Gibberellin Biosynthesis: Enzymes, Genes and Their Regulation

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 48, Issue , 1997, Pages 431-460

  Hedden, Peter ^a   Kamiya, Yuji ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b INST OF PHYS AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH   (Japan)

Author keywords

2 oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases; Feedback; Light and temperature regulation; Monooxygenases; Terpene cyclases

Indexed keywords

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 0347683824     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.431     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Aach H, Böse G, Graebe JE. 1995. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis in a cell-free system from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the localization of ent-kaurene synthetase in plastids of three species. Planta 197:333-42
2. Ait-Ali T, Swain SM, Reid JB, Sun TP, Kamiya Y. 1997. The Ls locus of pea encodes the gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme ent-kaurene synthase A. Plant J. 77:443-54
3. 7 in cell-free preparations from seeds of Marah macrocarpus and Malus domestica. Plant Physiol. 94:132-42
4. 20. Planta 117: 108-15
5. Appleford NEJ, Lenton JR. 1991. Gibberellins and leaf expansion in near-isogenic wheat lines containing Rht1 and Rht3 dwarfing alleles. Planta 183:229-36
6. Bartley GE, Scolnik PA, Giuliano G. 1994. Molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:287-301
7. R allele results in gibberellin enrichment. Plant Physiol. 95:116-25
8. Bensen RJ, Crane VC, Wang X, Duvick J, Briggs SP. 1995. Maize GA-mutants: isolation, characterization, and gene cloning and expression. In Abstract of International Conference on Plant Growth Substances. (Abstr. 096). Minneapolis: Int. Plant Growth Substances Assoc.
9. Bensen RJ, Johal GS, Crane VC, Tossberg JT, Schnable PS, et al. 1995. Cloning and characterization of the Maize An1 gene. Plant Cell 7:75-84
10. Bensen RJ, Zeevaart JAD. 1990. Comparison of ent-kaurene synthetase A and B activities in cell-free extracts from young tomato fruits of wild-type and gib-1, gib-2, and gib-3 tomato plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 9:237-42
11. Burn JE, Bagnell DJ, Metzger JD, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. 1993. DNA methylation and the initiation of flowering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:287-91
12. Chamovitz D, Misawa N, Sandmann G, Hirschberg J. 1992. Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene coding for phytoene synthase, a carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme. FEBS Lett. 296:305-10
13. Chappell J. 1995. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:521-47
14. Chiang HH, Hwang I, Goodman HM. 1995. Isolation of the Arabidopsis G A4 locus. Plant Cell 7:195-201
15. R flowering mutant lacks a phytochrome that predominates in green tissue. Plant Physiol. 99:765-70
16. R allele results in abnormal phytochrome physiology. Plant Physiol. 97:714-19
17. Colby SM, Alonso WR, Katahira EV, McGarvey DJ, Croteau R. 1993. 4S-Limonene synthase from the oil glands of spearmint (Mentha spicata): cDNA isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of the catalytically active monoterpene cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 268:23016-24
18. Croker SJ, Hedden P, Lenton JR, Stoddart JL. 1990. Comparison of gibberellins in normal and slender barley seedlings. Plant Physiol. 94:194-200
19. 5 by immature seeds of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Plant Physiol. 83:137-42
20. De Carolis E, De Luca V. 1994. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and related enzymes: biochemical characterization. Phytochemistry 36:1093-107
21. Devlin PF, Rood SB, Somers DE, Quail P, Whitelam GC. 1992. Photophysiology of the elongated internode (ein) mutant of Brassica rapa. Plant Physiol. 100:1442-47
22. Dong JG, Fernández-Maculet JC, Yang SF. 1992. Purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate oxidase from apple fruit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9789-93
