C. N., Stimulation of photosynthesis by application of phytohormones to the root systems of tomato plants. Photosyn. Res., 1981, 2, 243-249.
38. Wellburn, F. A. M., Welburn, A. R., Stoddart, J. L. and Trehane, K. J., Influence of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid and the growth retardant CCC, upon plastid development. Planta, 1973, 111, 337-346.
39. Nath, N. and Mishra, D., Changes in RUBP case activity of developing and sensing barley leaves and its alteration by plant growth regulators. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1990, 28, 665-670.
40. 2 fixation products in leaves of Pennisetum typhoides seedlings. Z. Pflanzenphysiol., 1974, 71, 275-280.
41. Yuan, L. and Xu, D.-Q., Stimulation effect of gibberellic acid short-term treatment on the photosynthesis related to the increase in rubisco content in broad bean and soybean. Photosyn. Res., 2001, 68, 39-47.
42. Cheikh, N., Brenner, M. L., Huber, J. L. and Huber, S. C., Regulation of sucrose phosphate synthase by gibberellins in soybean and spinach plants. Plant Physiol., 1992, 100, 1238-1242.
43. El-Shraiy, A. M. and Hegazi, A. M., Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2009, 3, 3514-3523.
44. Treharne, K. J. and Stoddart, J. L., Effects of gibberellin on photosynthesis in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Nature, 1968, 220, 457-458.
45. Eid, R. A. and Abou-Leila, B. H., Response of croton plants to gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine and ascorbic acid application. World J. Agric. Sci., 2006, 2, 174-179.
46. Al-Rumaih, M. M., Rushdy, S. S. and Warsy, A. S., Effect of cadmium stress in the presence and absence of gibberellic acid on mineral nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) during ontogenesis. Agric. Sci., 2003, 15, 141-151.
47. 14C] sucrose export from source leaves of Vicia faba by gibberellic acid. Plant Physiol., 1986, 82, 962-966.
48. Chen, W. S., Liu, Z. H., Yang, L. and Chen, W. H., Gibberellin and temperature influence carbohydrate content and flowering in Phalaenopsis. Physiol. Plant., 1994, 90, 391-395.
49. Kozłowska, M., Rybus-Zaja{ogonek}c, M., Stachowiak, J. and Janowska, B., Changes in carbohydrate contents of Zantedeschia leaves under gibberellin-stimulated flowering. Acta Physiol. Plant, 2007, 29, 27-32.
50. Avigad, G., Sucrose and other disaccharides. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (eds Loewus, F. A. and Tanner, W.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1982, pp. 217-347.
51. Riesmeier, J. W., Willmitzer, L. and Frommer, W. B., Evidence for an essential role of the sucrose transporter in phloem loading and assimilate partitioning. EMBO J., 1994, 13, 1-7.
52. Chiou, T. J. and Bush, D. R., Sucrose is a signal molecule in assimilate partitioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 4784-4788.
53. Roitsch, T., Balibrea, M. E., Hofmann, M., Proels, R. and Sinha, A. K., Extracellular invertase: key metabolic enzyme and PR protein. J. Exp. Bot., 2003, 54, 513-524.
54. Kaufman, P. B., Ghosheh, N. S., LaCroix, J. D., Soni, S. L. and Ikuma, H., Regulation of invertase levels in Avena stem segments by gibberellic acid, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Plant Physiol., 1973, 52, 221-228.
55. Morris, D. A. and Arthur, E. D., Effects of gibberellic acid on patterns of carbohydrate distribution and acid invertase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plant., 1985, 65, 257-262.
56. Wu, L., Mitchell, J. P., Cohn, N. S. and Kaufman, P. B., Gibberellin (GA3) enhances cell wall invertase activity and mRNA levels in elongating dwarf pea (Pisum sativum) shoots. Int. J. Plant Sci., 1993, 154, 280-289.