23. Duncan JD, West CA. 1981. Properties of kaurene synthetase from Marah macrocarpus endosperm: evidence for the participation of separate but interacting enzymes. Plant Physiol. 68:1128-34
24. Facchini PJ, Chappell J. 1992. Gene family for an elicitor-induced sesquiterpene cyclase in tobacco. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11088-92
25. Fang N, Bonner BA, Rappaport L. 1991. Phytochrome mediation of gibberellin metabolism and epicotyl elongation in cow pea, Vigna sinensis L. See Ref. 128b, pp. 280-88
26. R allele disrupts diurnal control of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 108:337-43
27. Fray RG, Wallace A, Fraser PD, Valero D, Hedden P, et al. 1995. Constitutive expression of a fruit phytoene synthase gene in transgenic tomatoes causes dwarfism by redirecting metabolites from the gibberellin pathway. Plant J. 8:693-701
28. Fujioka S, Yamane H, Spray CR, Gaskin P, MacMillan J, et al. 1988. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of gibberellins in vegetative shoots of normal, dwarf-1, dwarf-2, dwarf-3 and dwarf-5 seedlings of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 88:1367-72
29. Fujioka S, Yamane H, Spray CR, Katsumi M, Phinney BO, et al. 1988. The dominant nongibberellin-responding dwarf mutant (D8) of maize accumulates native gibberellins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 9031-35
30. 5 in shoots of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 85:9031-35
31. García-Martínez JL, Keith B, Bonner BA, Stafford A, Rappaport L. 1987. Phytochrome regulation of the response to exogenous gibberellins by epicotyls of Vigna sinensis L. Plant Physiol. 85:212-16
32. García-Martínez JL, López-Díaz I, Sánchez-Beltrán MJ, Phillips AL, Ward DA, et al. 1997. Expression of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes in pea and bean in relation to fruit development. Plant Mol. Biol. In press
33. García-Martínez JL, Santes C, Croker SJ, Hedden P. 1991. Identification, quantitation and distribution of gibberellins in fruits of Pisum sativum cv. Alaska during pod development. Planta 184:53-60
34. Gawronska H, Yang YY, Furukawa K, Kendrick RE, Takahashi N, et al. 1995. Effects of low irradiance stress on gibberellin levels in pea seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol. 36:1361-67
35. Gilmour SJ, Bleecker AB, Zeevaart JAD. 1987. Partial purification of gibberellin oxidases from spinach leaves. Plant Physiol. 85:87-90
36. Gilmour SJ, Zeevaart JAD, Schwenen L, Graebe JE. 1986. Gibberellin metabolism in cell-free extracts from spinach leaves in relation to photoperiod. Plant Physiol. 82: 190-95
37. Graebe JE. 1982. Gibberellin biosynthesis in cell-free systems from higher plants. In Plant Growth Substances 1982, ed. PF Wareing, pp. 71-80. London: Academic
38. Graebe JE. 1987. Gibberellin biosynthesis and control. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38: 419-65
39. Griggs DL, Hedden P, Lazarus CM. 1991. Partial purification of two gibberellin 2β-hydroxylases from cotyledons of Phaseo lus vulgaris. Phytochemistry 30:2507-12
40. Grosselindemann E, Graebe JE, Stöckl D, Hedden P. 1991. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis in germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv Himalaya) caryopses and its relation to α-amylase production. Plant Physiol. 96:1099-104
41. 12-aldehyde in a cell-free system from germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Himalaya) embryos. Planta 188:252-57
42. 12-aldehyde. Plant Physiol. 94: 154-65
43. Hazebroek JP, Metzger JD, Mansager ER. 1993. Thermoinductive regulation of gibberellin metabolism in Thlaspi arvensi L. II. Cold induction of enzymes in gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 102:547-52
44. Hedden P, Croker SJ. 1992. Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in maize seedlings. See Ref. 52a, pp. 534-44
45. 20-gibberellins. J. Plant Growth Regul. 1:105-16
46. Hedden P, Graebe JE, Beale MH, Gaskin P, MacMillan J. 1984. The biosynthesis of 12α-hydroxylated gibberellins in a cell-free system from Cucurbita maxima endosperm. Phytochemistry 23:569-74
47. Hedden P, Phillips AL, Jackson GS, Coles JP. 1995. Molecular cloning of gibberellin biosynthetic enzymes, a route to the genetic manipulation of plant growth. In Proceedings of the Ninth Forum for Applied Bio technology, pp. 1559-66. Ghent: Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent
48. Hedden P, Phinney BO. 1979. Comparison of ent-kaurene and ent-isokaurene synthesis in cell-free systems from etiolated shoots of normal and dwarf-5 maize seedlings. Phytochemistry 18:1475-79
49. 12-aldehyde. Plant Physiol. 83:1048-53
50. 1. Planta 160:455-63
51. Jennings JC, Coolbaugh RC, Nakata DA, West CA. 1993. Characterization and solubilization of kaurenoic acid hydroxylase from Gibberella fujikuroi. Plant Physiol. 101:925-30
52. Kamiya Y, Graebe JE. 1983. The biosynthesis of all major pea gibberellins in a cell-free system from Pisum sativum. Phytochemistry 22:681-89
53. Karssen CM, Van Loon LC, Vreugenhil D, eds. 1992. Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Dordrecht: Kluwer
54. Katsumi M. 1964. Gibberellin-like activities of certain auxins and diterpenes. PhD thesis. Univ. Calif., Los Angeles
55. Keegstra K, Olsen LD, Theg SM. 1989. Chloroplastic precursors and their transport across the envelope membranes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:471-501
56. 20 to gibberellin Ai by tall and dwarf mutants of Oryza saliva and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 106: 1367-72
57. 4 in vegetative shoots of Zea mays, Oryza sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 102:379-86
58. Kobayashi M, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Saka H, Takahashi N. 1990. Metabolism of gibberellins in cell-free extracts of anthers from normal and dwarf rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:289-93
59. 3 in cell-free systems from Phaseolus vulgaris and Oryza sativa. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55: 249-51
60. Kobayashi M, Sakurai A, Saka H, Takahashi N. 1989. Quantitative analysis of endogenous gibberellins in normal and dwarf cultivars of rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 30: 963-69
61. 20. Plant Physiol. 110:413-18
62. Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi I, Murofushi N, Ota Y, Takahashi N. 1988. Fluctuation and localization of endogenous gibberellins in rice. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:1189-94
63. Koornneef M, van der Veen JH. 1980. Induction and analysis of gibberellin sensitive mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Theor. Appl. Genet. 58:257-63
64. Koornneef M, van Eden J, Hanhart CJ, de Jongh AMM. 1983. Genetic fine-structure of the GA-1 locus in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Genet. Res. 41:57-68
65. Kuntz M, Römer S, Suire C, Hugueney P, Weil JH, et al. 1992. Identification of a cDNA for the plastid-located geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Capsicum annuum: correlative increase in enzyme activity and transcript level during fruit ripening. Plant J. 2:25-34
66. Kwak SS, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Takahashi N, Graebe JE. 1988. Partial purification nad characterization of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Cell Physiol. 29:935-43
67. Lange T. 1994. Purification and partial amino-acid sequence of gibberellin 20-oxidase from Cucurbita maxima L. endosperm. Planta 195:108-15
68. Lange T, Graebe JE. 1989. The partial purification and characterization of a gibberellin C-20 hydroxylase from immature Pisum sativum L. seeds. Planta 179: 211-21
69. Lange T, Graebe JE. 1993. Enzymes of gibberellin synthesis. In Methods in Plant Biochemistry, ed. PJ Lea, 9:403-30. London: Academic
70. Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. 1993. Biosynthesis of 12α and 13-hydroxylated gibberellins in a cell-free system from Cucurbita maxima endosperm and the identification of new endogenous gibberellins. Planta 189:340-49
71. Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. 1993. Gibberellin biosynthesis in cell-free extracts from developing Cucurbita maxima embryos and the identification of new endogenous gibberellins. Planta 189:350-59
72. Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. 1994. Expression cloning of a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8522-66