57. Tymowska-Lalanne, Z. and Kreis, M., Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana invertase gene family. Planta, 1998, 207, 259-265.
58. Roitsch, T., Source-sink regulation by sugars and stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 1999, 2, 198-206.
59. Ranwala, A. P. and Miller, W. B., Gibberellin-mediated changes in carbohydrate metabolism during flower stalk elongation in tulips. Plant Growth Regul., 2008, 55, 241-248.
60. Godt, D. E. and Roitsch, T., Regulation and tissue-specific distribution of mRNAs for three extracellular invertase isoenzymes of tomato suggests an important function in establishing and maintaining sink metabolism. Plant Physiol., 1997, 115, 273-282.
61. Zhang, C., Tanabe, K., Tamura, F., Itai, A. and Yoshida, M., Roles of gibberellins in increasing sink demand in Japanese pear fruit during rapid fruit growth. Plant Growth Regul., 2007, 52, 161-172.
62. Farrar, J. F., Sink strength: what is it and how do we measure it? Introduction. Plant Cell Environ., 1993, 16, 10-15.
63. Gifford, R. M., Thorne, J. H., Hitz, W. D. and Giaquinta, R. T., Crop productivity and photo assimilate partitioning. Science, 1984, 225, 801-808.
64. Weatherley, P. E. and Jhonson, R. P., The form and function of sieve tubes: a problem of reconciliation. Int. Rev. Cytol., 1968, 24, 149-192.
65. Ho, L. C. and Baker, D. A., Regulation of loading and unloading in long distance transport systems. Physiol. Plant., 1982, 56, 225-230.
66. Misra, A., Srivastava, N. K., Srivastava, A. K. and Khan, A., Influence of etherel and gibberellic acid on carbon metabolism, growth, and alkaloids accumulation in Catharanthus roseus L. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2009, 3, 515-520.
67. Komor, E., Source physiology and assimilate transport: the interaction of sucrose metabolism, starch storage and phloem export in source leaves and the effects on sugar status in phloem. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 2000, 27, 497-505.
68. Zhang, L. et al., Evidence for apoplasmic phloem unloading in developing apple fruit. Plant Physiol., 2004, 135, 574-586.
69. 13C-photosynthate accumulation in Japanese pear fruit during the period of rapid fruit growth is limited by the sink strength of fruit rather than by the transport capacity of the pedicel. J. Exp. Bot., 2005, 56, 2713-2719.
70. Wardlaw, I. F., The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytol., 1990, 116, 341-381.
71. Patrick, J. W. and Mulligan, D. R., Gibberellic-acid-promoted transport of assimilates in stems of Phaseolus vulgaris. Effects on assimilate accumulation by the sink. Ann. Bot., 1989, 63, 581-587.
72. Cole, D. F., Dobrenz, A. K. and Massengale, M. A., Effect of gibberellic acid on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Crop Sci., 1972, 12, 674-676.
73. Farrar, J., Regulation of shoot-root ratio is mediated by sucrose. Plant Soil, 1996, 185, 13-19.
74. Ewais, E. A., Regulation of cadmium, cobalt, nickel and lead accumulation by plant growth regulators in Ricinus communnis L. cotyledon cultured in vitro. Egypt. J. Biotechnol., 2004, 16, 228-240.
75. Poljakoff-Mayber, A. and Lerner, H. R., Plants in saline environments. In Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress (ed. Pessarakli, M.), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1994, pp. 65-96.
76. Magome, H., Yamaguchi, S., Hanada, A., Kamiya, Y. and Oda, K., Dwarf and delayed-flowering 1, a novel Arabidopsis mutant deficient in gibberellin biosynthesis because of overexpression of a putative AP2 transcription factor. Plant J., 2004, 37, 720-729.
77. Achard, P. et al., Integration of plant responses to environmentally activated phytohormonal signals. Science, 2006, 311, 91-94.