73. Lange T, Schweimer A, Ward DA, Hedden P, Graebe JE. 1994. Separation and characterization of three 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases from Cucurbita maxima L. endosperm involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. Planta 195:98-107
74. Lester DR, Ross JJ, Ait-Ali T, Martin DN, Reid JB. 1996. A gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA (Accession No. U58830) from pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed (PGR 96-050). Plant Physiol. 111:1353
75. López-Juez E, Kobayashi M, Sakurai A, Kamiya Y, Kendrick RE. 1995. Phytochrome, gibberellin, and hypocotyl growth. A study using cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) long hypocotyl mutant. Plant Physiol. 107:131-40
76. MacMillan J. 1997. Biosynthesis of the gibberellin plant hormones. Nat. Prod. Rep. In press
77. 12-aldehyde in endosperm and embryos of Marah macrocarpus. Plant Physiol. In press
78. 19). Phytochemistry 43: 23-28
79. Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Parks TD, Dougherty WG, Lange T, et al. 1996. Feedback regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and gene expression in Pisum sativum L. Planta. 200:159-66
80. Martínez-García JF, García-Martínez JL. 1992. Phytochrome modulation of gibberellin metabolism in cow pea epicotyls. See Ref. 52a, pp. 585-90
81. Martínez-García JF, García-Martínez JL. 1992. Interaction of gibberellins and phytochrome in the control of cowpea epicotyl elongation. Physiol. Plant. 86:236-44
82. 1 metabolism, thereby nullifying phytochrome-modulation of cowpea epicotyl explants. Physiol. Plant. 94:708-14
83. Mau CJD, West CA. 1994. Cloning of casbene synthase cDNA: evidence for conserved structural features among terpenoid cyclases in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8497-501
84. Metzger JD. 1985. Role of gibberellins in the environmental control of stem growth in Thlaspi arvensi L. Plant Physiol. 78: 8-13
85. Metzger JD. 1990. Comparison of biological activities of gibberellins and gibberellin-precursors native to Thlaspi arvensi L. Plant Physiol. 94:151-56
86. Moritz T. 1995. Biological activity, identification and quantification of gibberellins in seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) grown under different photoperiods. Physiol. Plant. 95:67-72
87. Murakami Y. 1972. Dwarfing genes in rice and their relation to gibberellin biosynthesis. In Plant Growth Substances, 1970, ed. DJ Carr, pp. 166-74. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
88. Murphy PJ, West CA. 1969. The role of mixed function oxidases in kaurene metabolism in Echinocystis macrocarpa Greene endosperm. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 133: 395-407
89. Nakayama I, Kamiya Y, Kobayashi M, Abe H, Sakurai A. 1990. Effects of a plant growth regulator, prohexadione, on the bio- synthesis of gibberellins in cell-free systems derived from immature seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:1183-90
90. Nakayama M, Yamane H, Nojiri H, Yokota T, Yamaguchi Y, et al. 1995. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of endogenous gibberellins in Raphanus sativus L. during cold treatment and the subsequent growth. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59:1121-25
91. Ogawa S, Toyomasu T, Yamane H, Murofushi N, Ikeda R, et al. 1996. A step in the biosynthesis of gibberellins that is controlled by the mutation in semi-dwarf rice cultivar Tan-ginbozu. Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 363-68
92. Ozga JA, Brenner ML, Reinecke DM. 1992. Seed effects on gibberellin metabolism in pea pericarp. Plant Physiol. 100: 88-94
93. Peng J, Harberd NP. 1993. Derivative alleles of the Arabidopsis gibberellin-insensitive (gai) mutation confer a wild-type phenotype. Plant Cell 5:351-60
94. Phillips AL, Ward DA, Uknes S, Appleford NEJ, Lange T, et al. 1995. Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 108:1049-57
95. 3 on the le mutant. Plant Growth Regul. 16:257-62
96. Prescott AG. 1993. A dilemma of dioxygenases (or where biochemistry and molecular biology fail to meet). J. Exp. Bot. 44:849-61
97. Prescott AG, John P. 1996. Dioxygenases: molecular structure and role in plant metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:245-71
98. Proebsting WM, Hedden P, Lewis MJ, Croker SJ, Proebsting N. 1992. Gibberellin concentration and transport in genetic lines of pea: effects of grafting. Plant Physiol. 100:1354-60
99. Rebers M, Vermeer E, Knegt E, Shelton CJ, van der Plas LHW. 1995. Gibberellin levels and cold-induced floral stalk elongation in tulip. Physiol. Plant. 94:687-91
100. Reid JB. 1990. Phytohormone mutants in plant research. J. Plant Growth Regul. 9: 97-111
101. Reid JB. 1993. Plant hormone mutants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 12:207-26
102. Reid JB, Hasan O, Ross JJ. 1990. Internode length in Pisum. Gibberellins and the response to far-red-rich light. J. Plant Physiol. 137:46-52
103. Reid JB, Ross JJ. 1993. A mutant-based approach, using Pisum sativum, to understanding plant growth. Int. J. Plant Sci. 145:22-34
104. 19 gibberellins. Planta 188:462-67
105. 7 in young seeds. Planta. In press
106. Rood SB, Williams PH, Pearce D, Murofushi N, Mander LN, et al. 1990. A mutant gene that increases gibberellin production in Brassica. Plant Physiol. 93:1168-74
107. Ross JJ. 1994. Recent advances in the study of gibberellin mutants. Plant Growth Regul. 15:193-206
108. Ross JJ, Davies NW, Reid JB, Murfet IC. 1990. Internode length in Lathyrus odoratus. Effects of mutants l and lb on gibberellin metabolism and levels. Physiol. Plant. 79:453-58
109. 1: evidence from genetic studies including the slender mutant sln. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20:585-99
110. Ross JJ, Reid JB, Swain SM, Hasan O, Poole AT, et al. 1995. Genetic regulation of gibberellin deactivation in Pisum. Plant J. 7:513-23
111. Ross JJ, Willis CL, Gaskin P, Reid JB. 1992. Shoot elongation in Lathyrus odoratus L.: gibberellin levels in light and dark-grown tall and dwarf seedlings. Planta 187: 10-13
112. Saito T, Abe H, Yamane H, Sakurai A, Murofushi N, et al. 1995. Purification and properties of ent-kaurene synthase B from immature seeds of pumpkin. Plant Physiol. 109:1239-45
113. Scott IM. 1990. Plant hormone response mutants. Physiol. Plant. 78:147-52
114. Schwender J, Seemann M, Lichtenthaler HK, Rohmers M. 1996. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate nonmevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Biochem. J. 316:73-80
115. 1 in Pisum sativum L., decreasing the Le/le difference. Plant Physiol. 104:277-80
116. 1 biosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. II. Biological and biochemical consequences of the le mutation. Plant Physiol. 99:372-77
117. 5. See Ref. 128b, pp. 62-71
118. 20 3β-hydroxylase from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 94:1390-401
119. Smith VA, MacMillan J. 1984. Purification and partial characterization of a gibberellin 2β-hydroxylase from Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2:251-64
120. Smith VA, MacMillan J. 1986. The partial purification and characterization of gibberellin 2β-hydroxylases from seeds of Pisum sativum. Planta 167:9-18
121. Sponsel VM. 1983. The localization, metabolism and biological activity of gibberellins in maturing and germinating seeds of Pisum sativum cv. Progress No. 9. Planta 159:454-68
122. Sponsel VM. 1986. Gibberellins in dark-and red-light-grown shoots of dwarf and tall cultivars of Pisum sativum: the quantification, metabolism and biological activity of gibberellins in Progress No. 9 and Alaska. Planta 168:119-29
123. Sponsel VM. 1995. Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism. In Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ed. PJ Davies, pp. 66-97. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
124. Spray CR, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Phinney BO, Gaskin P, et al. 1996. The dwarf-I (d1) mutant of Zea mays blocks three steps in the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10515-18
125. Sun TP, Goodman HM, Ausubel FM. 1992. Cloning the Arabidopsis GA1 locus by genomic subtraction. Plant Cell 4:119-28
126. Sun TP, Kamiya Y. 1994. The Arabidopsis GAI locus encodes the cyclase ent-kaurene synthetase A of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 6:1509-18