78. Kaya, C., Tuna, A. L. and Yoka, I., The role of plant hormones in plants under salinity stress. In Salinity and Water Stress: Improving Crop Efficiency (eds Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M. and Arthur, H. R.), Springer, 2009.
79. Kumar, B. and Singh, B., Effect of plant hormones on growth and yield of wheat irrigated with saline water. Ann. Agric. Res., 1996, 17, 209-212.
80. Yurekli, F., Turkan, I., Porgali, Z. B. and Topcuoglu, S. F., Indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, zeatin, and abscisic acid levels in NaCl-treated tomato species differing in salt tolerance. Isr. J. Plant Sci., 2001, 49, 269-277.
81. Aldesuquy, H. S. and Gaber, A. M., Effect of growth regulators on Vicia faba plants irrigated by seawater, leaf area, pigment content and photosynthetic activity. Biol. Plant., 1993, 35, 519-527.
82. Shah, S. H., Effects of salt stress on mustard as affected by gibberellic acid application. Gen. Appl. Plant Physiol., 2007, 33, 97-106.
83. Mohammed, A. H. M. A., Physiological aspects of mungbean plant (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) in response to salt stress and gibberellic acid treatment. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 2007, 3, 200-213.
84. Martin, C. C., The role of glumes and gibberellic acid in dormancy of Themda triandra spikelets. Physiol. Plant., 1975, 33, 171-176.
85. Siddiqui, M. H., Khan, M. N., Mohammad, F. and Khan, M. M. A., Role of nitrogen and gibberellin (GA3) in the regulation of enzyme activities and in osmoprotectant accumulation in Brassica juncea L. under salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 2008, 194, 214-224.
86. Rubio, M. I., Escrig, I., Martinez-Cortina, Lopez-Benet, F. J. and Snaz, A., Cadmium and nickle accumulation in rice plants. Effects on mineral nutrition and possible interactions of abscisic and gibberellic acids. Plant Growth Regul., 1994, 14, 151-157.
87. Picazo, I., Ros, R. and Moya, J. L., Heavy metal hormone interactions in rice plants: effect on growth, net photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution. J. Plant Growth Regul., 2007, 14, 61-67.
88. Saeidi-Sar, S., Khavari-Nejad, R. A., Fahimi, H., Ghorbanli, M. and Majd, A., Interactive effects of gibberellin and ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Glycine max seedlings under nickel stress. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2007, 54, 74-79.
89. Su, W. R. et al., Changes in gibberellin levels in the flowering shoot of Phalaenopsis hybrida under high temperature conditions when flower development is blocked. Plant Physiol, Biochem., 2001, 39, 45-50.
90. Hamayun, M., Shin, J. H., Khan, S. A., Ahmad, B., Shin, D. H., Khan, A. L. and Lee, I. J., Exogenous gibberellic acid reprograms soybean to higher growth and salt stress tolerance. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58, 7226-7232.
91. Burkhanova, E. A., Fedina, A. B. and Kulaeva, O. N., Effect of salicylic acid and (2′-5′)-oligoadenylates on protein synthesis in tobacco leaves under heat shock conditions: a comparative study. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 1999, 46, 16-22.
92. Shakirova, F. M. and Bezrukova, M. V., Induction of wheat resistance against environmental salinization by salicylic acid. Biol. Bull., 1997, 24, 109-112.
93. Mikolajczyk, M., Awotunde, O. S., Muszynska, G., Klessig, D. F., Dobrowolska, G., Osmotic stress induces rapid activation of a salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and a homolog of protein kinase ASK1 in tobacco cell. Plant Cell, 2000, 12, 165-178.
94. Yuan, S. and Lin, H. H., Role of salicylic acid in plant abiotic stress. Z. Naturforsch. C, 2008, 63, 313-320.
95. Lee, S. and Park, C. M., Modulation of reactive oxygen species by salicylic acid in Arabidopsis seed germination under high salinity. Plant Signal. Behav., 2010, 5, 1534-1536.