127. Swain SM, Reid JB. 1992. Internode length in Pisum: a new allele at the Lh locus. Physiol. Plant. 86:124-30
128. i allele reduces gibberellin levels in developing seeds, and increases seed abortion. Planta 191:482-88
129. Swain SM, Ross JJ, Kamiya Y, Reid JB. 1995. Gibberellin and seed development. Plant Cell Physiol. 36:S110
130. Swain SM, Ross JJ, Reid JB, Kamiya Y. 1995. Gibberellin and pea seed development. Planta 195:426-33
131. Takahashi M, Kamiya Y, Takahashi N, Graebe JE. 1986. Metabolism of gibberellins in a cell-free system from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 168: 190-99
132. Takahashi N, Phinney BO, MacMillan J, eds. 1991.Gibberellins. New York: Springer-Verlag
133. Talon M, Koornneef M, Zeevaart JAD. 1990. Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7983-87
134. 19-gibberellins in the gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gai of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 182:501-5
135. Talon M, Tadeo FR, Zeevaart JAD. 1991. Cellular changes induced by exogenous and endogenous gibberellins in shoot tips of the long-day plant Silene armeria. Planta 185:487-93
136. Talon M, Zacarias L, Primo-Millo E. 1992. Gibberellins and parthenocarpic ability in developing ovaries of seedless mandarins. Plant Physiol. 99:1575-81
137. Talon M, Zeevaart JAD. 1990. Gibberellin and stem growth as related to photoperiod in Silene armeria L. Plant Physiol. 92: 1094-100
138. Talon M, Zeevaart JAD. 1992. Stem elongation and changes in the levels of gibberellins in shoot tips induced by differential photoperiodic treatments in the long-day plant Silene armeria. Planta 188:457-61
139. Talon M, Zeevaart JAD, Gage DA. 1991. Identification of gibberellins in spinach and effects of light and darkness on their levels. Plant Physiol. 97:1521-26
140. Deleted in proof
141. Toyomasu T, Kawaide H, Sekimoto H, von Numers C, Phillips AL, et al. 1997. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding gibberellin 20-oxidase from rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 99: 111-18
142. Toyomasu T, Tsuji H, Yamane H, Nakayama M, Yamaguchi I, et al. 1993. Light effects on endogenous levels of gibberellins in photoblastic lettuce seeds. J. Plant Growth Regul. 12:85-90
143. Toyomasu T, Yamane H, Yamaguchi I, Murofushi N, Takahashi N, et al. 1992. Control by light of hypocotyl elongation and levels of endogenous gibberellins in seedlings of Lactuca sativa L. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:695-701
144. 20-gibberellins in a cell-free system from immature seeds of Phaseolus coccineus L. Planta 165:108-13
145. van Huizen R, Ozga JA, Reinecke DM, Twitchin B, Mander LN. 1995. Seed and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid regulation of gibberellin metabolism in pea pericarp. Plant Physiol. 109:1213-17
146. 44, to 20-aldehydes by gibberellin 20-oxidases. Chem. Commun. pp. 13-14
147. Weller JL, Ross JJ, Reid JB. 1994. Gibberellins and phytochrome regulation of stem elongation in pea. Planta 192:489-96
148. Winkler RG, Helentjaris T. 1995. The maize dwarf-3 gene encodes a cytochrome P450-mediated early step in gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:1307-17
149. Wu K, Gage DA, Zeevaart JAD. 1996. Molecular cloning and photoperiod-regulated expression of gibberellin 20-oxidase from the long-day plant spinach. Plant Physiol. 110:547-54
150. Xu YL, Wu K, Peeters AJM, Gage D, Zeevaart JAD. 1995. The GA5 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: molecular cloning and functional expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6640-44
151. Yamaguchi S, Saito T, Abe H, Yamane H, Murofushi N, et al. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme ent-kaurene synthase B from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). Plant J. 10:203-13
152. 20. Plant Physiol. 108:615-21
153. Zeevaart JAD, Gage DA. 1993. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis is enhanced by long photoperiods in the long-day plants Spinacia oleracea L. and Agrostemma githago L. Plant Physiol. 101:25-29
154. Zeevaart JAD, Talon M. 1992. Gibberellin mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. see Ref. 52a, pp. 34-42